Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Shells - Advanced/Answer Key"

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{{redirect|Mother of Pearl|the novel|Mother of Pearl (novel)}}
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{{honor_header|3|1949|Nature|General Conference}}
'''Nacre''', also known as '''mother of pearl''', is an organic-inorganic [[composite material]] produced by some [[mollusk]]s.  It is strong, resilient, and [[Iridescence|iridescent]].  [[Pearl]]s and the inside layer of the [[pearl oyster]] shells and the [[freshwater pearl mussel]] shells are made of nacre. Many other families of mollusks also have a shell layer which is nacreous, including the [[Trochidae]] and the [[Turbinidae]].
 
[[Image:NautilusCutawayLogarithmicSpiral.jpg|thumb|right|225px|The iridescent nacre inside a [[Nautilus]] shell ]]
 
  
==Description==
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==1. Have the Shell Honor. ==
Nacre is composed of hexagonal platelets of [[aragonite]] ([[calcium carbonate]] (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) [[crystals]]) 10-20 [[µm]] wide and 0.5 µm thick, arranged in a continuous parallel lamina. These layers are separated by sheets of organic matrix composed of [[Elasticity (physics)|elastic]] [[biopolymers]] (such as [[chitin]], [[lustrin]] and [[silk]]-like [[protein]]s). This mixture of brittle platelets and the thin layers of elastic biopolymers makes the material strong and resilient. Strength and resilience are also likely to be due to adhesion by the  "brickwork" arrangement of the platelets, which inhibits transverse crack propagation. This design at multiple-length sizes increases its [[toughness]] enormously, making it almost equivalent to that of [[silicon]].
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{{Ay prerequisite|Nature|Shells}}
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==2. Define the term "mollusca" or "mollusk." ==
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The word ''mollusc'' is derived from the French ''mollusque'', which originated from the Latin ''molluscus'', meaning thin-shelled, from ''mollis'', soft
  
Nacre appears [[iridescent]] because the thickness of the aragonite platelets is comparable to the wavelength of visible light. This results in constructive and destructive [[interference]] of different wavelengths of light, resulting in different colors of light being reflected at different viewing angles.
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The body of a mollusk consists of three sections; a head, with eyes or tentacles; a muscular foot; and a visceral mass housing the organs.
  
Nacre is secreted by the [[epithelial]] [[cell (biology)|cells]] of the [[Mantle (mollusc)|mantle tissue]] of some species of [[mollusk]]. The nacre is deposited onto the inner surface of the shell, the iridescent ''nacreous layer'', commonly known as ''mother of pearl''This smooths the shell and defends against [[parasite]]s and damaging detritus by entombing them in successive layers of nacre, forming a [[pearl]]. The process is called is ''[[encystation]]'' and continues while the mollusk lives.
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==3. Learn the classification terms of mollusks, know the distinguishing characteristics of each, and become acquainted with several species under each class. ==
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==4 Distinguish between univalve and bivalve mollusks from the following considerations: ==
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===a. Shell  ===
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===b. Mollusk body  ===
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===c. Reproduction===
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===d. Movements===
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===e. Securing food===
 +
===f. Self-preservation===
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==5. Identify from shells or drawings and know the meaning of the following concho logical terms: ==
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===a. Valve  ===
 +
===b. Apex  ===
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===c. Aperture === 
 +
===d. Byssus  ===
 +
===e. Foot  ===
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===f. Mantel ===
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===g. Operculum===
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===h. Mother of pearl===
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===i. Epidermis===
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===j. Ribs===
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===k. Teeth===
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===l. Concentric lines===
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===m. Canal===
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===n. Spines===
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===o. Whorls===
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===p. Lips===
  
Chief sources are the pearl [[oyster]], found in warm and tropical seas, primarily in [[Asia]]; [[freshwater pearl]] mussels, which live in many rivers of the [[United States]], [[Europe]], and [[Asia]]; and the [[abalone]] of [[California]], [[Japan]], and other [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] regions.
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==6. Explain the development of a shell. How long do mollusks live?==
 
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==7. Give some facts about the life of a strombus pugilis (fighting conch) and explain why this shell is so named. ==
== Decorative uses ==
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==8. Explain the activities of the shipworm. ==
[[Image:Powder flask img 2091.jpg|thumb|left|Mother of pearl powder flask from circa 1750, mostly consisting of a polished ''Turbo marmoratus'' shell]]
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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Shipworm}}
Mother of pearl has been used over many centuries for all kinds of decorative purposes.
 
