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| − | [[Image:Dlubanka swidnica 2.jpg|thumb|250px|A Slavic dugout boat from the 10th century]]
| + | {{honor_header|Unknown|Unknown|Recreation|South Pacific Division/Island Ed.}} |
| − | A '''dugout''' is a [[boat]] which is basically a hollowed tree trunk. Other names for this type of boat are '''logboat''' and '''monoxylon'''. ''Monoxylon'' (''μονόξυλον'') (pl: '''monoxyla''') is Greek -- ''mono'' (single) + ''xylon'' (tree) -- and is mostly used in classic Greek texts.
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| − | Dugouts are the oldest boats archaeologists have found. In Germany they are called '''Einbaum''' (English translation: One tree). Einbaum dug-out boat finds in Germany date back to the [[Stone Age]].
| + | ==1. What trees in your area are used for building canoes? Name them in your language. Are they considered softwoods or hardwoods? == |
| − | Along with bark and hide [[canoe]]s, these dugout boats were used by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|American Indians]]. This is probably because they are made of massive pieces of wood, which tend to preserve better than, e.g., bark [[canoe]]s.
| + | In the Pacific Islands, dugout canoes are very large, made from whole mature trees and fitted with outriggers for increased stability in the ocean, and were once used for long-distance travel. Such are the very large waka used by Māori who ventured to New Zealand many centuries ago. Such vessels carried 40 to 80 warriors in sheltered waters or smaller numbers thousands of miles across the Pacific ocean. In Hawaii, canoes are traditionally manufactured from the trunk of the koa (''Acacia koa'') tree. They typically carry a crew of six: one steersman and five paddlers. |
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| − | [[Image:Boats at the shore of the malawi lake.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Dugouts on the shore of Lake Malawi]]
| + | In Africa, African Teak is the timber favored for their construction, though this comprises a number of different species, and is in short supply in some areas. |
| − | ==Construction==
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| − | [[Image:Dugout canoe manner boats de bry.jpg|thumb|250px|American Indians making a dugout canoe, 1590]]
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| − | [[Image:Dcp 5863.jpg|thumb|250px|Building a sea-going dugout canoe 10 meters (33 ft) long]]
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| − | Construction of a dugout begins with the selection of a log of suitable dimensions. Sufficient wood needed to be removed to make the vessel relatively light in weight and buoyant, yet still strong enough to support the crew and cargo. Specific types of wood were often preferred based on their strength, durability, and weight. The shape of the boat is then fashioned to minimize drag, with sharp ends at the bow and stern.
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| − | First the bark is removed from the exterior. Before the appearance of metal tools, dugouts were hollowed-out using controlled fires. The burnt wood was then removed using an [[adze]]. Another method using tools is to chop out parallel notches across the interior span of the wood, then split out and remove the wood from between the notches. Once hollowed out, the interior was dressed and smoothed out with a knife or adze.
| + | ==2. What trees are used for building canoes, softwoods or hardwoods? == |
| − | | + | ==3. What tools are used for building canoes? Start with felling the tree up to completion. == |
| − | For travel in the rougher waters of the ocean, dugouts can be fitted with outriggers. One or two smaller logs are mounted parallel to the main hull by long poles. In the case of two outriggers, one is mounted to either side of the hull.
| + | ==4. Choose a good canoe tree about four meters in length and observe the correct felling of it. Explain what happened. == |
| − | | + | ==5. Describe how a log is prepared to build a canoe. == |
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| + | ==6. With the help of others properly shape the outside of the canoe and hollow out the inside. Correctly smooth both surfaces inside and outside. == |
| − | | + | ==7. Assist in the making of paddles, seats, poles and fittings for the canoe.== |
| − | ==Africa== | + | ==8. Assist in the construction of decking, outrigger, mast and sail if the canoe is of a double hull or outrigger type. == |
| − | The well-watered [[Tropical rainforests|tropical rainforest]] and [[Miombo|woodland]] regions of sub-Saharan Africa provide both the waterways and the trees for dugout canoes, which are commonplace from the [[Limpopo River basin]] in the south through [[East Africa|East]] and [[Central Africa]] and across to [[West Africa]]. [[African Teak]] is the timber favoured for their construction, though this comprises a number of different species, and is in short supply in some areas. Dugouts are paddled across deep lakes and rivers or punted through channels in swamps (see ''[[makoro]]'') or in shallow areas, and are used for transport, fishing and hunting, including, in the past, the very dangerous [[Water Transport in Zambia#Dugout canoes|hunting of hippopotamus]]. Dugouts are called [[pirogue]]s in [[Francophone]] areas of Africa.
