Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Model Railroad/Answer Key"

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(discribed mechanical refridgeration, and RBL cars.)
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[[Image:Santa Fe 33055 Route of the Chief.jpg|thumb|350px|right|[[Santa Fe Refrigerator Despatch|SFRD]] #33055 bears an advertisement for the railroad's ''[[Chief (passenger train)|Chief]]'' passenger train. "[[Billboard (advertisement)|Billboard]]" advertising such as this was placed on the company's refrigerator cars (and [[boxcars]]) from January, 1940 to April, 1947. Note that the ice hatches are in the "ventilator" position.]]
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{{honor_header|2|1967|Arts and Crafts|General Conference}}
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[[Image:Art2471940.jpg|thumb|350px|right|A [[World War II]]-era wood-sided, ice bunker "reefer" of the American Refrigerator Transit Company (ART), one specially-designated for the transport of dairy products, ''circa'' 1940.]]
 
  
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A '''refrigerator car''' (or '''"reefer"''') is a [[Refrigeration|refrigerated]] [[boxcar]], a piece of [[railroad]] [[rolling stock]] designed to carry perishable freight at specific temperatures. Refrigerator cars differ from simple [[Thermal insulation|insulated]] boxcars and [[Ventilation (architecture)|ventilated]] boxcars (commonly used for transporting fruit), neither of which are fitted with cooling apparatus. Reefers can be ice-cooled, come equipped with any one of a variety of mechanical refrigeration systems, or utilize [[carbon dioxide]] (either as [[carbon dioxide|dry ice]], or in liquid form) as a cooling agent. [[Milk]] cars (and other types of "express" reefers) may or may not include a cooling system, but are equipped with high-speed [[bogie|trucks]] and other modifications that allow them to travel with [[train|passenger trains]].
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==1. Give the history and development of model railroading. ==
 +
==2. Tell the difference in how the following prototype motive power units operate:==
 +
===a. Steam ===
 +
===b. Diesel ===
 +
===c. Electric===
 +
==3. Know the name, scale, and track gauge for four model railroad gauges.==
 +
==4. Know the shapes and names of at least eight track plan arrangements.==
 +
==5. Know at least six points to check for the maintenance of a model railroading layout. ==
 +
==6. Identify and explain the use of: ==
 +
===a. Five types of freight cars ===
  
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Reefer applications can be divided into four broad groups: 1) dairy and poultry producers require refrigeration and special interior racks; 2) fruit and vegetable reefers tend to see seasonal use, and are generally used for long-distance shipping (for some shipments, only ventilation is necessary to remove the heat in transit created by the ripening process); 3) manufactured foods (such as canned goods and candy) as well as beer and wine do not require refrigeration, but do need the protection of an insulated car; and 4) meat reefers come equipped with specialized [http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/photos/pfe/graphics/551.jpg beef rails] for handling sides of meat, and [[brine]]-tank refrigeration to provide lower temperatures (most of these units are either owned or leased by meat packing firms).
 
  
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==History==
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==== Covered Hopper ====
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===Background===
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Structurally, a covered hopper is very similar to an open­top hopper car. What distinguishes this type of car from an open hopper is the car's roof, and also the car's overall size. Covered hoppers typically carry loads of less dense, and therefore lighter, materials, so they are built to a higher cubic capacity than open top hoppers.  
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[[Image:IC 14713.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Illinois Central Railroad]] #14713, a ventilated fruit car dating from 1893.]]
 
  
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After the end of the [[American Civil War]], [[Chicago, Illinois]] emerged as a major [[railway]] center for the [[Distribution (business)|distribution]] of livestock raised on the [[Great Plains]] to Eastern markets.<ref>Boyle and Estrada</ref>  Getting the animals to market required herds to be driven up to 1,200 miles (2,000 km) to [[railhead]]s in [[Kansas City, Missouri]], where they were loaded into specialized [[Stock car (rail)|stock car]]s and [[transport]]ed live ("on-the-hoof") to regional [[processing]] centers. Driving cattle across the plains also led to tremendous weight loss, and some animals died along the way. 
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More Info:
 +
* http://www.uprr.com/customers/equip-resources/cartypes/covered.shtml
 +
* Wikipedia article on [[w:Covered hopper|Covered hopper]]
  
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Upon arrival at the local processing facility, livestock were either [[slaughter]]ed by wholesalers and delivered fresh to nearby butcher shops for retail sale, smoked, or packed for shipment in barrels of salt. Costly inefficiencies were inherent in transporting live animals by rail, particularly the fact that about sixty percent of the animal's mass is inedible.  The death of animals weakened by the long drive further increased the per-unit shipping cost. Meat packer [[Gustavus Franklin Swift|Gustavus Swift]] began looking for a way to ship dressed meats from his packing plant in Chicago to the East.
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==== Box Cars ====
  
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===Early attempts at refrigerated transport===
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More Info:
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[[Image:Tiffany ad 1879 CBD.jpg|thumb|325px|left|An advertisement taken from the 1st edition (1879) of the ''Car-Builders Dictionary'' for the '''Tiffany Refrigerator Car Company''', a pioneer in the design of refrigerated railroad cars.]]
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* http://www.uprr.com/customers/equip-resources/cartypes/boxcars.shtml
  
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A number of attempts were made during the mid-1800s to ship [[agriculture|agricultural]] products via rail car. As early as 1842, the [[Western Railroad of Massachusetts]] was reported in the [[June 15]] edition of the ''Boston Traveler'' to be experimenting with innovative [[freight car]] designs capable of carrying all types of perishable goods without spoilage.<ref>White, p. 31</ref> The first refrigerated boxcar entered service in June 1851, on the [[Northern Railroad of New York]] (or NRNY, which later became part of the [[Rutland Railroad]]). This "icebox on wheels" was a limited success in that it was only able to function in cold weather. That same year, the [[Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad]] (O&LC) began shipping butter to Boston in purpose-built freight cars, utilizing ice to cool the contents.
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===b. Three types of passenger cars ===
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===c. Three types of steam engines according to their wheel arrangement ===
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The first consignment of dressed beef left the [[Union Stock Yards|Chicago stock yards]] in 1857 in ordinary [[boxcar]]s retrofitted with bins filled with ice. Placing meat directly against ice resulted in discoloration and affected the taste, and proved impractical. During the same period Swift experimented by moving cut meat using a string of ten boxcars which ran with their doors removed, and made a few test shipments to [[New York]] during the winter months over the [[Grand Trunk Railway]] (GTR). The method proved too limited to be practical. 
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===d. Two types of grade crossing warning devices ===
 +
===e. Two types of railroad signals ===
 +
===f. Five types of railroad-related buildings or structures ===
  