 
 
[[Image:Istanbul.Topkapi046.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<center> Inlay with nacre tesserae </center> <br /> <small> Bagdad pavilion, [[Topkapı Palace]], [[Istanbul]]</small>]]
 
Both black and white mother of pearl are used for [[architectural]] purposes. The natural mother of pearl may be artificially tinted to almost any color. Mother of pearl [[:wikt:tessera|tesserae]] may be cut into shapes and laminated to a [[ceramic]] [[tile]] or [[marble]] base.  The tesserae are hand-placed and closely sandwiched together, creating an irregular mosaic or pattern (such as a weave). The laminated material is typically 1/16 of an [[inch]] thick.  The tesserae are then lacquered and polished creating a durable, glossy hard surface.
 
 
 
Instead of using a marble or tile base, the mother of pearl tesserae can be glued to a [[fiberglass]] mesh. The result is a lightweight material that offers a seamless installation, and there is no limit to the sheet size. Mother of pearl sheets may be used on interior floors, exterior and interior walls, countertops, doors and ceilings. Insertion into architectural elements, such as columns or furniture is easily accomplished.
 
 
 
=== Clothes & accessories ===
 
[[Image:Masa perłowa3.jpg|thumb|left]]
 
 
 
Mother of pearl buttons can be found on a variety of clothing such as shirts, skirts and coats.  Nacre is also used as a decorative feature of watch faces, knives, guns and jewelry.
 
 
 
=== Musical instruments ===
 
Key touches and various decorations on musical instruments such as [[saxophone]]s, [[trumpet]]s, [[violin]]s, [[banjos]], [[tamburitza]]s and [[guitar]]s are sometimes made of mother of pearl. It is used as inlays on many guitar fretboards.
 
 
 
Synthetic key touches made of [[Pyralin]] or similar imitation nacre materials have been affectionately referred to as ''mother of [[toilet seat]]'' by musicians.
 
  
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==9. What accounts for the distribution of mollusks.==
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==10. Name two mollusks that have no shells. ==
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==11. Find answers for the following interesting questions: ==
 +
===a. How are bivalve and univalve animals fastened to their shells? ===
 +
===b. How is shell color controlled? ===
 +
===c. What mollusk has four gills? ===
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===d. From what sea animal was India ink formerly made? ===
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===e. What mollusk spins a silken thread? ===
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===f. What shells were used for money by ancient tribes? ===
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===g. What shell is considered sacred by the Tibetans? ===
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===h. Purple dye of ancient times came from the secretion of what mollusk? ===
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===i. What is the source of pearls? How are they formed? ===
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==12. Name six commercial uses for shells. ==
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==13. Do one of the following: ==
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===a. Personally find and collect 40 species of shells representing the five classifications. List each shell as to the place and date it was found, common name, scientific name, and class. ===
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===b. Make a collection of 50 species of shells you have found, received, or purchased representing the five classifications. List each shell collected as follows: if personally found, give the information called for under letter "a" above; if received or purchased, give the name of the person from whom the shell was received, the habitat of the shell, the date of its acquisition, and its common name, scientific name, and class.===
 
==References==
 
==References==
* {{cite journal
+
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
| first = A.
 
| last = Lin
 
| coauthors = Meyers, M.A.
 
| date = 2005-01-15
 
| title = Growth and structure in abalone shell
 
| journal = [[Materials Science and Engineering]] A
 
| volume = 390
 
| pages = 27&ndash;41
 
| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TXD-4DH2DRS-1&_coverDate=01%2F15%2F2005&_alid=256050522&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=5588&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f4efd0a3d7cf3b4a0b8f9861cff4514d
 
| doi = 10.1016/j.msea.2004.06.072
 
}}
 
* {{cite journal
 
| first = G.
 
