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| − | {{otheruses}} | + | {{honor header|1|2007|Arts and Crafts|North American Division}} |
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| − | [[Image:Party whistle on radio.jpg|thumb|right|A party whistle.]]
| + | {{AY patch unavailable|2007|August, 2007}} |
| − | A simple '''whistle''' is a [[woodwind]] [[musical instrument|instrument]] which produces [[sound]] from a stream of forced air.
| + | ==1. Relate briefly the history of whistle making and tell why whistles were invented.== |
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| − | Many types exist, from small [[police]] and [[sports]] whistles (also called [[pea whistles]]), to much larger [[train whistle]]s, which are [[steam whistle]]s specifically designed for use on [[locomotive]]s and [[ship]]s. Although whistles have a musical characteristic (for example train whistles sound a [[Minor_seventh_chord|minor-seventh musical chord]]) whistles are not usually considered 'musical' in the sense of being able to play a chosen melody, but mainly the small whistles can also be used as a - very shrill and loud - [[noise instrument|noise]] and [[rhythm instrument]]. However, musical whistles exist, including any of several 2-[[octave]] musical instruments known as [[tin whistle]]s (sometimes known as pennywhistles or low whistles), as well as the [[calliope (music)|calliope]] (an array of separately actuable steam whistles), [[Organ (music)|organ]] pipes and the [[recorder]]. Pea whistles are used in [[jazz]] and [[Latin music]] as a [[percussion instrument]], and children use them often as a toy music instrument.
| + | ==2. Explain the importance of conservation in regard to whistle making.== |
| | + | ==3. What do the seasons of the year have to do with making a willow whistle?== |
| | + | ==4. Name two (2) trees that make the best whistles and why. List three (3) other trees that can be used to make whistles.== |
| | + | ==5. Give a brief description of the following styles of whistles:== |
| | + | ===a. Tube Whistles=== |
| | + | ===b. Pan Whistles=== |
| | + | ===c. Flute Whistles=== |
| | + | ==6. Name five (5) types of modern whistles and their uses.== |
| | + | ==7. What modern musical instrument is a sophisticated whistle?== |
| | + | ==8. How does a whistle work?== |
| | + | ==9. What is the most common equipment used in making whistles?== |
| | + | ==10. Explain the importance of wood grain in whittling a whistle.== |
| | + | ==11. Why must the size of the holes and chamber be proportional to the amount of airflow?== |
| | + | ==12. How do you tune a whistle?== |
| | + | ==13. Demonstrate that you can make a two-handed whistle using your hand and a piece of grass.== |
| | + | ==14. Demonstrate the technique and try to accomplish a whistle using your hands(s) or fingers.== |
| | + | ==15. Review and demonstrate the proper first aid and safety rules for the usage of a pocketknife.== |
| | + | ==16. Know how to sharpen a pocketknife using a whetstone or oil sharpening stone.== |
| | + | ==17. Make the following whistles:== |
| | + | ===a. Pan (Tubes) whistle=== |
| | + | ===b. Flute Whistle=== |
| | + | ==18. Learn to play a simple song on each whistle you have made.== |
| | + | ==References== |
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| − | The whistle works by causing the smooth flow of air to be split by a narrow blade, sometimes called a [[fipple]], creating a [[turbulence|turbulent]] [[vortex]] which causes the air to vibrate. By attaching a [[Acoustic resonance|resonant]] chamber to the basic whistle, it may be tuned to a particular note and made louder. The length of the chamber typically defines the resonant [[frequency]]. A whistle may also contain a small light ball, usually called the ''[[pea]]'', which rattles around inside, creating a [[chaos|chaotic]] [[vibrato]] effect that intensifies the sound. [[Japanese people|Japanese]] [[bird whistle]]s use several small balls and are half filled with water in order to reproduce the sound of a [[bird song]].
| + | [[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] |
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| − | A steam whistle works the same way, but using steam as a source of pressure: such whistles can produce extremely high sound intensities.
