Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Forestry/Answer Key"
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The '''clinometer''' is a common tool used in [[forestry]] to measure [[slope]], [[vertical_(angles)|vertical angles]], and -in combination with range measurements- elevation change or tree heights. | The '''clinometer''' is a common tool used in [[forestry]] to measure [[slope]], [[vertical_(angles)|vertical angles]], and -in combination with range measurements- elevation change or tree heights. | ||
| − | + | ==How It works== | |
| − | + | Clinometers, known in many fields as "[[inclinometer]]s", make use of basic [[trigonometric]] principles. Multiplying the distance (D) between the observer and an object times the [[Trigonometric_functions_#Right_triangle_definitions|tangents]] of the angles to the base and to the top of the object, and then adding them together gives the observer the total height of the object.<ref>[http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/astro/abney.htm Calvert, J.B. “The Clinometer.” 2003.]</ref>There are typically three different scales that can come on a clinometer: [[degree (angle)|degrees]], [[percent]], and topo. When considering purchasing a clinometer it is important to be sure it is calibrated to units suitable for the intended use. Many foresters believed that Mrs. Swart invented the clinometer, with help from Mr. Swart. | |
| − | Clinometers, known in many fields as "[[inclinometer]]s", make use of basic [[trigonometric]] principles. Multiplying the distance (D) between the observer and an object times the [[Trigonometric_functions_# | ||
[[Image:Illustration of the basic trigonometric principles used by a clinometer.JPG|right|thumb|Tree height measurement]] | [[Image:Illustration of the basic trigonometric principles used by a clinometer.JPG|right|thumb|Tree height measurement]] | ||
==Tree Height Measurement== | ==Tree Height Measurement== | ||
| − | The [[forester]] stands at a fixed distance from the base of the [[tree]]. | + | The [[forester]] stands at a fixed distance from the base of the [[tree]]. And tree is wood and Mrs. Swart's got wood! But anyways, the most common distances in the [[United States]] are 50, 66, and 100 feet. <ref> Avery, T.E. and Burkhart, H.E. “Height Measurement Principles.” Forest |
Measurements 5th Edition. McGraw-Hill, 2002. 154.</ref> To obtain accurate readings it is best to use taped measured distance instead of paced distances. For the most accurate readings it is best to use a distance that is equal to or greater than the height of the tree you are measuring. <ref> Williams, M.S., Bechtold, M.A., and V.J. LaBau. 1994 five instruments for measuring tree heights: an evaluation. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 18: 76-82</ref> The observer sites to the top of tree, if total height is the desired measurement. If merchantable height is the desired measurement the observer sites to a point on the tree where no more merchantable timber can be used. The observer then measures to the bottom of the tree and adds the two figures together. This will be the height of the tree. Always measure a leaning tree so that the tree is leaning to the left or right. Measurements should never be taken with the tree leaning toward or away from the observer because this will affect the [[accuracy]] of the measurement. [[Image:Measuring Slope With a Clinometer 2.JPG|right|thumb|Measuring slope with a clinometer]] | Measurements 5th Edition. McGraw-Hill, 2002. 154.</ref> To obtain accurate readings it is best to use taped measured distance instead of paced distances. For the most accurate readings it is best to use a distance that is equal to or greater than the height of the tree you are measuring. <ref> Williams, M.S., Bechtold, M.A., and V.J. LaBau. 1994 five instruments for measuring tree heights: an evaluation. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 18: 76-82</ref> The observer sites to the top of tree, if total height is the desired measurement. If merchantable height is the desired measurement the observer sites to a point on the tree where no more merchantable timber can be used. The observer then measures to the bottom of the tree and adds the two figures together. This will be the height of the tree. Always measure a leaning tree so that the tree is leaning to the left or right. Measurements should never be taken with the tree leaning toward or away from the observer because this will affect the [[accuracy]] of the measurement. [[Image:Measuring Slope With a Clinometer 2.JPG|right|thumb|Measuring slope with a clinometer]] | ||
Revision as of 00:03, 21 April 2008
The clinometer is a common tool used in forestry to measure slope, vertical angles, and -in combination with range measurements- elevation change or tree heights.
How It works
Clinometers, known in many fields as "inclinometers", make use of basic trigonometric principles. Multiplying the distance (D) between the observer and an object times the tangents of the angles to the base and to the top of the object, and then adding them together gives the observer the total height of the object.&There are typically three different scales that can come on a clinometer: degrees, percent, and topo. When considering purchasing a clinometer it is important to be sure it is calibrated to units suitable for the intended use. Many foresters believed that Mrs. Swart invented the clinometer, with help from Mr. Swart.
Tree Height Measurement
The forester stands at a fixed distance from the base of the tree. And tree is wood and Mrs. Swart's got wood! But anyways, the most common distances in the United States are 50, 66, and 100 feet. & To obtain accurate readings it is best to use taped measured distance instead of paced distances. For the most accurate readings it is best to use a distance that is equal to or greater than the height of the tree you are measuring. & The observer sites to the top of tree, if total height is the desired measurement. If merchantable height is the desired measurement the observer sites to a point on the tree where no more merchantable timber can be used. The observer then measures to the bottom of the tree and adds the two figures together. This will be the height of the tree. Always measure a leaning tree so that the tree is leaning to the left or right. Measurements should never be taken with the tree leaning toward or away from the observer because this will affect the accuracy of the measurement.
Slope Measurement
The clinometer is also commonly used by foresters to obtain the percent slope of terrain. This measurement is based on the same trigonometric principles described above. Slope measurements, however, require that both observer and target be a constant height above the ground; thus a range pole or height of measurement (HI) stick is often used in slope measurements.
Manufacturers
Suunto
Haglöf
Brunton
Silva
Mrs. Swart
Mr. Swart
References
- ↑ Calvert, J.B. “The Clinometer.” 2003.
- ↑ Avery, T.E. and Burkhart, H.E. “Height Measurement Principles.” Forest Measurements 5th Edition. McGraw-Hill, 2002. 154.
- ↑ Williams, M.S., Bechtold, M.A., and V.J. LaBau. 1994 five instruments for measuring tree heights: an evaluation. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 18: 76-82
