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| − | [[Image:TILX290344.JPG|thumb|300px|Modern tank cars are designed to carry any liquid or gaseous commodity.]]
| + | {{honor_header|2|1967|Arts and Crafts|General Conference}} |
| − | A '''tank car''' is a type of [[railroad]] [[rolling stock]] designed to transport [[liquid]] and [[gaseous]] commodities. Outside of [[North America]], they are also known as '''tank wagons''' or '''tanker wagons'''.
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| − | ==History== | + | ==1. Give the history and development of model railroading. == |
| | + | ==2. Tell the difference in how the following prototype motive power units operate:== |
| | + | ===a. Steam === |
| | + | ===b. Diesel === |
| | + | ===c. Electric=== |
| | + | ==3. Know the name, scale, and track gauge for four model railroad gauges.== |
| | + | The six most popular scales used are: G scale, Gauge 1, O scale, H0 scale (in Britain, the similarly sized 00 is used), TT scale, and N scale (1:160), although there is growing interest in Z scale. H0 scale is the single most popular scale of model railroad. Popular narrow-gauge scales include HOn3 Scale and Nn3, which are the same scale as HO and N, except with a narrower spacing between the tracks (in these examples, a scale three feet instead of the 4'8.5" standard gauge). |
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| − | The tank car was invented in 1865 and was intended to move petroleum in [[Pennsylvania]]. Consisting of three open vats attached to a [[flat car]]. The problem came as tank car design and liquid cargo types expanded. | + | The words scale and gauge seem at first to be used interchangeably in model railways, but their meanings are different. Scale is the model's measurement as a proportion to the original, while gauge is the measurement between the two running rails of the track. |
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| − | Investing in new cars all the time made tank car ownership unappealing to the railroad companies, and so a company was founded: [[Union Tank Car Company]]. this company was charged with manufacturing, maintaining and operating, on behalf of the railroads, the tank car fleet.
| + | {| border=1 align="center" |
| | + | |- |
| | + | !Name || Scale || Gauge |
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| | + | | G scale ||1:22.5 || {{units|45 mm|1.75 inches}} |
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| | + | | Gauge 1 ||1:32 ||{{units|44.45 mm|1.75 inches}} |
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| | + | | 0 scale ||1:43 or 1:48 ||{{units|32 mm|1.25 inches}} |
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| | + | | H0 scale ||1:87 ||{{units|16.5 mm|0.65 inches}} |
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| | + | | TT scale ||1:120 ||{{units|12 mm|0.47 inches}} |
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| | + | | N scale ||1:148 to 1:160 || {{units|9 mm|0.354 inches}} |
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| | + | | Z scale ||1:220 ||{{units|6.5 mm|0.256 inches}} |
| | + | |} |
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| − | ==Tank car timeline== | + | ==4. Know the shapes and names of at least eight track plan arrangements.== |
| | + | ==5. Know at least six points to check for the maintenance of a model railroading layout. == |
| | + | ==6. Identify and explain the use of: == |
| | + | ===a. Five types of freight cars === |
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| − | * 1865: Flats with banded wooden tanks mounted on top are employed for the first time to transport crude oil from the fields of [[Pennsylvania]].
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| − | * 1869: Cast iron tanks (with an approximate capacity of 3,500 gallons / 13,200 l per car) replace wooden tanks.
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| − | * 1888: Tank car manufacturers sell units directly to the oil companies, with capacities ranging from 6,000 gallons to 10,000 gallons (22,700 l to 37,800 l).
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| − | * 1903: Tank car companies develop construction safety standards; more than 10,000 tank cars are in operation.
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| − | * 1915: A classification system is developed by the tank car industry to ensure the correct match of product being shipped to car type. Some 50,000 tank cars are in use.
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| − | * 1920: Welding technology replaces riveting in tank car construction, enhancing the safety of cars.
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| − | * 1930: 140,000 tank cars transport some 103 commodities (in addition to oil) to market.
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| − | * 1940s: Virtually every tank car is engaged in oil transport in support of the [[World War II|war effort]].
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| − | * 1950: Pipelines and tanker trucks begin to compete for liquid transport business.
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| − | * 1963: The Union Tank Car Company (UTLX) introduces the "Whale Belly" tank car.
