View source for AY Honors/Nutrition/Answer Key/en

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<!-- 1. Draw the food pyramid guide. List the number of servings required from each group per day. Why is it important to eat a balanced diet? -->
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The food pyramid guide is updated and published by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).  They replaced the food pyramid with "MyPlate" in 2011.  The food pyramid is no longer promulgated by the U.S. government.
If you wish to continue teaching the food pyramid concept, you could use the Loma Linda University Vegetarian Food Pyramid instead.  Both are shown below:
{|border=0
|-
|[[File:USDA MyPlate green.svg|thumb|left|400px|2011 Version of the USDA nutrition guide]]
|[[File:Loma Linda University Vegetarian Food Pyramid.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Loma Linda University Vegetarian Food Pyramid]]
|}
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<!-- 2. Explain the difference between the following: -->
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The prefix ''lacto'' means ''milk'', and can be found in words such as ''lactose'' (a chemical found in milk).

The prefix ''ovo'' means ''egg'', and can be found in words such as ''oval'' (which means ''egg-shaped'').

These prefixes are used to describe the exceptions to a vegetarian diet as follows:

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A lacto-ovo vegetarian is a person who eats no animal products (such as meat) except for milk (and milk products such as cheese, ice cream, and yogurt), and eggs.
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An ovo vegetarian is a person who eats no animal products (not meat and not milk) except for eggs.
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A vegan is a vegetarian who eats no animal products at all.

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<!-- 3. Plan a two-day menu, containing a balanced lacto-ovo vegetarian diet utilizing the food pyramid guide. -->
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To do this using the current version of the USDA food pyramid, you must first go to [http://choosemyplate.gov ChooseMyPlate.gov] and enter the Pathfinder's profile (age, sex, and physical activity).  This will tell you how much of each food category the Pathfinder should eat.

The values in the table below are for children who are physically active for 60 minutes or more per day.  Use the USDA website for adults and less active children.
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"
|+ '''USDA Food Pyramid'''
|Food Group
|Grains
|Vegetables
|Fruits
|Milk
|Meat & Beans
|-
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|10 year-old Male
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|7 oz
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|3 cups
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|2 cups
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|3 cups
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|6 ounces
|-
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|10 year-old Female
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|6 oz
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|2.5 cups
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|2 cups
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|3 cups
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|5.5 ounces
|-
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|11 year-old Male
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|7 oz
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|3 cups
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|2 cups
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|3 cups
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|6 ounces
|-
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|11 year-old Female
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|6 oz
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|2.5 cups
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|2 cups
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|3 cups
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|5.5 ounces
|-
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|12 year-old Male
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|8 oz
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|3 cups
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|2 cups
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|3 cups
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|6.5 ounces
|-
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|12 year-old Female
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|7 oz
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|3 cups
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|2 cups
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|3 cups
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|6 ounces
|-
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|13 year-old Male
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|9 oz
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|3.5 cups
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|2 cups
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|3 cups
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|6.5 ounces
|-
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|13 year-old Female
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|7 oz
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|3 cups
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|2 cups
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|3 cups
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|6 ounces
|-
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|14 year-old Male
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|10 oz
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|3.5 cups
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|2.5 cups
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|3 cups
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|7 ounces
|-
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|14 year-old Female
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|8 oz
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|3 cups
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|2 cups
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|3 cups
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|6.5 ounces
|-
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|15 year-old Male
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|10 oz
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|5 cups
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|2.5 cups
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|3 cups
!style="background:#C0C0FF"|7 ounces
|-
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|15 year-old Female
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|8 oz
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|3 cups
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|2 cups
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|3 cups
!style="background:#FFC0C0"|6.5 ounces
|}
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<!-- 4. What is another name for Vitamin B<sub>1</sub> and B<sub>2</sub>? -->
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'''Vitamin B<sub>1</sub>''' is also known as '''thiamine.'''  Beriberi is disease cause by a vitamin B<sub>1</sub> deficiency.

'''Vitamin B<sub>2</sub>''' is also known as '''riboflavin.'''  It is required for red blood cell formation.
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<!-- 5. List at least three significant food sources of the following nutrients: -->
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*'''a. Vitamin C:''' Citrus fruits (lime, lemon, orange, grapefruit), tomatoes, and potatoes are good common sources of vitamin C. Other foods that are good sources of vitamin C include papaya, broccoli, brussels sprouts, black currants, strawberries, cauliflower, spinach, cantaloupe, and kiwifruit. Also, cranberries and red peppers are good sources of the vitamin.

*'''b. Vitamin A:''' Milk and eggs are both animal sources of vitamin A.  Carrots and spinach are both good plant sources of vitamin A.

*'''c. Vitamin B<sub>1</sub>:'''  Good sources of vitamin B<sub>1</sub> include whole grains (wheat, oats, rice, etc.), apricots, pineapples, legumes, turnip greens, and pistachio nuts.

*'''d. Vitamin B<sub>2</sub>:''' Milk, cheese, leafy green vegetables, liver, yeast, almonds and mature soybeans are good sources of Vitamin B<sub>2</sub>, but exposure to light will destroy the riboflavin in these natural sources. 

*'''e. Iron:''' Good sources of dietary iron include meat, fish, poultry, lentils, beans, leaf vegetables, tofu, chickpeas, black-eyed pea, strawberries and farina.

*'''f. Calcium:''' Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, are a well known source of calcium. However, some individuals are allergic to dairy and even more people, particularly those of non-European descent, are lactose-intolerant, leaving them unable to consume dairy. Fortunately, many other good sources of calcium exist. This includes nuts and seeds (like almonds and sesame), beans; whole wheat; collard greens; okra; rutabaga; broccoli; and fortified products such as orange juice and bread.

