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| − | {{otheruses}} | + | {{honor header|1|2007|Arts and Crafts|North American Division}} |
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| − | [[Image:Party whistle on radio.jpg|thumb|right|A party whistle.]]
| + | ==1. Relate briefly the history of whistle making and tell why whistles were invented.== |
| − | [[Image:Pea Whistle.jpg|thumb|A metal pea whistle.]]
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| − | A simple '''whistle''' is a [[woodwind]] [[musical instrument|instrument]] which produces [[sound]] from a stream of forced air.
| + | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistle#History Wikipedia - Whistle History] |
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| − | Many types exist, from small [[police]] and [[sports]] whistles (also called [[pea whistle]]s), to much larger [[train whistle]]s, which are [[steam whistle]]s specifically designed for use on [[locomotive]]s and [[ship]]s. Although whistles have a musical characteristic (for example train whistles sound a [[Minor seventh chord|minor-seventh musical chord]]) whistles are not usually considered "musical" in the sense of being able to play a chosen melody, but mainly the small whistles can also be used as a – very shrill and loud – [[noise instrument|noise]] and [[rhythm instrument]]. However, musical whistles exist, including any of several 2-[[octave]] musical instruments known as [[tin whistle]]s (sometimes known as pennywhistles or low whistles), as well as the [[calliope (music)|calliope]] (an array of separately actuable steam whistles), [[Organ (music)|organ]] pipes and the [[recorder]]. Pea whistles are used in [[jazz]] and [[Latin music]] as a [[percussion instrument]], and children often use them as a toy music instrument.
| + | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistle#Police_whistles Wikipedia - Police Whistles] |
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| − | The whistle works by causing the smooth flow of air to be split by a narrow blade, sometimes called a [[fipple]], creating a [[turbulence|turbulent]] [[vortex]] which causes the air to vibrate. By attaching a [[Acoustic resonance|resonant]] chamber to the basic whistle, it may be tuned to a particular note and made louder. The length of the chamber typically defines the resonance [[frequency]]. A whistle may also contain a small light ball, usually called the ''[[pea]]'', which rattles around inside, creating a [[chaos|chaotic]] [[vibrato]] effect that intensifies the sound. [[Japanese people|Japanese]] [[bird whistle]]s use several small balls and are half filled with water in order to reproduce the sound of a [[bird song]].
| + | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistle#Industrial_whistles Wikipedia - Industrial Whistles] |
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| − | A steam whistle works the same way, but using steam as a source of pressure: such whistles can produce extremely high sound intensities.
| + | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistle#Safety Wikipedia - Safety Whistles] |
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| − | Sometimes, unintentional whistles can be set up. A common one is the opened [[sunroof]] of a [[Automobile|car]]: air passing over the top of the vehicle can, at certain speeds, strike the back edge of the sunroof, creating a very low frequency whistle which is resonated by the closed interior of the car. Since the sound frequency is [[infrasonic]], around 4 [[Hertz|Hz]], the effect is very uncomfortable for occupants, who feel the vibration rather than hear it. Such low frequencies can induce [[nausea]], [[headache]], [[delirium|disorientation]] and [[dizziness]]. The effect can be prevented by opening a side window a few inches. Subsonic whistles have also been developed for use as weapons, or to deliberately create a sense of uneasiness in an enemy.{{Fact|date=September 2007}}
| + | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistle#Sporting Wikipedia - Sporting Whistles] |
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| − | ==History== | + | ==2. Explain the importance of conservation in regard to whistle making.== |
| − | The whistle has its roots dating back to ancient China. Chinese night watchmen used to blow into the tops of acorns in order to alert the towns of invading Mongolians.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
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| − | In ancient Egypt two blades of the papyrus plant along the Nile river were held together in between the palms. By blowing into the palms the papyrus leaves would make a loud vibrant sound.