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| − | Sometimes, unintentional whistles can be set up. A common one is the opened [[sunroof]] of a [[Automobile|car]]: air passing over the top of the vehicle can, at certain speeds, strike the back edge of the sunroof, creating a very low frequency whistle which is resonated by the closed interior of the car. Since the sound frequency is [[infrasonic]], around 4 [[Hertz|Hz]], the effect is very uncomfortable for occupants, who feel the vibration rather than hear it. Such low frequencies can induce [[nausea]], [[headache]], [[delirium|disorientation]] and [[dizziness]]. The effect can be prevented by opening a side window a few inches. Subsonic whistles have also been developed for use as weapons, or to deliberately create a sense of uneasiness in an enemy. {{citation-needed}}
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| − | [[Image:Pea Whistle.jpg|thumb|250px|A metal pea whistle.]]
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| − | ==Industrial whistles==
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| − | [[Image:Police whistles.jpg|thumb|250 px|Examples of police whistles]]
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| − | Industrial whistles are used for [[Distress signal|signal]]ling and [[time|timekeeping]] both on [[railroad]] and [[ship]]s, and in [[factory|factories]]. Most of these whistles were [[steam power]]ed and not standardized. Individual [[locomotive]]s could be identified by their whistles. At noontime in industrial areas up into the [[1950s]] whistles of every pitch could be heard, as each factory had a boiler and a whistle, if not full steam power.
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| − | Railroads in particular used elaborate whistle codes for communication both within the [[train]] and with other trains. These methods are maintained today with motor-powered [[air horn]]s. Trucks also use air horns, especially since they often have air brakes and so there is already a source of compressed air on board.
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| − | [[Train whistle]]s generally produce three or four different frequencies at the same time, to produce a non-[[major chord]], that is distinct, loud, and low in pitch.
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| − | Ship's whistles must be very loud for [[International_Regulations_for_Preventing_Collisions_at_Sea#Part_D_-_Sound_and_light_signals|safety on the seas]]. Modern ship's whistles can be electrically driven or [[Steam whistle|steam]] driven. The [[RMS Queen Mary]] was originally equipped with three electric ''Tyfon'' whistles in 1932. They could be heard at least ten miles away and were tuned to 55 Hz, a low bass ''A'' note that was chosen for maximum passenger comfort despite the high sound pressure level.<ref>[http://www.sterling.rmplc.co.uk/visions/funnel2.jpg The Voice of the Queen Mary]</ref> One of the three whistles was taken back to Kockum Sonics in [[Malmö, Sweden|Malmö]], where it was refurbished for a new life of service aboard the [[RMS Queen Mary 2]]. Modern [[International Maritime Organization|IMO]] regulations specify ships' whistle frequencies to be in the range 70-200 Hz for vessels that are over 200 meters in length.<ref>[http://www.kockumsonics.com/products/marine/marine_tyfon_imo_regulations.htm Kockum Sonics: Tyfon product IMO regulations]</ref> Traditionally, the lower the frequency, the larger the ship. The Queen Mary 2, being 345 meters long, was given the lowest possible frequency (70 Hz) for her regulation whistles which means she carries both 70 Hz modern whistles and a single vintage 55 Hz whistle.
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| − | ==Safety==
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| − | Whistles are often used as warning devices or as safety devices serving to attract attention to the user. Some [[cyclist]]s use a whistle as a substitute for a [[bell (instrument) | bell]] or [[Horn (acoustic)|horn]]. It should be noted, however, that many jurisdictions require that the warning device be permanently attached to the [[bicycle]].
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| − | Rescue or Survival whistles are often packed in [[survival kit]]s and attached to [[Personal flotation device]]s to allow a victim to signal for help. The whistle is audible at much greater distances than the human voice, and is less likely to cause exhaustion if used repeatedly. Survival whistles differ from pea whistles in that they are usually flat, so that water cannot collect inside if the user is immersed, for example after falling overboard from a boat.
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| − | == References ==
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| − | {{reflist}} | |
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| − | [[Category:Flutes]]
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| − | [[Category:Whistles]]
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| − | [[Category:Hiking equipment]]
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| − | [[de:Trillerpfeife]]
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| − | [[es:Silbato]]
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| − | [[eo:Fajfilo]]
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| − | [[fr:Sifflet]]
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| − | [[nl:Scheidsrechtersfluitje]]
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| − | [[ja:ホイッスル]]
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| − | [[ug:دۈدۈت]]
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| − | [[pl:Gwizdek]]
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| − | [[pt:Apito]]
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| − | [[ru:Свисток]]
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| − | [[simple:Whistle]]
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| − | [[sv:Visselpipa]]
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