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| − | {{otheruses}} | + | {{honor header|1|2007|Arts and Crafts<br>North American Division}} |
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| − | [[Image:Pea Whistle.jpg|thumb|250px|A metal pea whistle.]]
| + | ==1. Relate briefly the history of whistle making and tell why whistles were invented.== |
| − | A '''whistle''' is a one-note [[woodwind]] [[musical instrument|instrument]] which produces [[sound]] from a stream of forced air. (For the sound produced with the mouth, see [[whistling]] and [[whistled language]].)
| + | ==2. Explain the importance of conservation in regard to whistle making.== |
| − | | + | ==3. What do the seasons of the year have to do with making a willow whistle?== |
| − | Many types exist, from small [[police]] and [[sports]] whistles (also called [[pea whistles]]), to much larger [[train whistle]]s, which are [[steam whistle]]s specifically designed for use on [[locomotive]]s and [[ship]]s. Although whistles have a musical characteristic (for example train whistles sound a minor-seventh musical chord) whistles are not usually considered 'musical' in the sense of being able to play a chosen melody, but mainly the small whistles can also be used as a - very shrill and loud - [[noise instrument|noise]] and [[rhythm instrument]]. However, musical whistles exist, including any of several 2-[[octave]] musical instruments known as [[tin whistle]]s (sometimes known as pennywhistles or low whistles), as well as the [[calliope (music)|calliope]] (an array of separately actuable steam whistles), [[Organ (music)|organ]] pipes and the [[recorder]]. Pea whistles are used in [[jazz]] and [[Latin music]] as a [[percussion instrument]].
| + | ==4. Name two (2) trees that make the best whistles and why. List three (3) other trees that can be used to make whistles.== |
| − | | + | ==5. Give a brief description of the following styles of whistles:== |
| − | The whistle works by causing the smooth flow of air to be split by a narrow blade, sometimes called a [[fipple]], creating a [[turbulence|turbulent]] [[vortex]] which causes the air to vibrate. By attaching a [[Acoustic resonance|resonant]] chamber to the basic whistle, it may be tuned to a particular note and made louder. The length of the chamber typically defines the resonant [[frequency]]. A whistle may also contain a small light ball, usually called the ''[[pea]]'', which rattles around inside, creating a [[chaos|chaotic]] [[vibrato]] effect that intensifies the sound. [[Japanese people|Japanese]] [[bird whistle]]s use several small balls and are half filled with water in order to reproduce the sound of a [[bird song]].
| + | ===a. Tube Whistles=== |
| − | | + | ===b. Pan Whistles=== |
| − | A steam whistle works the same way, but using steam as a source of pressure: such whistles can produce extremely high sound intensities.
| + | ===c. Flute Whistles=== |
| − | | + | ==6. Name five (5) types of modern whistles and their uses.== |
| − | Sometimes, unintentional whistles can be set up. A common one is the opened [[sunroof]] of a [[Automobile|car]]: air passing over the top of the vehicle can, at certain speeds, strike the back edge of the sunroof, creating a very low frequency whistle which is resonated by the closed interior of the car. Since the sound frequency is [[infrasonic]], around 4 [[Hertz|Hz]], the effect is very uncomfortable for occupants, who feel the vibration rather than hear it. Such low frequencies can induce [[nausea]], [[headache]], [[delirium|disorientation]] and [[dizziness]]. The effect can be prevented by opening a side window a few inches. Subsonic whistles have also been developed for use as weapons, or to deliberately create a sense of uneasiness in an enemy.
| + | ==7. What modern musical instrument is a sophisticated whistle?== |
| − | | + | ==8. How does a whistle work?== |
| − | ==Industrial whistles== | + | ==9. What is the most common equipment used in making whistles?== |
| − | [[Image:Police whistles.jpg|thumb|250 px|Examples of police whistles]]
| + | ==10. Explain the importance of wood grain in whittling a whistle.== |
| − | | + | ==11. Why must the size of the holes and chamber be proportional to the amount of airflow?== |
| − | Industrial frogs are used for [[Distress signal|signal]]ling and [[time|timekeeping]] both on [[railroad]] and [[ship]]s, and in [[factory|factories]]. Most of these whistles were [[steam power]]ed and not standardized. Individual [[locomotive]]s could be identified by their whistles. At noontime in industrial areas up into the [[1950s]] whistles of every pitch could be heard, as each factory had a boiler and a whistle, if not full steam power.
| + | ==12. How do you tune a whistle?== |
| − | | + | ==13. Demonstrate that you can make a two-handed whistle using your hand and a piece of grass.== |
| − | Railroads in particular used elaborate whistle codes for communication both within the [[train]] and with other trains. These methods are maintained today with motor-powered [[air horn]]s. Trucks also use air horns, especially since they often have air brakes and so there is already a source of compressed air on board.
| + | ==14. Demonstrate the technique and try to accomplish a whistle using your hands(s) or fingers.== |
| − | | + | ==15. Review and demonstrate the proper first aid and safety rules for the usage of a pocketknife.== |
| − | [[Train whistle]]s generally produce three or four different frequencies at the same time, to produce a non-[[major chord]], that is distinct, loud, and low in pitch.
| + | ==16. Know how to sharpen a pocketknife using a whetstone or oil sharpening stone.== |
| − | | + | ==17. Make the following whistles:== |
| − | ==Safety== | + | ===a. Pan (Tubes) whistle=== |
| − | Whistles are often used as warning devices or as safety devices serving to attract attention to the user. Some [[cyclist]]s use a whistle as a substitute for a [[bell (instrument) | bell]] or [[Horn (acoustic)|horn]]. It should be noted, however, that many jurisdictions require that the warning device be permanently attached to the [[bicycle]].
| + | ===b. Flute Whistle=== |
| − | | + | ==18. Learn to play a simple song on each whistle you have made.== |
| − | Rescue or Survival whistles are often packed in [[survival kit]]s and attached to [[Personal flotation device]]s to allow a victim to signal for help. The whistle is audible at much greater distances than the human voice, and is less likely to cause exhaustion if used repeatedly. Survival whistles differ from pea whistles in that they are usually flat, so that water cannot collect inside if the user is immersed, for example after falling overboard from a boat.
| + | ==References== |
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| − | [[Category:Flutes]]
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| − | [[Category:Whistles]]
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| − | [[Category:Hiking equipment]]
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| − | [[es:Silbato]]
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| − | [[fr:Sifflet]]
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| − | [[nl:Fluitje (blaasinstrument)]]
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| − | [[ja:ホイッスル]]
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| − | [[ug:دۈدۈت]]
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| − | [[pl:Gwizdek]]
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| − | [[pt:Apito]]
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| − | [[ru:Свисток]]
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| − | [[simple:Whistle]]
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| − | [[sv:Visselpipa]]
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