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| − | ==Usage== | + | ==== Covered Hopper ==== |
| | + | Structurally, a covered hopper is very similar to an opentop hopper car. What distinguishes this type of car from an open hopper is the car's roof, and also the car's overall size. Covered hoppers typically carry loads of less dense, and therefore lighter, materials, so they are built to a higher cubic capacity than open top hoppers. |
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| − | Many variants exist due to the wide variety of [[liquid]]s and gases that can be transported. Tank cars can be [[Thermal insulation|insulated]] or non-insulated, [[pressurized]] or non-pressurized, and designed for single or multiple loads. Non-pressurized cars have plumbing at the bottom for unloading, and may have an access port and a dome, housing various valving on the top. Pressurized cars have a pressure plate, with all valving, and a protective cylindrical housing (dome) at the top. Loading and unloading are done through this opening.
| + | More Info: |
| | + | * http://www.uprr.com/customers/equip-resources/cartypes/covered.shtml |
| | + | * Wikipedia article on [[w:Covered hopper|Covered hopper]] |
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| − | Tank cars are specialized pieces of equipment, with the interior of the car is usually lined with a material to isolate the car's structure from the contents, such as [[glass]]. Loading a liquid into a car that is designed to carry something else is unwise and sometimes dangerous. Even after a thorough cleaning, traces of the previous contents may remain, potentially contaminating the next load. Also, loading a tank car with something it is not designed to carry may actually damage the car, for example if the contents are corrosive.
| + | ==== Box Cars ==== |
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| − | As a result of this specialization, tank cars have always been "one-way" cars. Other cars, like [[boxcar]]s can easily be reloaded with other goods for the return trip. Combinations of the two types were attempted, such as boxcars with fluid tanks slung beneath the floors. While the car could certainly carry a load both directions, the limited size of the tanks made this style unsuccessful.
| + | More Info: |
| | + | * http://www.uprr.com/customers/equip-resources/cartypes/boxcars.shtml |
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| − | Because of their one-way nature, tank cars are simply dead weight half of the time, making them unappealing to major railroads. A large percentage of tank cars are owned by companies serviced by railroads instead of the railroads themselves. This can be verified by examining the [[reporting mark]]s on the cars. These marks invariably end in ''X,'' meaning that the owner is not a [[common carrier]].
| + | ===b. Three types of passenger cars === |
| | + | ===c. Three types of steam engines according to their wheel arrangement === |
| | + | ===d. Two types of grade crossing warning devices === |
| | + | ===e. Two types of railroad signals === |
| | + | ===f. Five types of railroad-related buildings or structures === |
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| − | Within the rail industry, tank cars are grouped by their interior linings and not by the cargo carried. Food service tank cars are lined with [[stainless steel]], glass or cleanable plastic and they are marked as non-pressurized, insulated cars. Usually these are small and carry around 10,000 gallons. Tank cars carrying [[dangerous goods]] are generally made of different types of steel, depending on the intended cargo and operating pressure. They may also be lined with rubber or coated with specialized coatings for tank protection or product purity purpose. They are insulated, usually non-pressurized cars (however, very light petrochemicals or jet fuel cars will be "padded" with nitrogen to remove the air in the vapor space). These cars are larger, around 23,000 gallons. the ends will be doubled to prevent ruptures during accidents. Natural gas, [[LPG]], or ammonia carrying cars are basically 30,000 [[gallon]] alloy steel pressure vessels on steel wheels. They have no linings, and are double ended. The whale belly type is giving way to higher, but standard-width cars.
| + | ==7. Know the meaning of the following model railroad terms:== |
| | + | ===a. Ballast=== |
| | + | ===b. Blind drivers=== |
| | + | ===c. Block === |
| | + | ===d. Bolster === |
| | + | ===e. Crossing === |
| | + | ===f. Crossover === |
| | + | ===g. Double header === |
| | + | ===h. Draft gear === |
| | + | ===i. Flange === |
| | + | ===j. Frog === |
| | + | ===k. Gap === |
| | + | ===l. Gauge === |
| | + | ===m. Grade === |
| | + | ===n. Gravity yard === |
| | + | ===o. Hot box === |
| | + | ===p. Insulated rail joiner === |
| | + | ===q. Journal=== |
| | + | === r. Layout=== |
| | + | === s. Mainline === |
| | + | ===t. Prototype === |
| | + | ===u. Rail joiner === |
| | + | ===v. Reverse loop=== |
| | + | ===w. Siding === |
| | + | ===x. Spur === |
| | + | ===y. Switch === |
| | + | ===z. Machine === |
| | + | ===aa. Talgo truck === |
| | + | ===bb. Truck === |
| | + | ===cc. Turnout === |
| | + | ===dd. Two-rail=== |
| | + | ===ee. Wye=== |
| | + | ===ff. Yswitch === |
| | + | ===gg. Yard=== |
| | + | ==8. Construct a portion of a model railroad layout. In your construction, do the following: == |
| | + | ===a. Assist in assembling the framework === |
| | + | ===b. Install a section of ballast === |
| | + | ===c. Install a section of track === |
| | + | ===d. Install at least one turnout, including the wiring === |
| | + | ===e. Assist in making scenery, such as trees, rocks, mountains, or grass === |
| | + | ===f. Make one model railroading building or structure === |
| | + | ===g. Assist in the wiring to supply electrical power to the tracks === |
| | + | ==9. Successfully operate a model railroad train on the layout you have assisted in building. == |
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| − | All tank cars undergo periodic inspection for damage and corrosion. Pressure-relief [[valve]]s and mounts are inspected at every loading. Pressurized cars are pressure-tested regularly to insure the integrity of the tank.
| + | [[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] |
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| − | All tank cars operating throughout North America today feature "double shelf" type [[Coupling (railway)|coupler]]s that prevent disengaging in event of an accident or derailment. This prevents couplers and drawheads from puncturing adjacent tank cars.