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[[Image:Interior of ice bunker reefer.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The interior of a typical ice-bunker reefer from the [[1920s]]; the wood sheathing would give way to [[plywood]] within twenty years. Vents in the bunker at the end of the car, along with slots in the wood floor racks, allowed cool air to circulate around the contents during transit.]]
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==7. Know the meaning of the following model railroad terms:==
 +
===a. Ballast=== 
 +
===b. Blind drivers===
 +
===c. Block ===
 +
===d. Bolster ===
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===e. Crossing === 
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===f. Crossover ===
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===g. Double header ===
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===h. Draft gear ===
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===i. Flange ===
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===j. Frog ===
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===k. Gap ===
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===l. Gauge ===
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===m. Grade === 
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===n. Gravity yard === 
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===o. Hot box ===
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===p. Insulated rail joiner === 
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===q. Journal===
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=== r. Layout===
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=== s. Mainline ===
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===t. Prototype ===
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===u. Rail joiner ===
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===v. Reverse loop===
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===w. Siding ===
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===x. Spur ===
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===y. Switch ===
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===z. Machine ===
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===aa. Talgo truck ===
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===bb. Truck ===
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===cc. Turnout ===
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===dd. Two-rail===
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===ee. Wye===
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===ff. Yswitch ===
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===gg. Yard===
 +
==8. Construct a portion of a model railroad layout. In your construction, do the following: ==
 +
===a. Assist in assembling the framework ===
 +
===b. Install a section of ballast ===
 +
===c. Install a section of track ===
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===d. Install at least one turnout, including the wiring ===
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===e. Assist in making scenery, such as trees, rocks, mountains, or grass ===
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===f. Make one model railroading building or structure ===
 +
===g. Assist in the wiring to supply electrical power to the tracks ===
 +
==9. Successfully operate a model railroad train on the layout you have assisted in building. ==
  
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[[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit's]] [[William Davis]] patented a refrigerator car that employed metal racks to suspend the carcasses above a frozen mixture of ice and salt. He sold the design in 1868 to [[George Hammond (industrialist)|George H. Hammond]], a Detroit meat packer, who built a set of cars to transport his products to Boston using ice from the [[Great Lakes]] for cooling.<ref>White, p. 33</ref> The load had the tendency of swinging to one side when the car entered a curve at high speed, and the use of the units was discontinued after several derailments. In 1878 Swift hired engineer Andrew Chase to design a ventilated car that was well insulated, and positioned the ice in a compartment at the top of the car, allowing the chilled air to flow naturally downward.<ref>White, p. 45</ref>  The meat was packed tightly at the bottom of the car to keep the [[center of gravity]] low and to prevent the cargo from shifting.  Chase's design proved to be a practical solution to providing temperature-controlled carriage of dressed meats, and allowed [[Swift and Company]] to ship their products all over the [[United States]] and internationally.
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[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
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Swift's attempts to sell Chase's design to major railroads were rebuffed, as the companies feared that they would jeopardize their considerable investments in [[Stock car (rail)|stock cars]], animal pens, and feedlots if refrigerated meat transport gained wide acceptance.  In response, Swift financed the initial production run on his own, then &mdash; when the [[United States|American]] roads refused his business &mdash; he contracted with the GTR (a railroad that derived little income from transporting live cattle) to haul the cars into [[Michigan]] and then eastward through [[Canada]]. In 1880 the [[Peninsular Car Company]] (subsequently purchased by ACF) delivered the first of these units to Swift, and the Swift Refrigerator Line (SRL) was created.  Within a year the Line’s roster had risen to nearly 200 units, and Swift was transporting an average of 3,000 carcasses a week to [[Boston, Massachusetts]].  Competing firms such as [[Armour and Company]] quickly followed suit.  By [[1920]] the SRL owned and operated 7,000 of the ice-cooled rail cars. The [[General American Transportation Corporation]] would assume ownership of the line in 1930.
 
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[[Image:One of the first cars out of the Detroit plant of American Car & Foundry - Built 1899 for Swift Refrigerator Line - Chicago Historical Society.jpg|thumb|325px|right|A builder's photo of one of the first refrigerator cars to come out of the [[Detroit]] plant of the [[American Car and Foundry Company]] (ACF), built in 1899 for the [[Swift Refrigerator Line]].]]
 
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'''Live cattle and dressed beef deliveries to New York ([[short tons]]):'''
 
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{| class="toccolours"
 
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|-
 
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|
 
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|align=center | <small>''(Stock Cars)''
 
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|align=center | <small>''(Refrigerator Cars)''
 
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|-
 
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|align=center | &nbsp; '''Year &nbsp;
 
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|align=center | '''Live Cattle &nbsp;
 
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|align=center | '''Dressed Beef
 
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|-
 
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|&nbsp; 1882
 
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|align=center | 366,487
 
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|align=center | 2,633
 
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|-
 
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|&nbsp; 1883
 
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|align=center | 392,095
 
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|align=center | 16,365
 
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|-
 
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|&nbsp; 1884
 
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|align=center | 328,220
 
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|align=center | 34,956
 
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|-
 
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|&nbsp; 1885
 
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|align=center | 337,820
 
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|align=center | 53,344
 
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|-
 
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|&nbsp; 1886
 
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|align=center | 280,184
 
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|align=center | 69,769
 
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|}
 
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<small>The subject cars travelled on the [[Erie Railroad|Erie]], [[Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad|Lackawanna]], [[New York Central Railroad|New York Central]], and [[Pennsylvania Railroad|Pennsylvania]] railroads.</small>
 
−
 
 
−
<small>Source: ''Railway Review'', [[January 29]], [[1887]], p. 62.</small>
 
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[[Image:Early refrigerator car design circa 1870.jpg|thumb|325px|right|A ''circa'' [[1870]] refrigerator car design.  Hatches in the roof provided access to the ice tanks at each end.]]
 
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'''19th Century American Refrigerator Cars:'''
 
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{| class="toccolours"
 
−
|-
 
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|align=center | &nbsp; '''Year &nbsp;
 
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|align=center | '''Private Lines &nbsp;
 
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|align=center | '''Railroads &nbsp;
 
−
|align=center | '''Total
 
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|-
 
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|&nbsp; 1880
 
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|align=center | 1,000 ''est.
 
