Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Model Railroad/Answer Key"

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[[Image:6619.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Covered hopper car originally built in the 1950s for the [[Atlantic Coast Line Railroad]]. After the 1967 SCL merger these cars were fitted with rotary couplers and used in [[Bone Valley]] phosphate service.]]
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{{otheruses|Gondola (disambiguation)}}
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[[Image:LO DME 49328.jpg|right|thumb|200px|DME 49328, a covered hopper owned and operated by the [[Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad]].]]
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[[Image:CW 5097 at Rochelle, IL, 20040718.jpg|thumb|300px|A railroad gondola seen at [[Rochelle, Illinois]].]]
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In [[railroad terminology]], a '''gondola''' is an open-top type of [[rolling stock]] that is used for carrying loose bulk materials.  Because of its low side walls, gondolas are used to carry either very dense material, such as [[steel]] plates or coils, or bulky items such as prefabricated pieces of [[rail track]].
  
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A '''covered hopper''' is a [[railroad]] [[freight car]].  Structurally, it is very similar to an open-top [[hopper car]] in that the carbody consists of a large hopper with unloading chutes at the bottom.  What distinguishes this type of car from an open hopper is not only the car's roof, but also the car's overall size.  Covered hoppers typically carry loads of less dense, and therefore lighter, materials, so they are built to a higher cubic capacity than open top hoppers.  They are used predominantly to haul various grains such as [[maize|corn]], [[wheat]] and [[barley]].
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==History==
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Before the opening of the [[Baltimore & Ohio Railroad]] and the [[Chesapeake & Ohio Canal]] in Harpers Ferry (West Virginia née Virginia), considerable amounts of [[coal]] were carried via the Potomac River.  Since timber was an abundant resource, flat boats, called “[[gondolas]]” (a spoof on Venetian rowing boats), were constructed to navigate the "black diamonds" down river to markets around Washington, DC. There, both the boat and cargo were sold and the boatmen returned home by foot.  The railroad cars first employed in the haulage of coal were thus named after these shallow-draft boats called “gondola cars.”
  
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Grain hoppers are well designed for long term storage of grain and often retired cars are sold to farmers for use as graineries.
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Early gondola cars typically had low sides. Their contents had to be shoveled out by hand and they took a long time to unload. In 1905, the [[Ralston Steel Car Company]] patented a flat bottom gondola with lever operated chutes that allowed the gondola to be unloaded automatically from the bottom. The chutes would direct the contents of the gondola to the sides. This coincided with the switch from wood to steel freight cars as the pulling force of locomotives tended to crush the older wood cars.
  
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Some covered hoppers are built to carry loads that are heavy, but very susceptible to damage if exposed to the weather.  Loads such as [[cement]], processed [[phosphate]], and [[kaolin clay]] are carried, in powdered form, in covered hoppers.  Covered hoppers designed for these loads more closely resemble open-top hoppers.
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==Specialized car types==
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===[[Coil car (rail)]]===
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===Lorry===<!-- This section is linked from [[Railroad car]] -->
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Or '''tippler''' (UK)
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An open railroad car (gondola) with a tipping trough, often found in [[mining|mines]].
  
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Santa Fe Conditionaire Covered Hopper.jpg|thumb|250px|left|ACFX #47633, one of 100 specially-built "[[Refrigerator car#Hopper cars|Conditionaire]]" centerflow hoppers operated by the [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway]] in the late 1960s and early 1970s.]] -->
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===[[Track ballast]] gondolas===
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[[Image:Side dump gondola at NRM.jpg|thumb|A side-dump gondola on display at the [[National Railroad Museum]], [[Green Bay, Wisconsin]].]]
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{{-}}
  
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Covered hoppers in [[North America]]n service have been built by most of the freight car manufacturers of the 20th century.  The most common covered hoppers that are still in use were built by either [[Pullman-Standard]] or [[American Car and Foundry|ACF]].
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==="Bathtub" gondolas===
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[[Image:Bathtub gondola at Rochelle.jpg|right|thumbnail|A bathtub gondola passing through [[Rochelle, Illinois]], [[May 29]], [[2005]].]]
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[[Image:PhosphateGon.JPG|left|thumbnail|[[CSX Transportation|CSXT]] 640006 awaits pickup at [[Edison Junction, Florida]]. Rotary gondolas such as these are used by CSXT to transport [[phosphate]] rock from the [[Bone Valley]] region to [[transloading]] facilities along [[Tampa Bay]].]]
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In the second half of the 20th century, [[coal]] haulage shifted from open [[hopper car]]s to high-sided gondolas.  Using a gondola, the railroads are able to haul a larger amount of coal per car since gondolas do not include the equipment needed for unloading.  However, since these cars do not have hatches for unloading the products shipped in them, railroads must use [[rotary car dumper]]s (mechanisms that hold a car against a short section of track as the car and track are slowly rotated upside down to empty the car) or other means to empty them.  The term "bathtub" refers to the shape of the car.
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{{-}}
  