| + | ==9. Make a tree model of the type of canoe used in your district. == |
| − | ==Eastern Europe== | + | ==Reference== |
| − | ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'' details how the Slavs built monoxyla that they sold to Vikings in [[Kiev]].<ref>[http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/rus/texts/constp.html Excerpt from the "De Administrando Imperio" with self-study questions].</ref> These ships were then used against [[Byzantium]] during the [[Rus'-Byzantine War]] of the ninth and tenth centuries. They used dugouts to attack [[Constantinople]] and to withdraw into their lands with bewildering speed and mobility. Hence, the name of Δρομίται ("people on the run") applied to the Rus in some Byzantine sources. The monoxyla were often accompanied by larger galleys, that served as command and control centres. Each Slavic dugout could hold from 40 to 70 warriors.
| + | * http://www.greatdreams.com/canoe2.htm |
| − | | + | [[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] |
| − | The [[Cossacks]] of the [[Zaporozhian Host]] were also renowned for their artful use of dugouts, which issued from the [[Dnieper]] to raid the shores of the [[Black Sea]] in the 16th and 17th centuries. Using small, shallow-draft, and highly manoeuvrable galleys known as ''[[chaiky]]'', they moved swiftly across the Black Sea. According to the Cossacks' own records, these vessels, carrying a 50 to 70 man crew, could reach the Anatolian coast of Asia Minor from the [[Berezan Island|mouth of the Dnieper River]] in forty hours.
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| − | [[Image:Building a Dugout Canoe.jpg|thumb|250px|Expanding a dugout canoe at Basecamp Karuskose in Soomaa National Park]]
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| − | In Estonia dugout canoes are built in the area of [[Soomaa National Park]].hi
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| − | ==Northern Europe== | |
| − | Dugout boats have been found in Scandinavia and Germany. In German, the craft are known as ''einbaum'' (one-tree). Apparently, such boats were used for mundane tasks such as fishing or transport on calmer bodies of water. <ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/09/10/1062902114336.html] Viking era dugout boat found in lake </ref> Dugouts require no metal parts or shipbuilding expertise, and were likely common amongst farming folk in Northern Europe until large trees suitable for making this type of watercraft became scarce. Length was limited to the size of trees in the old-growth forests -- up to 10 meters (around 30 feet) in length. <ref>[http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~jasen01/texts/longship.htm] </ref> Later models increased freeboard (and seaworthiness) by lashing additional boards to the side of the boat. Eventually, the dugout portion was reduced to a solid keel, and the lashed boards on the sides became a [[Clinker|Lapstrake]] hull.
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| − | ==Indigenous Peoples of North America== | |
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| − | [[Image:Imm023 14.jpg|thumb|left|Sea-going dugout canoe in full glory]]
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| − | The [[Indigenous peoples of North America|Indigenous]] of the [[Pacific Northwest]] are very skilled at crafting wood. Best known for totem poles up to {{convert|80|ft|m}} tall, they also construct dugout canoes over {{convert|60|ft|m}} long for everyday use and ceremonial purposes.<ref>[http://mle.matsuk12.us/american-natives/nw/nw.html] Pacific Northwest Coastal Indians website</ref>
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| − | In 1978 Geordie Tochler and two companions, sailed a 3½ ton, 40 foot (12 m) dugout canoe (the "Orenda II"), made of [[Douglas Fir]], and based on [[Haida]] designs (but with sails), from [[Vancouver]], Canada to [[Hawaii]] to add credibility to stories that the Haida had travelled to Hawaii in ancient times. Altogether they travelled some 4,500 miles (7,242 km) after two months at sea.<ref>Robert Stall, "A man, a tree and an ocean to cross." ''Maclean's'' magazine, March 5, 1979, pp. 4-6.</ref><ref>Peter Speck. "Orenda recalled." ''North Shore News''. November 22, 1978, pp. 2 and 12.</ref>
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| − | Dugout canoes were constructed throughout the Americas where suitable logs were available.