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|align=center | 310
 
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|align=center | 1,310 ''est.
 
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|-
 
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|&nbsp; 1885
 
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|align=center | 5,010 ''est.
 
−
|align=center | 990
 
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|align=center | 6,000 ''est.
 
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|-
 
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|&nbsp; 1890
 
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|align=center | 15,000 ''est.
 
−
|align=center | 8,570
 
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|align=center | 23,570 ''est.
 
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|-
 
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|&nbsp; 1895
 
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|align=center | 21,000 ''est
 
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|align=center | 7,040
 
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|align=center | 28,040 ''est.
 
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|-
 
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|&nbsp; 1900
 
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|align=center | 54,000 ''est.
 
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|align=center | 14,500
 
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|align=center | 68,500 ''est.
 
−
|}
 
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<small>Source: ''Poor's Manual of Railroads'' and [[Interstate Commerce Commission|ICC]] and [[U.S. Census]] reports.</small>
 
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−
===The "Ice Age"===
 
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The use of ice to refrigerate and thus preserve food dates back to prehistoric times. Through the ages, the seasonal harvesting of snow and ice was a regular practice of many cultures. [[China]], [[Ancient Greece|Greece]], and [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] (to name a few) all stored ice and snow in caves or dugouts lined with straw or other insulating materials. Rationing of the ice allowed the preservation of foods during hot periods, a practice that was successfully employed for centuries. For most of the [[1800s]], natural ice (harvested from ponds and lakes) was used to supply refrigerator cars. At high altitudes or northern latitudes, one foot tanks were often filled with water and allowed to freeze. Ice was typically cut into blocks during the winter and stored in insulated warehouses for later use, with sawdust and hay packed around the ice blocks to provide additional insulation. A late-19th century wood-bodied reefer required reicing every 250 to 400 miles.
 
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[[Image:Top icing reefer.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Top icing of bagged vegetables in a refrigerator car.]]
 
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By the turn of the century manufactured ice became more common. The Pacific Fruit Express (PFE), for example, maintained 7 natural harvesting facilities, and operated 18 artificial ice plants. Their largest plant (located in [[Roseville, California]]) produced 1,200 short tons of ice daily, and Roseville’s docks could accommodate up to 254 cars. At the industry’s peak, 13 million short tons of ice was produced for refrigerator car use annually.
 
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===="Top Icing"====
 
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Top icing is the practice of placing a 2- to 4-inch layer of crushed ice over the top of agricultural products that have high respiration rates, need high relative humidity, and benefit from having the cooling agent sit directly atop the load (or within individual boxes). Cars with pre-cooled fresh produce were top iced just before shipment. Top icing added considerable dead weight to the load. Top-icing a 40-foot reefer required in over 10,000 pounds of ice. It had been postulated that as the ice melts, the resulting chilled water would trickle down through the load to continue the cooling process. It was found, however, that top-icing only benefited the uppermost layers of the cargo, and that the water from the melting ice often passed through spaces between the cartons and pallets with little or no cooling effect. It was ultimately determined that top-icing is useful only in preventing an increase in temperature, and was eventually discontinued.
 
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<gallery>
 
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Image:Ice Harvesting on Lake St Clair Michigan circa 1905--photograph courtesy Detroit Publishing Company.jpg|Men harvest ice on [[Michigan|Michigan's]] [[Lake Saint Clair]], ''circa'' 1905. The ice would be cut into blocks and hauled by wagon to a cold storage warehouse, and held until needed.
 
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Image:Men loading ice blocks into reefers.jpg|Ice blocks (also called "cakes") are manually placed into reefers from a covered icing dock. Each block weighed between 200 and 400 pounds; crushed ice was typically used for meat cars.
 
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<!-- Deleted image removed: Image:GM&O Refrigerator.jpg|An early version of a field icing car loads a Merchants Despatch Transportation Co. reefer (bearing the herald of the [[Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad|GM&O]]) in [[Norfolk, Virginia]] on [[April 19]], [[1955]]. -->
 
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Image:Mechanical Ice Loader.jpg|The "business end" of a mechanical ice loading system services a line of Pacific Fruit Express refrigerator cars. Each car will require approximately 5½ short tons (5 [[metric ton]]s) of ice.
 
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</gallery>
 
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[[Image:Topping off FGE reefer with ice.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Workmen top off a reefer's top-mounted bunkers with crushed ice.]]
 
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The typical service cycle for an ice-cooled produce reefer (generally handled as a part of a block of cars):
 
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# The cars were cleaned with hot water or steam.
 
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# Depending on the cargo, the cars might have undergone 4 hours of "pre-cooling" prior to loading, which entailed blowing in cold air through one ice hatch and allowing the warmer air to be expelled through the other hatches. The practice, dating back almost to the inception of the refrigerator car, saved ice and resulted in fresher cargo.
 
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# The cars' ice bunkers were filled, either manually from an [http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/photos/pfe/graphics/24.jpg icing dock], via mechanical loading equipment, or (in locations where demand for ice was sporadic) using specially-designed [http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/photos/pfe/graphics/spe11-71.jpg field icing cars].
 
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# The cars were delivered to the shipper for loading, and the ice was topped-off.
 
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# Depending on the cargo and destination, the cars may have been fumigated.
 
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# The train would depart for the eastern markets.
 
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# The cars were reiced in transit approximately once a day.
 
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# Upon reaching their destination, the cars were unloaded.
 
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# If in demand, the cars would be returned to their point of origin empty. If not in demand, the cars would be cleaned and (if possible) used for a dry shipment.
 
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<gallery>
 
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Image:Tiffany RRG 1877.jpg|This engraving of Tiffany’s original "Summer and Winter Car" appeared in the ''Railroad Gazette'' just before Joel Tiffany received his refrigerator car patent in July, [[1877]]. Tiffany's design mounted the ice tank in a [[clerestory]] atop the car's roof, and relied on a train's motion to circulate cool air throughout the cargo space.
 
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Image:Reefers-shorty-Armour-Kansas-City-3891-Pullman.jpg|A [[Pullman Company|Pullman]]-built "shorty" [[reefer]] bears the ''Armour Packing Co. &nbsp; · &nbsp; Kansas City'' logo, ''circa'' [[1885]].  The name of the "patentee" was displayed on the car's exterior, a practice intended to "''...impress the shipper and intimidate the competition...''," even though most patents covered trivial or already-established design concepts.
 