| last = Mayer
 
| year = 2005
 
| doi =  10.1126/science.1116994
 
| title = Rigid biological systems as models for synthetic composites
 
| journal = Science
 
| volume = 310
 
| pages = 1144&ndash;1147
 
| pmid = 16293751
 
}}
 
* {{cite journal
 
| last = Bruet
 
| first = B.
 
| coauthors = ''et al.''
 
| year = 2005
 
| month = September
 
| title = Nanoscale morphology and indentation of individual nacre tablets from the gastropod mollusc ''Trochus niloticus''
 
| journal = J. Mater. Res.
 
| volume = 20
 
| issue = 9
 
| url = http://web.mit.edu/cortiz/www/Ben/BenPaperRevisedFinal.pdf
 
| doi = 10.1557/JMR.2005.0273
 
 
 
| pages = 2400}}
 
 
 
==See also==
 
{{Commonscat|Mother of pearl}}
 
{{Wiktionary}}
 
* [[Ammolite]]
 
* [[Pearl]]
 
* [[Raden]]
 
 
 
[[Category:Mollusc products]]
 
[[Category:Pearls]]
 
 
 
[[bg:Седеф]]
 
[[da:Perlemor]]
 
[[de:Perlmutt]]
 
[[es:Nácar]]
 
[[eo:Perlamoto]]
 
[[fr:Nacre]]
 
[[it:Madreperla]]
 
[[he:אם הפנינה]]
 
[[lt:Perlamutras]]
 
[[mn:Тана]]
 
[[nl:Parelmoer]]
 
[[no:Perlemor]]
 
[[pl:Masa perłowa]]
 
[[pt:Madrepérola]]
 
[[ru:Перламутр]]
 
[[sv:Pärlemor]]
 
[[vi:Xà cừ (vật liệu)]]
 
[[tl:Binga]]
 

Revision as of 03:06, 2 August 2008

Template:Honor header

1. Have the Shell Honor.

Template:Ay prerequisite

2. Define the term "mollusca" or "mollusk."

The word mollusc is derived from the French mollusque, which originated from the Latin molluscus, meaning thin-shelled, from mollis, soft

The body of a mollusk consists of three sections; a head, with eyes or tentacles; a muscular foot; and a visceral mass housing the organs.

3. Learn the classification terms of mollusks, know the distinguishing characteristics of each, and become acquainted with several species under each class.

4 Distinguish between univalve and bivalve mollusks from the following considerations:

a. Shell

b. Mollusk body

c. Reproduction

d. Movements

e. Securing food

f. Self-preservation

5. Identify from shells or drawings and know the meaning of the following concho logical terms:

a. Valve

b. Apex

c. Aperture

d. Byssus

e. Foot

f. Mantel

g. Operculum

h. Mother of pearl

i. Epidermis

j. Ribs

k. Teeth

l. Concentric lines

m. Canal

n. Spines

o. Whorls

p. Lips

6. Explain the development of a shell. How long do mollusks live?

7. Give some facts about the life of a strombus pugilis (fighting conch) and explain why this shell is so named.

8. Explain the activities of the shipworm.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Shipworm

9. What accounts for the distribution of mollusks.

10. Name two mollusks that have no shells.

11. Find answers for the following interesting questions:

a. How are bivalve and univalve animals fastened to their shells?

b. How is shell color controlled?

c. What mollusk has four gills?

d. From what sea animal was India ink formerly made?

e. What mollusk spins a silken thread?

f. What shells were used for money by ancient tribes?

g. What shell is considered sacred by the Tibetans?

h. Purple dye of ancient times came from the secretion of what mollusk?

i. What is the source of pearls? How are they formed?

12. Name six commercial uses for shells.

13. Do one of the following:

a. Personally find and collect 40 species of shells representing the five classifications. List each shell as to the place and date it was found, common name, scientific name, and class.

b. Make a collection of 50 species of shells you have found, received, or purchased representing the five classifications. List each shell collected as follows: if personally found, give the information called for under letter "a" above; if received or purchased, give the name of the person from whom the shell was received, the habitat of the shell, the date of its acquisition, and its common name, scientific name, and class.

References