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| − | Insulated cars (which may also incorporate heating or refrigeration systems) are used when the contents must be kept at a certain temperature. For example, the Linde tank car depicted below carries liquefied [[argon]]. Cars designed for multiple loads have internal bulkheads to separate the contents. Each compartment must have separate plumbing and its own dome if so equipped. The added complexity of multiple-load cars means that they make up a small percentage of the tank car population. If two loads must be transported, it is often simpler to use two tank cars instead of a two-load car.
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| − | ==Specialized applications==
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| − | ===Milk cars===
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| − | A milk car is a specialized type of tank car designed to carry raw [[milk]] between farms, [[creamerie]]s, and processing plants.
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| − | Milk is now commonly clilled before loading, and transported in a glass-lined tank car. Such tank cars are often [[placard]]ed 'Food service use only'.
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| − | ===Liquid Hydrogen tank car===
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| − | {{main|Liquid hydrogen tank car}}
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| − | A [[liquid hydrogen]] tank car is designed to carry [[cryogenic]] liquid hydrogen (LH<sub>2</sub>). The [[pressure]] within the tank is low with a temperature of -130 degrees F or below. The [[pressure vessel|tank]] is double-walled ([[dewar flask|vacuum]]) and [[insulated]] with the [[valve]]s and [[fitting]]s enclosed within a cabinet at the lower side or end of the car. North American cars of this type are classified as DOT113, AAR204W, and AAR204XT<ref>[http://chemresponsetool.noaa.gov/containers_guide/railcar.htm NOAA's Office of Response and Restoration: Chemical Response Tool]</ref>
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| − | ===Pickle cars===
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| − | A pickle car was a specialized type of tank car designed to carry [[Pickled cucumber|pickle]]s. This car consisted of several wooden or metal vats (typically three or four) and was often roofed. Pickles which are preserved in salt brine were loaded through hatches in the roof.
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| − | ===Tanktainers===<!-- This section is linked from [[Containerization]] -->
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| − | A tanktainer, also known as a tank container, is a specialized type of [[containerization|container]] designed to carry [[bulk liquids]] as with the [[liquid hydrogen tanktainer]] or [[dangerous goods]] on standard [[intermodal freight transport|intermodal]] equipment. The tank is held within a box-shaped frame the same size and shape as a container.
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| − | <br clear=all>
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| − | ===Torpedo cars===
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| − | A '''torpedo car''' or '''bottle car''' is a type of railroad car used in [[steel mill]]s to haul [[molten]] [[pig iron]] from the [[blast furnace]] to begin the process of primary [[steelmaking]].
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| − | The [[thermal insulation|thermally-insulated]] vessel is mounted on [[trunnion]]s, and designed to endure extremely high temperatures, as well as keeping the metal in a molten state over extended periods of time. The vessel can be pivoted along its [[longitudinal axis]] to empty the pig iron into a [[furnace]] (such as a [[basic oxygen furnace]]) or [[crucible]].
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| − | ===Vinegar cars===
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| − | A vinegar car is a specialized type of tank car designed to transport [[vinegar]]. The largest such car built was built by [[Morrison Railway Supply Corporation]] in 1968. The car's underframe included all of the modern conveniences of freight car design including roller-bearing trucks and cushioning devices built by FreightMaster, while the tank that rode on it, made of [[Douglas Fir]], had a capacity of 17,100 gallons (64,730 liters). The car, in what has been called 'the largest wooden tank car ever built', took 18 months to build.
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| − | Vinegar is now moved in ordinary tank cars lined with glass, plastic, or [[alloy steel]].<ref>{{cite journal| journal=Railway Age| month=[[October 28]]| year=1968| title=Week at a glance: Vinegar by rail - in giant wooden tanks| pages=p 11| volume=165| issue=17 }}</ref>
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| − | ==="Whale Belly" cars===
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| − | In the early 1960s, the [[Union Tank Car Company]] (UTLX) introduced a series of "whale belly" tank cars which offered increased capacity over the standard cars of the day. Capable of carrying 33,000 gallons (125,000 l) (for example [http://www.northeast.railfan.net/images/csox31084.jpg CSOX #31084]) to as much as 63,000 gallons (238,500 l) in the case of [[General American Transportation Corporation|GATX]] #96500, which had been conceived as a 'rolling experiment' of sorts. The largest tank car ever placed into regular service, [http://www.northeast.railfan.net/images/utlx83699.jpg UTLX #83699], was rated at 50,000 (189,200 l) gallons, and is now on display at the [[Museum of Transportation|Museum of Transportation in St. Louis, Missouri]] -- first hit the rails in 1963 and remained in service for over twenty years. This behemoth is 89 feet (27 m) in length and weighs 175,000 lb. (79,400 kg) empty; the car, which rides on four two-axle trucks to distribute the additional weight, was used to transport such diverse substances as [[liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG) and [[anhydrous]] [[ammonia]].