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Image:Reefers-shorty-ATSF-CM-type-1898-cyc ACF builders photo.jpg|A rare double-door refrigerator car utilized the "Hanrahan System of Automatic Refrigeration" as built by [[American Car and Foundry Company|ACF]], ''circa'' [[1898]].  The car had a single, centrally located ice bunker which was said to offer better cold air distribution. The two segregated cold rooms were well suited for less-than-carload (LCL) shipments.
 
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Image:Reefers-shorty-Anheuser-Busch-Malt-Nutrine ACF builders photo pre-1911.jpg|A pre-[[1911]] "shorty" reefer bears an advertisement for [[Anheuser-Busch|Anheuser-Busch's]] ''Malt Nutrine'' tonic. The use of similar "billboard" [[advertising]] on [[freight car]]s was banned by the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]] in [[1937]], and thereafter cars so decorated could no longer be accepted for interchange between roads.
 
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</gallery>
 
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Refrigerator cars required effective insulation to protect their contents from temperature extremes. "[[felt|Hairfelt]]" derived from compressed cattle hair, sandwiched into the floor and walls of the car, was inexpensive but flawed &mdash; over its three- to four-year service life it would decay, rotting out the car's wooden partitions and tainting the cargo with a foul odor. The higher cost of other materials such as "Linofelt" (woven from [[flax]] fibers) or [[cork (material)|cork]] prevented their widespread adoption. Synthetic materials such as [[fiberglass]] and [[polystyrene]], both introduced after [[World War II]], offered the most cost-effective and practical solution.
 
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===Mechanical refrigeration===
 
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In the latter half of the [[20th century]] mechanical refrigeration began to replace ice-based systems.  Mechanical refrigeration units replaced the "armies" of personnel required to reice the cars. In the 1960s the "plug" door was introduced, providing a larger opening to facilitate loading and unloading. These tight-fitting doors were better insulated and could maintain a more even temperature inside the car. By the mid-1970s those few remaining ice bunker cars were relegated to "top-ice" service, where crushed ice was applied atop the commodity.
 
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<gallery>
 
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Image:Cutaway PFE mechanical.jpg|A cutaway illustration of a conventional mechanical refrigerator car, which typically contains in excess of 800 moving parts.
 
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Image:ARMN 761511 20050529 IL Rochelle.jpg|A modern refrigerator car: note the grill at the lower right (the car's "A" end) where the mechanical refrigeration unit is housed.
 
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Image:ARMN 110386 detail photo by JS Rybak @ Clarke Ontario Canada April 2005.jpg|State-of-the-art mechanical refrigerator car designs place the removable, end-mounted refrigeration unit outside of the freight compartment in order to facilitate access for servicing or replacement.
 
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Image:Amtk74049.jpg|A modern mechanical refrigerator car, outfitted for high-speed service, bears the colors and markings of [[Amtrak Express]], [[Amtrak|Amtrak's]] freight and shipping service.
 
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</gallery>
 
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===Cryogenic refrigeration===
 
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[[Image:Cryx2038-1.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Cryogenic refrigerator cars, such as those owned and operated by Cryo-Trans, Inc., are still used today to transport frozen food products, including [[french fries]]. Today, Cryo-Trans operates a fleet in excess of 515 cryogenic railcars.]]
 
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The [[Topeka, Kansas]] shops of the Santa Fe Railway built five experimental refrigerator cars employing [[liquid nitrogen]] as the cooling agent in 1965. A mist of liquified nitrogen was released throughout the car if the temperature rose above a pre-determined level. Each car carried 3,000 [[pound (mass)|pound]]s (1,360 [[kilogram|kg]]) of refrigerant and could maintain a temperature of minus 20 degrees [[Fahrenheit]] (&minus;30 °C). During the 1990s, a few railcar manufacturers experimented with the use of liquid carbon dioxide (CO<small><sub >2</sub ></small>) as a cooling agent. The move was in response to rising fuel costs, and was an attempt to eliminate the standard mechanical refrigeration systems that required periodic maintenance. The CO<small><sub >2</sub ></small> system can keep the car's load frozen solid as long as 14 to 16 days.
 
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Several hundred "[[cryogenic]]" refrigerator cars were placed in service transporting frozen foodstuffs, though they failed to gain wide acceptance (due, in part, to the rising cost of liquid carbon dioxide). Since cryogenic refrigeration is a proven technology and environmentally friendly, the rising price of fuel and the increased availability of carbon dioxide from [[Kyoto Protocol]]-induced capturing techniques may lead to a resurgence in cryogenic railcar usage. [[Cryo-Trans, Inc.]] (founded in 1985) has since dedicated 200 of its refrigerated cars to wine transportation service.
 
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===Experimentation===
 
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====Aluminum and stainless steel====
 
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In [[1946]], the Pacific Fruit Express procured from the [[Consolidated Steel Corporation]] of [[Wilmington, California]] two 40-foot [[aluminum]]-bodied ventilator refrigerator cars, to compare the durability of the lightweight alloy versus that of steel. It was hoped that weight savings (the units weighed almost 10,000 pounds less than a like-sized all-steel car) and better corrosion resistance would offset the higher initial cost. One of the aluminum car bodies was manufactured by [[Alcoa]] (PFE #44739), while the other was built by the [[Reynolds Metals|Reynolds Aluminum Company]] (PFE #45698).
 
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The cars (outfitted with state-of-the-art fiberglass insulation and axle-driven fans for internal air circulation) traveled throughout the Southern Pacific and Union Pacific systems, where they were displayed to promote PFE's post-[[World War II]] modernization. Though both units remained in service over 15 years (#45698 was destroyed in a wreck in May 1962, while #44739 was scrapped in 1966), no additional aluminum reefers were constructed, cost being the likely reason. Also in 1946 the Consolidated Steel delivered the world's only reefer to have a [[stainless steel]] body to the Santa Fe Refrigerator Despatch. The 40-foot car was equipped with convertible ice bunkers, side ventilation ducts, and axle-driven circulation fans. It was thought that stainless steel would better resist the corrosive deterioration resulting from salting the ice.
 