| + | The Pathfinder motto of "Take nothing but pictures, leave nothing but footprints", is an important consideration, but obviously you cannot make a whistle without taking some wood. Consider your location carefully for harvesting a twig or two. Try searching for willow bushes in a county road ditch where road crews will have to clear the trees for the safety of drivers and harvest a few before the crews arrive. Maybe you know someone with a hedge that needs trimming ? |
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| − | In 1868 [[Joseph Hudson (inventor)]] of [[Birmingham]], England, made the first whistle ever to be used by a [[football referee]]. [[New Zealand]] referee William Atack was the world's first to use a whistle to stop a game of sport in 1884. It was used for the first time (allegedly) at a game held at Nottingham Forest, prior to this referees used handkerchiefs to attract players' attention.
| + | Avoid harvesting twigs in any areas sensitive to loss. If your harvesting would disturb nature, look for another location. |
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| − | By 1884, Joseph Hudson had perfected his whistles and he released the world's most successful whistle to date, the "Acme Thunderer" (the first ever pea whistle). The whistle has been used as an alarm or attention-getting instrument by all manner of industries, sports and revellers. It continues to sell in great quantities throughout the world.
| + | ==3. What do the seasons of the year have to do with making a willow whistle?== |
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| − | ==Police whistles==
| + | Sap is a liquid that circulates within the sapwood of trees. Sap rises up from the roots. Sap contains water and minerals; in the spring it also contains sugars and stimulates the growth of the tree. |
| − | The Thames Marine Police had bosuns' calls at the end of the 18th century and city police used whistles from around the 1820s.<ref>'The History of the Police Whistle' by Martyn Gilchrist
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| − | [http://www.constabulary.com/faqs/w-faq.htm]</ref> Prior to this, police used hand rattles, with whistles only being used as musical instruments or toys. Both rattles and whistles were used to call for back-up in areas where neighbourhood beats overlapped, and following their success in London, the whistle was adopted by most counties in England.
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| − | [[J Stevens & Son]] made police whistles from around the 1840s and Thomas Yates' Beaufort whistles equipped the [[Liverpool Police]] in the 1870s. The 1880s and 1890s saw police whistles made by [[W Dowler & Sons]], [[J Hudson & Co]], [[J Barrall]], [[R A Walton. A De Courcy & Co]] manufactured the same about 1900.
| + | A willow whistle requires the maker to remove the bark from a willow twig in a tube shaped piece. The best (or only) season that this can be done is in the spring when there is more sap rising up the tree. This makes the bark more removable from the twig. |
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| | + | ==4. Name two (2) trees that make the best whistles and why. List three (3) other trees that can be used to make whistles.== |
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| − | [[Police]] whistles fell largely into disuse in 1959, when early hand-held radios were brought into service. With the rise of the motor car, the whistle was no longer usefully audible in urban areas. The whistle is still used by some police forces today, and engraved ceremonial versions are sometimes presented to police officers upon occasions such as their retirement.
| + | Willow and Maple trees are considered the best for making whistles. Willow is often more plentiful than maple, and they grow back very quickly when cut. Some prefer maple because it is straighter and has fewer knots. Maple also grow back quickly if cut from a large stump. |
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| − | ==Industrial whistles== | + | ==5. Give a brief description of the following styles of whistles:== |
| − | [[Image:Police whistles.jpg|thumb|250 px|Examples of police whistles]]
| + | ===a. Tube Whistles=== |
| | + | ===b. Pan Whistles=== |
| | + | ===c. Flute Whistles=== |
| | + | ==6. Name five (5) types of modern whistles and their uses.== |
| | + | ==7. What modern musical instrument is a sophisticated whistle?== |
| | + | ==8. How does a whistle work?== |
| | + | ==9. What is the most common equipment used in making whistles?== |
| | + | ==10. Explain the importance of wood grain in whittling a whistle.== |
| | + | ==11. Why must the size of the holes and chamber be proportional to the amount of airflow?== |
| | + | ==12. How do you tune a whistle?== |
| | + | ==13. Demonstrate that you can make a two-handed whistle using your hand and a piece of grass.== |
| | + | ==14. Demonstrate the technique and try to accomplish a whistle using your hands(s) or fingers.== |
| | + | ==15. Review and demonstrate the proper first aid and safety rules for the usage of a pocketknife.== |
| | + | === First Aid === |
| | + | {{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Bleeding}}<br> |
| | + | [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/First Aid, Basic]] |
| | + | === Knife Safety === |
| | + | {{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Knife safety}} |
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| − | Industrial whistles are used for [[Distress signal|signal]]ling and [[time]]keeping both on [[railroad]] and [[ship]]s, and in [[factory|factories]]. Most of these whistles were [[steam power]]ed and not standardized. Individual [[locomotive]]s could be identified by their whistles. At noontime in industrial areas up into the 1950s whistles of every pitch could be heard, as each factory had a boiler and a whistle, if not full steam power.