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<!-- 6. Why is it important to drink plenty of water every day? How much water should you drink every day? -->
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It is important to drink plenty of water so that you do not get dehydrated.  Your body needs water to help eliminate waste and to keep the cells in the body hydrated.

You should drink water whenever you are thirsty.  A persistent myth is that a person needs to drink 8 eight ounce glasses of water every day.  While following this rule will cause no harm, it is completely unsupported by scientific evidence {{ref|snopes}} {{ref|intelihealth}}.  A person should replace the same amount of water he or she loses in a day.  Water is lost through urination, bowel elimination, sweating, and breathing.  Remember that drinking is not the only way to replace lost water: food contains a lot of water, and your body can absorb water through the skin.  Again, the general rule is to drink water whenever you are thirsty or whenever you want some.

#{{note|snopes}}[http://www.snopes.com/medical/myths/8glasses.asp Urban Legends]
#{{note|intelihealth}}[http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/35320/35323/358636.html?d=dmtHMSContent Intelihealth.com]

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<!-- 7. Name three common diseases that can be controlled by diet. -->
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'''Diabetes:''' The most important forms of diabetes are due to decreased or the complete absence of the production of insulin (type 1 diabetes), or decreased sensitivity of body tissues to insulin (type 2 diabetes, the more common form). The former requires insulin injections for survival; the latter is generally managed with diet, weight reduction and exercise in about 20% of cases, though the majority require these strategies plus oral medication (insulin is used if the tablets are ineffective).

'''Cardiovascular Disease:''' Attempts to prevent cardiovascular disease take the form of modifying risk factors. Some, such as gender, age, and family history, cannot be modified. Smoking cessation (or abstinence) is one of the most effective and easily modifiable changes. Also important is a low-fat, low-calorie diet, which helps one to maintain a healthy body mass index (BMI) and preventing obesity. Regular cardiovascular exercise (aerobic exercise) complements the healthful eating habits. Sometimes, the combination of diet and exercise will improve lipoprotein (cholesterol) levels; if not, a physician may prescribe "cholesterol-lowering" drugs, such as the statins.  Treatment of cardiovascular disease depends on the specific form of the disease in each patient, but effective treatment always includes preventative lifestyle changes discussed above. Medications, such as blood pressure reducing medications, aspirin and other treatments may be involved.

'''Cancer:''' The consensus on diet and cancer is that obesity increases the risk of developing cancer. Particular dietary practices often explain differences in cancer incidence in different countries (e.g. gastric cancer is more common in Japan, while colon cancer is more common in the United States). Studies have shown that immigrants develop the risk of their new country, suggesting a link between diet and cancer rather than a genetic basis.
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<!-- 8. What is the difference between whole wheat flour and white flour, and which one has the higher nutritive value? -->
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The two biggest differences between white bread and whole wheat are the processing and the nutritional value. Whole wheat flour has the higher nutritive value.

Flour is made from wheat berries. The wheat berry is made up of the bran, the germ and the endosperm. All parts are filled with nutrients and are used in whole wheat flour. 

White bread on the other hand, uses only the endosperm - the starchy inner layer. There are a total of 30 nutrients present in whole wheat bread that are missing in white bread. The nutritional difference is immense and has measurable impact on our health. 

The fiber content of whole wheat bread has several health benefits. 

Fiber helps the digestive system. It also creates a 'full' 
sensation and thus can help with weight control. Research has 
been conducted by Harvard and other organizations that shows men 
and women who eat high-fiber foods are less likely to have heart attacks and 
strokes as compared to those who don't. 

There is also an increased risk of diabetes in children who eat 
refined white flour - a risk that has been proven by the increase 
in cases of childhood diabetes.
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<!-- 9. What does RDA stand for? What does it mean? -->
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'''Recommended Dietary Allowance''' (RDA) is the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient that is considered sufficient to meet the requirements of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in each life-stage and gender group. The RDAs are established by the Food and Nutrition Board of the (US) National Academy of Sciences.

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<!-- 10. Why is it important not to take excessive amounts of some vitamins and minerals? -->
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Fat-soluble vitamins may be stored in the body and can cause toxicity when taken in excess.  Water-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body, with the exception of Vitamin B<sub>12</sub>, which is stored in the liver.

Some of the most common causes of vitamin poisoning are vitamins A, B<sub>3</sub> and B<sub>6</sub>. Conversely, certain vitamins do not produce toxicity in excess levels: vitamin C has been used in clinical trials in dosages over 100,000 mg — over 1000 times the daily recommended intake — without ill effects.

Excess doses of mineral supplements can also lead to poisoning. Either or both of vitamin poisoning and mineral supplement poisoning can occur due to excessive intake of multivitamin supplements.
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==References==
*[[w:Recommended Dietary Allowance|Wikipedia article on Recommended Dietary Allowance]]
*[[w:Vitamins|Wikipedia article on Vitamins]]
*[[w:Vitamin Poisoning|Wikipedia article on Vitamin Poisoning]]
*[[w:Cancer|Wikipedia article on Cancer]]
*[[w:Cardiovascular Disease|Wikipedia article on Cardiovascular Disease]]
*[[w:Diabetes|Wikipedia article on Diabetes]]
*[http://choosemyplate.gov ChooseMyPlate.gov]
*[http://www.vitaminsdiary.com/ VitaminsDiary.com]
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