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The one-of-a-kind unit entered service as #13000, but was subsequently redesignated as #1300, and later given #4150 in [[1955]].<ref>Hendrickson and Scholz, p. 8</ref>
 
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−
<nowiki>#4150</nowiki> spent most of its life in express service. Cost was cited as the reason no additional units were ordered. The car was dismantled at [[Clovis, New Mexico]] in February, [[1964]].
 
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−
===="Depression Baby"====
 
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During the [[1930s]], the [[North American Car Company]] produced a one-of-a-kind, four-wheeled ice bunker reefer intended to serve the needs of specialized shippers who did not generate sufficient product to fill a full-sized refrigerator car. NADX #10000 was a 22-[[Foot (unit of length)|foot]]-long, all-steel car that resembled the [[forty-and-eights]] used in [[Europe]] during [[World War I]]. The prototype weighed in at 13½ [[ton]]s and was outfitted with a 1,500-[[pound (mass)|pound]] ice bunker at each end. The car was leased to [[Hormel]] and saw service between [[Chicago, Illinois]] and the southern [[United States]]. The concept failed to gain acceptance with the big eastern railroads and no additional units were built.
 
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−
====Dry ice====
 
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The Santa Fe Refrigerator Despatch (SFRD) briefly experimented with [[dry ice]] as a cooling agent in [[1931]]. The compound was readily-available and seemed like an ideal replacement for frozen water. Dry ice melts at -109°F / -78.33°C (versus 32°F / 0°C for conventional ice) and was twice as effective thermodynamically. Overall weight was reduced as the need for brine and water was eliminated. While the higher cost of dry ice was certainly a drawback, logistical issues in loading long lines of cars efficiently prevented it from gaining acceptance over conventional ice. Worst of all, it was found that dry ice can adversely affect the color and flavor of certain foods if placed in too close a proximity to them.
 
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====Hopper cars====
 
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[[Image:Santa Fe Conditionaire Covered Hopper.jpg|thumb|300px|right|ACFX #47633, one of 100 specially-built "Conditionaire" centerflow hoppers operated by the [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway]].]]
 
−
In [[1969]], the [[Burlington Northern Railroad]] ordered a number of modified [[covered hopper]] cars from [[American Car and Foundry]] for transporting perishable food in bulk. The 55-foot (16.76 m)-long  cars were blanketed with a layer of insulation, equipped with roof hatches for loading, and had centerflow openings along the bottom for fast discharge. A mechanical refrigeration unit was installed at each end of the car, where sheet metal ducting forced cool air into the cargo compartments.
 
−
 
 
−
The units, rated at 100 [[short ton]]s (90.718 [[Tonne|t]]) capacity (more than twice that of the largest conventional refrigerator car of the day) were economical to load and unload, as no secondary packaging was required. Apples, carrots, onions, and potatoes were transported in this manner with some success. Oranges, on the other hand, tended to burst under their own weight, even after wooden baffles were installed to better distribute the load. The Santa Fe Railway leased 100 of the hoppers from ACF, and in April, [[1972]] purchased 100 new units. The cars' irregular, orange-colored outer surface (though darker than the standard AT&SF yellow-orange used on reefers) tended to collect dirt easily, and proved difficult to clean. Santa Fe eventually relegated the cars to more typical, non-refrigerated applications.
 
−
 
 
−
==Timeline==
 
−
* [[1842]]: The [[Western Railroad of Massachusetts]] experiments with innovative freight car designs capable of carrying all types of perishable goods without spoilage.
 
−
* [[1851]]: The first refrigerated boxcar enters service on the [[Northern Railroad of New York]].
 
−
* [[1857]]: The first consignment of refrigerated, dressed beef travels from Chicago stockyards to the East Coast in ordinary box cars packed with ice.
 
−
* [[1866]]: Horticulturist [[Parker Earle]] ships strawberries in iced boxes by rail from southern Illinois to Chicago on the [[Illinois Central Railroad]].
 
−
* [[1868]]: William Davis of [[Detroit, Michigan]] develops a refrigerator car cooled by a frozen ice-salt mixture, and patents it in the U.S. The patent is subsequently sold to George Hammond, a local meat packer who goes on to amass a fortune in refrigerated shipping.
 
−
* [[1876]]: [[Germany|German]] engineer [[Carl von Linde]] develops one of the first mechanical refrigeration systems.
 
−
* [[1878]]: Gustavus Swift (along with engineer Andrew Chase) develops the first practical ice-cooled railcar; soon thereafter, Swift forms the Swift Refrigerator Line (SRL), the world's first.
 
−
* [[1880]]: The first patent for a mechanically-refrigerated railcar issued in the United States is granted to Charles William Cooper.
 
−
* [[1884]]: The Santa Fe Refrigerator Despatch (SFRD) is established as a subsidiary of the [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway]] to carry perishable commodities.
 
−
* [[1885]]: Berries from  [[Norfolk, Virginia]] are shipped by refrigerator car to [[New York]].
 
−
* [[1887]] Parker Earle joined F.A. Thomas of Chicago in the fruit shipping business. The company owned 60 ice-cooled railcars by 1888, and 600 by 1891.
 
−
* [[1888]]: Armour & Co. ships beef from Chicago to Florida in a car cooled by [[ethyl chloride]]-compression machinery. [[Florida]] oranges are shipped to New York under refrigeration for the first time.
 
−
* [[1889]]: The first cooled shipment of deciduous fruit from California is sold on the New York market.
 
−
* [[1898]]: [[Russia|Russia's]] first refrigerator cars enter service. The country's inventory will reach 1,900 by [[1908]], grow to 3,000 just two years later, and top out at approximately 5,900 by [[1916]]. The cars were utilized mainly for transporting butter from [[Siberia]] to the [[Baltic Sea]] (a 12-day journey).
 
−
* [[1899]]: Refrigerated fruit traffic within the U.S. reaches 90,000 [[short ton]]s per year;  Transport from California to NY averaged 12 days in 1900.
 
−
* [[1901]]: Carl von Linde equips a Russian train with a mobile, central mechanical refrigeration plant to distribute cooling to cars carrying perishable goods; similar systems will be used in Russia as late as [[1975]].
 
−
* [[1905]]: U.S. traffic in refrigerated fruit reaches 430,000 short tons. As refrigerator car designs become standardized, the practice of indicating the "patentee" on the sides is discontinued.
 