| + | ==16. Know how to sharpen a pocketknife using a whetstone or oil sharpening stone.== |
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| − | Railroads in particular used elaborate whistle codes for communication both within the [[train]] and with other trains. These methods are maintained today with motor-powered [[air horn]]s. Trucks also use air horns, especially since they often have air brakes and so there is already a source of compressed air on board.
| + | A tool can be sharpened with a whetstone. Most whetstones need to be kept wet when they are in use - some are wet with water and others are wet with oil. Stones with finer grain typically use oil, but you can use water on them as well. The purpose of wetting a whetstone is to allow the steel removed from the blade to float away. The finer the stone, the finer the edge it will make on a tool, but the longer it will take to sharpen it. For this reason, a very dull tool should be sharpened first with a coarser stone, and then with a finer stone. Then it should be kept sharp. You can keep a blade sharp by respecting it - do not chop into the ground with a hatchet, and to not stick a knife blade in the ground either. Dirt is highly abrasive, and a rock will ding the edge very quickly. Close a pocket knife when you are finished using it, and do not allow the business end of a blade to touch anything other than the things you are trying to cut with it. |
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| − | [[Train whistle]]s generally produce three or four different frequencies at the same time, to produce a non-[[major chord]], that is distinct, loud, and low in pitch.
| + | To sharpen a knife, hold the blade at about a 15° angle and scrape it along a whetstone as if you were trying to shave off a thin layer of the stone. Be sure to sharpen both sides. |
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| − | Ship's whistles must be very loud for [[International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea#Part D - Sound and light signals|safety on the seas]]. Modern ship's whistles can be electrically driven or [[Steam whistle|steam]] driven. {{RMS|Queen Mary}} was originally equipped with three electric ''Tyfon'' whistles in 1932. They could be heard at least ten miles away and were tuned to 55 Hz, a low bass ''A'' note that was chosen for maximum passenger comfort despite the high sound pressure level.<ref>[http://www.sterling.rmplc.co.uk/visions/funnel2.jpg The Voice of the Queen Mary]</ref> One of the three whistles was taken back to Kockum Sonics in [[Malmö]], [[Sweden]], where it was refurbished for a new life of service aboard the [[RMS Queen Mary 2|RMS ''Queen Mary 2'']]. Modern [[International Maritime Organization|IMO]] regulations specify ships' whistle frequencies to be in the range 70-200 Hz for vessels that are over 200 meters in length.<ref>[http://www.kockumsonics.com/products/marine/marine_tyfon_imo_regulations.htm Kockum Sonics: Tyfon product IMO regulations]</ref> Traditionally, the lower the frequency, the larger the ship. The ''Queen Mary 2'', being 345 meters long, was given the lowest possible frequency (70 Hz) for her regulation whistles which means she carries both 70 Hz modern whistles and a single vintage 55 Hz whistle.
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| − | ==Safety==
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| − | Whistles are often used as warning devices or as safety devices serving to attract attention to the user. Some [[cyclist]]s use a whistle as a substitute for a [[bell (instrument)| bell]] or [[Horn (acoustic)|horn]]. It should be noted, however, that many jurisdictions require that the warning device be permanently attached to the [[bicycle]].