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===Container well cars===
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[[Image:DTTX 724681 20050529 IL Rochelle.jpg|thumb|A portion of a 5-unit container car.]]
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{{Main|Double-stack car}}
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These specialized cars are designed to carry shipping [[container shipping|containers]], and in some ways resemble traditional gondolas, although their floors are usually partially open. A depressed center section provides a floor which is only inches above the rails. This stabilizes the container by lowering the [[center of gravity]], also allowing double-stacking, which would be impossible if the containers were placed on a [[flatcar]]. Single-unit well cars exist, but 3- and 5-car [[articulated]] sets are common. These reduce weight by reducing the number of [[bogie|trucks]] by nearly half, and also reduce the amount of slack in the train since there are fewer couplers. This protects the cargo by reducing the jolts that occur at starting and stopping caused by slack.
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===[[Modalohr]] road trailer carriers===
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Specialized [[railroad car]]s carrying [[Semi-trailer|road trailers]] and [[Tractor#Other types of tractors| road tractor]]s on a route from [[France]] to [[Italy]] and [[Luxembourg]] to [[Spain]] and vice versa. A deck between the [[bogie]]s (trucks) [[pivot]]s (swings) 30°, allowing the trailers to be loaded from the sides. For details see the official sites <ref>[http://www.lohr.fr/rail-route.htm Rail-route]</ref> or <ref>[http://www.modalohr.com Modalohr]
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</ref>
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==References==
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* Double Stack Intermodal Cars-Freight <ref>[http://www.curtis-engineering.com/fdoublestackinter.htm doublestackinter]</ref>
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* Origins of name in railroad use <ref>[http://rlhs.org/rlhsnews/htms/nl27-2.htm Origin of name]</ref>
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==See also==
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* [[Coil car (rail)]]
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* [[Containerization]]
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* [[Railgon Company]]
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* [[Railroad car]]
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== References ==
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<references/>
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==External links==
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* [http://www.sdrm.org/roster/freight/gon72312/index.html Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway #72312] &mdash; photos and short history of an example of a typical steel, four-axle, solid bottom, fixed end, mill gondola.
  
 
{{freight cars}}
 
{{freight cars}}
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[[Category:Freight equipment]]
 
[[Category:Freight equipment]]
  
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{{rail-stub}}
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[[cs:Modalohr]]
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[[de:Offener Güterwagen]]
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[[de:Offener Güterwagen#Selbstentladewagen]]
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[[es:Vagón de piso bajo Modalohr]]
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[[eo:Duonvagono]]
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[[fr:Modalohr]]
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[[ja:無蓋車]]
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[[ru:Полувагон]]

Revision as of 01:32, 1 December 2008

Template:Otheruses

A railroad gondola seen at Rochelle, Illinois.

In railroad terminology, a gondola is an open-top type of rolling stock that is used for carrying loose bulk materials. Because of its low side walls, gondolas are used to carry either very dense material, such as steel plates or coils, or bulky items such as prefabricated pieces of rail track.

History

Before the opening of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad and the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal in Harpers Ferry (West Virginia née Virginia), considerable amounts of coal were carried via the Potomac River. Since timber was an abundant resource, flat boats, called “gondolas” (a spoof on Venetian rowing boats), were constructed to navigate the "black diamonds" down river to markets around Washington, DC. There, both the boat and cargo were sold and the boatmen returned home by foot. The railroad cars first employed in the haulage of coal were thus named after these shallow-draft boats called “gondola cars.”

Early gondola cars typically had low sides. Their contents had to be shoveled out by hand and they took a long time to unload. In 1905, the Ralston Steel Car Company patented a flat bottom gondola with lever operated chutes that allowed the gondola to be unloaded automatically from the bottom. The chutes would direct the contents of the gondola to the sides. This coincided with the switch from wood to steel freight cars as the pulling force of locomotives tended to crush the older wood cars.

Specialized car types

Coil car (rail)

Lorry

Or tippler (UK) An open railroad car (gondola) with a tipping trough, often found in mines.

Track ballast gondolas

A side-dump gondola on display at the National Railroad Museum, Green Bay, Wisconsin.


"Bathtub" gondolas

A bathtub gondola passing through Rochelle, Illinois, May 29, 2005.
CSXT 640006 awaits pickup at Edison Junction, Florida. Rotary gondolas such as these are used by CSXT to transport phosphate rock from the Bone Valley region to transloading facilities along Tampa Bay.

In the second half of the 20th century, coal haulage shifted from open hopper cars to high-sided gondolas. Using a gondola, the railroads are able to haul a larger amount of coal per car since gondolas do not include the equipment needed for unloading. However, since these cars do not have hatches for unloading the products shipped in them, railroads must use rotary car dumpers (mechanisms that hold a car against a short section of track as the car and track are slowly rotated upside down to empty the car) or other means to empty them. The term "bathtub" refers to the shape of the car.

Container well cars

A portion of a 5-unit container car.

Template:Main

These specialized cars are designed to carry shipping containers, and in some ways resemble traditional gondolas, although their floors are usually partially open. A depressed center section provides a floor which is only inches above the rails. This stabilizes the container by lowering the center of gravity, also allowing double-stacking, which would be impossible if the containers were placed on a flatcar. Single-unit well cars exist, but 3- and 5-car articulated sets are common. These reduce weight by reducing the number of trucks by nearly half, and also reduce the amount of slack in the train since there are fewer couplers. This protects the cargo by reducing the jolts that occur at starting and stopping caused by slack.

Modalohr road trailer carriers

Specialized railroad cars carrying road trailers and road tractors on a route from France to Italy and Luxembourg to Spain and vice versa. A deck between the bogies (trucks) pivots (swings) 30°, allowing the trailers to be loaded from the sides. For details see the official sites & or &

References

  • Double Stack Intermodal Cars-Freight &
  • Origins of name in railroad use &

See also

References

  1. ↑ Rail-route
  2. ↑ Modalohr
  3. ↑ doublestackinter
  4. ↑ Origin of name

External links

Template:Freight cars

cs:Modalohr de:Offener Güterwagen es:Vagón de piso bajo Modalohr eo:Duonvagono fr:Modalohr ja:無蓋車 ru:Полувагон

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