−
* [[1907]]: The Pacific Fruit Express begins operations with more than 6,000 refrigerated cars, transporting fruit and vegetables across the United States from Western producers to Eastern consumers. U.S. traffic in refrigerated fruit hits 600,000 short tons.
 
−
* [[1913]]: The number of thermally-insulated railcars (most of which were cooled by ice) in the U.S. tops 100,000.
 
−
* [[1920]]: The Fruit Growers Express (or FGE, a former subsidiary of the Armour Refrigerator Line) is formed using 4,280 reefers acquired from Armour & Co.
 
−
* [[1923]]: FGE and the [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern Railway]] for the Western Fruit Express (WFE) in order to compete with the Pacific Fruit Express and Santa Fe Refrigerator Despatch in the West.
 
−
* [[1925]]&ndash;1930: Mechanically-refrigerated trucks enter service and gain public acceptance, particularly for the delivery of milk and ice cream.
 
−
* [[1926]]: The FGE expands its service into the Pacific Northwest and the Midwest through the WFE and the Burlington Refrigerator Express Company (BREX), its other partly-owned subsidiary. FGE purchases 2,676 reefers from the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]].
 
−
* [[1928]]: The FGE forms the [[National Car Company]] as a subsidiary to service the meat transportation market; customers include [[Kahns]], [[Oscar Mayer]], and [[Rath (company)|Rath]].
 
−
* [[1930]]: The number of refrigerator cars in the United States reaches its maximum of approximately 183,000 units.
 
−
* [[1931]]: The SFRD reconfigures 7 reefers to utilize dry ice as a cooling agent.
 
−
* [[1936]]: The first all-steel reefers enter service.
 
−
* [[1937]]: The Interstate Commerce Commission bans "billboard" type advertisements on railroad cars.
 
−
* [[1946]]: Two experimental aluminum-body refrigerator cars enter service on the PFE; an experimental reefer with a stainless-steel body is built for the SFRD.
 
−
* [[1950]]: The U.S. refrigerator car roster drops to 127,200.
 
−
* [[1957]]: The last ice bunker refrigerator cars are built.
 
−
* [[1958]]: The first mechanical reefers (utilizing diesel-powered refrigeration units) enter revenue service.
 
−
* [[1960s]]: The flush, "plug" style sliding door is introduced as an option that provides a larger door to ease loading and unloading of certain commodities. The tight-fitting doors are better insulated and allow a car's interior to be maintained at a more even temperature.
 
−
* [[1969]]: ACF constructs a number of experimental center flow hopper cars which incorporate mechanical cooling systems and insulated cargo cells; the units are intended for shipment of bulk perishables.
 
−
* [[1971]]: The last ice-cooled reefers are retired from service.
 
−
* [[1980]]: The U.S. refrigerator car roster drops to 80,000.
 
−
* [[1990s]]: The first cryogenically-cooled reefers enter service.
 
−
* [[2001]]: The number of refrigerator cars in the United States "bottoms out" at approximately 8,000.
 
−
* [[2005]]: The number of reefers in the United States climbs to approximately 25,000, the result of significant new refrigerator car orders.
 
−
 
 
−
==Specialized applications==
 
−
===Express service===
 
−
[[Image:FM-REA-65.jpg|thumb|225px|right|An REA express reefer is positioned at the head end of Santa Fe train No.8, the ''Fast Mail Express'', in 1965.]]
 
−
Standard refrigerated transport is often utilized for good with less than 14 days of refrigerated "shelf life": avocados, cut flowers, green leafy vegetables, lettuce, mangos, meat products, mushrooms, peaches and nectarines, pineapples and papayas, sweet cherries, and tomatoes. "Express" reefers are typically employed in the transport of special perishables: commodities with a refrigerated shelf life of less than 7 days such as human blood, fish, green onions, milk, strawberries, and certain pharmaceuticals.
 
−
 
 
−
The earliest express-service refrigerator cars entered service around 1890, shortly after the first express train routes were established in [[North America]]. The cars did not come into general use until the early [[20th century]]. Most units designed for express service are larger than their standard counterparts, and are typically constructed more along the lines of [[baggage car]]s than freight equipment. Cars must be equipped with speed-rated trucks and brakes, and &mdash; if they are to be run ahead of the passenger car consist &mdash; must also incorporate an air line for pneumatic braking, a communication signal air line, and a steam line for train heating. Express units were typically painted in passenger car colors, such as [[Pullman Company|Pullman]] green.
 
−
 
 
−
The first purpose-built express reefer emerged from the [[Erie Railroad|Erie Railroad's]] Susquehanna Shops on [[August 1]], [[1886]]. By 1927 some 2,218 express cars traveled America's rails, and three years later that number was 3,264. In 1940 private rail lines began to build and operate their own reefers, the [[Railway Express Agency]] (REA) being by far the largest. In 1948 the REA roster (which would continue to expand into the [[1950s]]) numbered approximately 1,800 cars, many of which were [[World War II]] "[[troop sleeper]]s" modified for express refrigerated transport. By 1965, due to a decline in refrigerated traffic, many express reefers were leased to railroads for use as bulk mail carriers.
 
−
 
 
−
[[Image:Pfe722.jpg|thumb|350px|left|Pacific Fruit Express #722, an ice-cooled, express-style refrigerator car designed to carry milk in [[stainless steel]] cans and other highly-perishable cargo at the head end of passenger train consists.]]
 
−
[[Image:REX6687 Troop Reefer.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Railway Express Agency refrigerator car #6687, a converted World War II "troop sleeper." Note the square panels along the sides that cover the window openings.]]
 
−
<br style="clear:both;">
 
−
 
 
−
===Intermodal===
 
−
[[Image:Vonsvans01022.jpg|thumb|300px|right|An intermodal train containing mechanically-cooled [[Semi-trailer|highway trailers]] in "[[piggy-back|piggyback]]" service passes through the [[Cajon Pass]] in February, 1995.]]
 
−
 
 
−
For many years, virtually all of the perishable traffic in the United States was carried by the railroads. While railroads were subject to government regulation regarding shipping rates, trucking companies could set their own rate for hauling agricultural products, giving them a competitive edge. In March 1979 the [[Interstate Commerce Commission|ICC]] exempted rail transportation of fresh fruits and vegetables from all economic regulation. Once the "Agricultural Exemption Clause" was removed from the ''Interstate Commerce Act'', railroads began aggressively pursuing trailer-on-flatcar (TOFC) business (a form of [[intermodal freight transport]]) for refrigerated trailers. Taking this one step further, a number of carriers (including the PFE and SFRD) purchased their own refrigerated trailers to compete with interstate trucks.
 