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| − | ==Representative tank cars==
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| − | <gallery>
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| − | Image:Carro cisterno de Ferrovie Eritrea.jpg|A ''carro cisterna'' (tank car) of the [[Eritrean Railway]] (''Ferrovia Eritrea'', or ''FE''), date unknown. The 2-axle car is 7,000 mm (23 ft) long, and has a 6,650 kg (14,660 [[pound (mass)|lb]]) load capacity.
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| − | Image:GATX96500.jpg|GATX 96500, the largest railroad 'Whale Belly'-type tank car ever built, rated at 63,000 gallons capacity.
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| − | Image:OP-16236.jpg|Texaco, Inc. (TCX) #723, a single-dome tank car designed for transporting [[gasoline]], passes through [[Amarillo, Texas]] on [[April 4]], [[1936]].
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| − | Image:Tank car UTLX 12283.jpg|A tank car on display at the [[Mid-Continent Railway Museum]] in [[North Freedom, Wisconsin]].
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| − | Image:RR-1331.jpg|The narrow domes on these [[East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad]] tank cars mirror the designs of the first all-steel units.
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| − | Image:OP-16233.jpg|This double-dome tank car has two separate interior tanks, which allow different products to be transported in the same car.
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| − | Image:OP-19582.jpg|This unusual three-dome tank car has an oversized center dome.
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| − | Image:OP-20296.jpg|Tank cars such as [[Canadian National Railway]] #51860, shown passing through [[Quebec|Québec]] in August, 1937 were designed to transport [[industrial gas]]es under high pressure.
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| − | Image:Linde-raix708a.jpg|This [[Linde AG|Linde]] tank car transports refrigerated liquefied gases and is insulated in order to prevent the contents from evaporating during transport.
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| − | Image:Railroad car with container loads.jpg|A [[Union Pacific Railroad]] [[containerization|'tanktainer']] aboard a [[flatcar]].
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| − | Image:BFIX 520 20050716 Illinois Railway Museum.JPG|Borden (BFIX) #520, a restored milk car on display at the [[Illinois Railway Museum]].
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| − | Image:Torpedowagen2.jpg|A torpedo car used in [[steel mill]]s to haul molten metal.
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| − | Image:OP-16131.jpg|Two double wooden-tank vinegar cars owned by the Speas Co. wait for their next assignment in [[Denver, Colorado]] ''circa'' 1965.
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | *[[Hydrogen economy]]
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| − | *[[Vacuum flask]]
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| − | ==References==
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| − | {{reflist}}
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| − | ==Sources==
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| − | * {{cite web| title=History Of The Rail Tank Car| author=Herron, J.|month=April | year=2002| work=e-Train, the online magazine of the Train Collectors Association| url=http://tcaetrain.org/articles/tickets/tankcar/index.html| accessmonthday=April 20 | accessyear=2007}}
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| − | * {{cite book| author=White, Jr., John H.| year=1993| title=The American Railroad Freight Car| publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland| isbn=0-8018-5236-6}}
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | {{Commonscat|Tank cars}}
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| − | * [http://www.railgoat.railfan.net/railwhales/ Rail Whales]
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| − | * [http://tankcarhomepage.railfan.net/ Modern Tank Car Homepage]
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| − | * [http://www.utlx.com/dictionary/dict.asp Tank car dictionary]
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| − | * [http://www.robertjohndavis.com/milktrains/ Milk Trains blog for information specific to milk tank cars.]
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| − | *[http://www.ika.rwth-aachen.de/r2h/index.php/Liquid_Hydrogen_Transport_by_Rail Liquid Hydrogen Transport by Rail]
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| − | {{HydrogenDelivery}}
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| − | {{Freight cars}}
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| − | [[Category:Freight equipment]]
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| − | [[Category:Gas technologies]]
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| − | [[Category:Hydrogen infrastructure]]
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| − | [[de:Kesselwagen]]
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| − | [[eo:Cisterna vagono]]
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| − | [[fr:Wagon-citerne]]
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| − | [[ja:タンク車]]
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| − | [[ru:Вагон-цистерна]]
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| − | [[uk:Вагон-цистерна]]
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