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| − | ==United Kingdom== | |
| − | [[Image:Poole Logboat.jpg|200px|thumb|The [[Poole Logboat]] made from a single [[oak tree]] is over 2,000 years old. It is currently in the Poole Museum.]]
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| − | Two log boats were discovered in [[Newport, Shropshire]] and are now on display at [[Harper Adams University College]] Newport.
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| − | The [[Iron Age]] residents of [[Great Britain]] were known to have used logboats for fishing and basic trade. In 1964, a logboat was uncovered in [[Poole Harbour]], [[Dorset]]. The [[Poole Logboat]] dated to 300 BC was large enough to accommodate 18 people and was constructed from a giant [[Oak tree]]. It is currently located in the [[Poole]] Museum. The dugouts are made from wood.
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| − | ==Pacific Islands==
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| − | :''See also [[Māori migration canoes]], [[Waka (canoe)|Waka]]''
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| − | In the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] Islands, dugout canoes are very large, made from whole mature trees and fitted with [[outrigger]]s for increased stability in the ocean, and were once used for long-distance travel. Such are the very large [[Waka (canoe)|waka]] used by [[Māori]] who ventured to [[New Zealand]] many centuries ago. Such vessels carried 40 to 80 warriors in sheltered waters or smaller numbers thousands of miles across the [[Pacific ocean]]. In [[Hawaii]], canoes are traditionally manufactured from the trunk of the [[Acacia koa|koa]] tree. They typically carry a crew of six: one steersman and five paddlers.
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| − | [[Image:Maroon village, Suriname River, 1955.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Dugout canoes at Djuka [[Maroon (people)|Maroon]] village.]]
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| − | == Biuki Gasa and John F. Kennedy's PT-109 == | |
| − | In [[World War II]], the [[Solomon Island]]ers were (and still are) using dugout canoes to travel between Japanese occupied islands. After an Australian observer saw the explosion of the torpedo boat [[PT-109]] after it was rammed by a Japanese destroyer, he dispatched native scouts on dugout canoes in search of survivors, even though the U.S. Navy had given them up as lost. [[Biuki Gasa]] would be recognized as one of the first two islanders to reach the shipwrecked [[John F. Kennedy]], and deliver a message inscribed on a coconut (later displayed on the president's desk, and now in the John. F. Kennedy presidential library) by dugout canoe at risk of capture by Japanese authorities to the nearest allied base. These canoes with their small visual and noise signatures would be among the smallest boats used by the Allied forces in World War II. Gasa would be invited to Kennedy's inauguration only to be turned back by a clerk who did not understand his language. Gasa's village would construct a special canoe to send back with the National Geographic crew to present to the people of the USA so that they would remember this incident.
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| − | == External links == | |
| − | {{commonscat|monoxylon|dugout}}
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| − | *[http://cma.soton.ac.uk/HistShip/shlect11.htm Fundamental origins of ship types] | |
| − | *[http://www.abc.se/~m10354/bld/int-repl.htm Ship replicas in the world]
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| − | *[http://mariri.net/content/view/24/1 How to Make A Dugout Canoe]
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| − | *[http://www.modestmoose.ca/geordie_tocher.htm For more information on Tocher's voyage]
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| − | {{Sailing vessels and rigs}} | |
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| − | [[Category:Boat types]]
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| − | [[cs:Monoxyl]]
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| − | [[de:Einbaum]]
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| − | [[es:Cayuco]]
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| − | [[eo:Trunkoboato]]
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| − | [[fr:Monoxyle]]
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| − | [[is:Eintrjáningur]]
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| − | [[it:Cayuco]]
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| − | [[nl:Boomstamkano]]
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| − | [[ja:丸木舟]]
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| − | [[no:Stokkebåt]]
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| − | [[pl:Dłubanki]]
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| − | [[ru:Чёлн]]
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| − | [[fi:Ruuhi]]
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| − | [[vi:Thuyền độc mộc]]
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