−
 
 
−
The final chapter has not, as many have predicted, been written for the refrigerator car in America. The dawn of the [[21st century]] has seen the first significant reefer orders since the early 1970s.
 
−
 
 
−
===Tropicana "Juice Train"===
 
−
{{main|Juice Train}}
 
−
[[Image:Tropicana reefer 3053.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Tropicana #3053, one of the cars of the "Great White Fleet."]]
 
−
 
 
−
In 1970 Tropicana orange juice was shipped in bulk via [[Thermal insulation|insulated]] [[boxcars]] in one weekly round-trip from Florida to [[Kearny, New Jersey]]. By the following year, the company was operating two 60-car unit trains a week, each carrying around 1 million U.S. [[gallon]]s (4 million [[litre|liters]]) of juice. On [[June 7]], [[1971]] the "Great White Juice Train" (the first unit train in the food industry, consisting of 150  one hundred [[short ton]] insulated boxcars fabricated in the [[Alexandria, Virginia]] shops of [[Fruit Growers Express]]) commenced service over the 1,250-[[mile]] (2,000-[[kilometer]]) route. An additional 100 cars were soon added, and small mechanical refrigeration units were installed to keep temperatures constant. Tropicana saved $40 million in fuel costs during the first ten years in operation.
 
−
  Her's some more information on Moving perishable loads,and mechanical refrigeration. We''l start with that one:
 
−
  In these cars,are mostly 57ft long. One end houses a compresser and a heat exchanger. Here's how it works: Some gases( like ammonia) gather a lot of heat.( Thats all this is moving heat from inside the car to the outside). Starting from the compresser end: the hot gas is compressed, and moves through the heat exchanger-the ammonia changes into a liquid, gives up it's heat to the air moving over the coil. because it's under pressure it moves into a long tube. that tube is in the roof of the car. any heat in that space is absorbed by the ammonia, and boils it. then its' into the compresser, and the cycle repeats itself. The cargo space is heavily insulated, and is fitted with hollow bulkheads. a seperate fan moves air throughout this space. A diesel engine is used to power the whole works. Forget that axle generator crap. think it through- a car stops, the refridgerator stops. Not to mentian different car speeds, etc.
 
−
  Another refridgerator car type uses a cold gas only(think liquid nitrogen). At loading, a large tank of this liquid is placed in the car. a controlled valve is used to release the liquid, which quickly boils, and absorbs heat. While this system is simpler, it's more expensive.
 
−
  Please note that these car types are only used to move loads that most remain frozen( ie fruit juice concentrates, frozen meat, ice cream)
 
−
  The car type used to move perishable but not requiring freezing loads is the RBL(reefer, bunkerless) type. This car features both a seal( a piece of heavy plastic glued to the sides, roof, and floor of the car),and thick insulation. The door is also insulated, and a thick seal is used on the closed door. To load:
 
−
  1) the load itself is chilled, to remove any heat. ie a beer shipment is chilled to 6 degrees C.
 
−
  2) very cold air is blown into the car-any heat is removed, and the car is chilled
 
−
  3) the car is quickly loaded. Bulkheads or inside doors are used to protect the load from moving.
 
−
  4) the doors are sealed and locked. Becuase the load and car inside are chilled, and the thick insulation and vapour barrier prevent heat gain, the load stays cold.
 
−
  Typical loads in these cars are: canned bottled drinks, fruit, beer( Nicknamed beer cars), plywood, medical supplies, packed food, and any load that needs to be kept cold, but not frozen.
 
−
 
 
−
==AAR classificatons==
 
−
{| class="toccolours"
 
−
|-
 
−
|+ [[Association of American Railroads|AAR]] classifications of refrigerator car types<ref>''The Great Yellow Fleet'', p 126.</ref>
 
−
|-
 
−
! bgcolor=#cc9966 | Class
 
−
! bgcolor=#cc9966 | Description
 
−
! bgcolor=#cc9966 | Class
 
−
! bgcolor=#cc9966 | Description
 
−
|-
 
−
|align=left | &nbsp; '''RA
 
−
|align=left | Brine-tank ice bunkers
 
−
|align=left | &nbsp; '''RPB
 
−
|align=left | Mechanical refrigerator with electro-mechanical axle drive &nbsp;
 
−
|-
 
−
|align=left | &nbsp; '''RAM
 
−
|align=left | Brine-tank ice bunkers with beef rails
 
−
|align=left | &nbsp; '''RPL
 
−
|align=left | Mechanical refrigerator with loading devices
 
−
|-
 
−
|align=left | &nbsp; '''RAMH &nbsp;
 
−
|align=left | Brine-tank with beef rails and heaters
 
−
|align=left | &nbsp; '''RPM
 
−
|align=left | Mechanical refrigerator with beef rails
 
−
|-
 
−
|align=left | &nbsp; '''RB
 
−
|align=left | No ice bunkers &mdash; heavy insulation
 
−
|align=left | &nbsp; '''RS
 
−
|align=left | Bunker refrigerator &mdash; common ice bunker car
 
−
|-
 
−
|align=left | &nbsp; '''RBL
 
−
|align=left | No ice bunkers and loading devices
 
−
|align=left | &nbsp; '''RSB
 
−
|align=left | Bunker refrigerator &mdash; air fans and loading devices
 
−
|-
 
−
|align=left | &nbsp; '''RBH
 
−
|align=left | No ice bunkers &mdash; gas heaters
 
−
|align=left | &nbsp; '''RSM
 
−
|align=left | Bunker refrigerator with beef rails
 
−
|-
 
−
|align=left | &nbsp; '''RBLH
 
−
|align=left | No ice bunkers &mdash; loading devices and heaters
 
−
|align=left | &nbsp; '''RSMH &nbsp;
 
−
|align=left | Bunker refrigerator with beef rails and heaters
 
−
|-
 
−
|align=left | &nbsp; '''RCD
 
−
|align=left | Solid carbon-dioxide refrigerator
 
−
|align=left | &nbsp; '''RSTC
 
−
|align=left | Bunker refrigerator &mdash; electric air fans
 
−
|-
 
−
|align=left | &nbsp; '''RLO
 
−
|align=left | Special car type &mdash; permanently-enclosed (covered hopper type) &nbsp; &nbsp;
 
−
|align=left | &nbsp; '''RSTM
 
−
|align=left | Bunker refrigerator &mdash; electric air fans and beef rails
 
−
|-
 
−
|align=left | &nbsp; '''RP
 
−
|align=left | Mechanical refrigerator
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
&nbsp; Note: '''Class B''' refrigerator cars are those designed for passenger service; insulated boxcars are designated '''Class L'''.
 
−
 
 
−
==Notes==
 
−
<references/>
 
−
 
 
−
==References==
 
−
* Boyle, Elizabeth and Rodolfo Estrada. (1994) [http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/meatscience/column/industry.htm/ "Development of the U.S. Meat Industry"] &mdash; Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences and Industry.
 
−
* Hendrickson, Richard and Richard E. Scholz. (1986). "Reefer car 13000: a postmortem." ''The Santa Fé Route'' '''IV''' (2) 8.
 
−
* {{cite book|author=Hendrickson, Richard H.|year=1998|title=Santa Fe Railway Painting and Lettering Guide for Model Railroaders, Volume 1: Rolling Stock|publisher=The Santa Fe Railway Historical and Modeling Society, Inc., Highlands Ranch, CO|id=}}
 
−
* Pearce, Bill. (2005). "Express Reefer from troop sleeper in N." ''Model Railroader'' '''72''' (12) 62&ndash;65.
 
−
* [http://users2.ev1.net/~jssand/SFHMS/Sand/SFRD/5.htm Reefer Operations on Model Railroads with an emphasis on the ATSF] April 15, 2005 article at [http://www.atsfrr.net/ The Santa Fe Railway Historical & Modeling Society] official website &mdash; accessed on November 7, 2005.
 
−
* Thompson, Anthony W. et al. (1992). ''Pacific Fruit Express''. Signature Press, Wilton, CA.  ISBN 1-930013-03-5.
 
−
* White, John H.  (1986).  ''The Great Yellow Fleet''.  Golden West Books, San Marino, CA.  ISBN 0-87095-091-6.
 
−
* White, Jr., John H. (1993). ''The American Railroad Freight Car''. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.  ISBN 0-8018-5236-6.
 
−
 
 
−
==See also==
 
−
* [[Refrigeration]]
 
−
* [[Reefer (ship)]]
 
−
* [[Reefer (container)]]
 
−
* [[Refrigerator truck]]
 
−
 
 
−
==External links==
 
−
* [http://www.sdrm.org/roster/freight/ref21335/index.html Atchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe Railway #21335] &mdash; photo and short history of a steel-sheathed "billboard" car.
 
−
* [http://www.sdrm.org/stories/reefer/ "Coast to Coast"] article by Richard Hendrickson at the [http://www.sdrm.org/ Pacific Southwest Railway Museum] official website.
 
−
* [http://www.csrmf.org/doc.asp?id=185 Fruit Growers Express Company #35832] &mdash; photos and short history of an example of the wooden ice-type "reefers" commonly placed in service between 1920 and 1940.
 
−
* [http://www.sdrm.org/roster/freight/ref56415/index.html Fruit Growers Express Company #56415] &mdash; photos and short history of an example of the wooden ice-type "reefers" used in the first half of the 20th century for shipping produce.
 
−
* [http://www.sdrm.org/roster/freight/ref11207/index.html Pacific Fruit Express Company #11207] &mdash; photo and short history of one of the last ice-type refrigerator cars built.
 
−
* [http://www.sdrm.org/roster/freight/re300010/index.html Pacific Fruit Express Company #300010] &mdash; photo and short history of one of the first mechanical-type refrigerator cars built.
 
−
* [http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/photos/pfe/index.shtml Pacific Fruit Express photo gallery] at the [[Union Pacific Railroad]] official website.
 
−
* [http://www.containerserviceco.com Container Service Co.] official website; contains pictures of cryogenic railcars and ocean freight containers.
 
−
 
 
−
{{Refrigerator Car Lines of the United States}}
 
−
 
 
−
{{Freight cars}}
 
−
 
 
−
[[Category:Cooling technology]]
 
−
[[Category:Food preservation]]
 
−
[[Category:Freight equipment]]
 
−
 
 
−
[[de:Kühlwagen (Eisenbahn)]]
 
−
[[eo:Malvarmiguja vagono]]
 
−
[[ja:冷蔵車]]
 

Revision as of 21:44, 3 October 2007

Template:Honor header

1. Give the history and development of model railroading.

2. Tell the difference in how the following prototype motive power units operate:

a. Steam

b. Diesel

c. Electric

3. Know the name, scale, and track gauge for four model railroad gauges.

4. Know the shapes and names of at least eight track plan arrangements.

5. Know at least six points to check for the maintenance of a model railroading layout.

6. Identify and explain the use of:

a. Five types of freight cars

Covered Hopper

Structurally, a covered hopper is very similar to an open­top hopper car. What distinguishes this type of car from an open hopper is the car's roof, and also the car's overall size. Covered hoppers typically carry loads of less dense, and therefore lighter, materials, so they are built to a higher cubic capacity than open top hoppers.

More Info:

Box Cars

More Info:

b. Three types of passenger cars

c. Three types of steam engines according to their wheel arrangement

d. Two types of grade crossing warning devices

e. Two types of railroad signals

f. Five types of railroad-related buildings or structures

7. Know the meaning of the following model railroad terms:

a. Ballast

b. Blind drivers

c. Block

d. Bolster

e. Crossing

f. Crossover

g. Double header

h. Draft gear

i. Flange

j. Frog

k. Gap

l. Gauge

m. Grade

n. Gravity yard

o. Hot box

p. Insulated rail joiner

q. Journal

r. Layout

s. Mainline

t. Prototype

u. Rail joiner

v. Reverse loop

w. Siding

x. Spur

y. Switch

z. Machine

aa. Talgo truck

bb. Truck

cc. Turnout

dd. Two-rail

ee. Wye

ff. Yswitch

gg. Yard

8. Construct a portion of a model railroad layout. In your construction, do the following:

a. Assist in assembling the framework

b. Install a section of ballast

c. Install a section of track

d. Install at least one turnout, including the wiring

e. Assist in making scenery, such as trees, rocks, mountains, or grass

f. Make one model railroading building or structure

g. Assist in the wiring to supply electrical power to the tracks

9. Successfully operate a model railroad train on the layout you have assisted in building.

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