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| − | Rescue or Survival whistles are often packed in [[survival kit]]s and attached to [[Personal flotation device]]s to allow a victim to signal for help. The whistle is audible at much greater distances than the human voice, and is less likely to cause exhaustion if used repeatedly. Survival whistles differ from pea whistles in that they are usually flat, so that water cannot collect inside if the user is immersed, for example after falling overboard from a boat.
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| − | Whistles can also produce sounds at pitches inaudible to the human ear such as dog whistles which can be heard by dogs at a range beyond that of human sensory perception, or at least conscious perception.
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| − | ==Sporting==
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| − | Whistles are used by referees to officiate sporting matches. Some sports use different types of whistles, but one used around the world in many sports is the [[Fox 40]], a pealess whistle which creates sound using air pressure only.
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| − | The [[Fox 40]] is used in Basketball, Hockey, Ice Hockey, Soccer and numerous other games, as it can be heard easily over the noise of the audience.
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| − | Another whistle widely used for sports such as Touch Football, Rugby League and Rugby Union is the ACME Thunderer 58.5. It is a metal whistle containing a cork pea. It is used mainly because of it's design that allows the user to create a deep, low-pitch shrill that can be heard from hundreds of meters away.
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| | + | ==17. Make the following whistles:== |
| | + | ===a. Pan (Tubes) whistle=== |
| | + | ===b. Flute Whistle=== |
| | + | ==18. Learn to play a simple song on each whistle you have made.== |
| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| − | <references />
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | *[http://jquarter.members.beeb.net/walk15a.htm Joseph Hudson & Co history]
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| − | [[Category:Flutes]]
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| − | [[Category:Whistles]]
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| − | [[Category:Hiking equipment]]
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| − | [[de:Trillerpfeife]] | + | [[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] |
| − | [[es:Silbato]]
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| − | [[eo:Fajfilo]]
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| − | [[fr:Sifflet]]
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| − | [[gl:Chifre]]
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| − | [[id:Peluit]]
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| − | [[nl:Scheidsrechtersfluitje]]
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| − | [[ja:ホイッスル]]
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| − | [[ug:دۈدۈت]]
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| − | [[pl:Gwizdek]]
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| − | [[pt:Apito]]
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| − | [[ru:Свисток]]
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| − | [[scn:Friscalettu]]
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| − | [[simple:Whistle]]
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| − | [[fi:Pilli]]
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| − | [[sv:Visselpipa]]
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| − | [[tl:Silbato]]
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Template:Honor header
1. Relate briefly the history of whistle making and tell why whistles were invented.
Wikipedia - Whistle History
Wikipedia - Police Whistles
Wikipedia - Industrial Whistles
Wikipedia - Safety Whistles
Wikipedia - Sporting Whistles
2. Explain the importance of conservation in regard to whistle making.
The Pathfinder motto of "Take nothing but pictures, leave nothing but footprints", is an important consideration, but obviously you cannot make a whistle without taking some wood. Consider your location carefully for harvesting a twig or two. Try searching for willow bushes in a county road ditch where road crews will have to clear the trees for the safety of drivers and harvest a few before the crews arrive. Maybe you know someone with a hedge that needs trimming ?
Avoid harvesting twigs in any areas sensitive to loss. If your harvesting would disturb nature, look for another location.
3. What do the seasons of the year have to do with making a willow whistle?
Sap is a liquid that circulates within the sapwood of trees. Sap rises up from the roots. Sap contains water and minerals; in the spring it also contains sugars and stimulates the growth of the tree.
A willow whistle requires the maker to remove the bark from a willow twig in a tube shaped piece. The best (or only) season that this can be done is in the spring when there is more sap rising up the tree. This makes the bark more removable from the twig.
4. Name two (2) trees that make the best whistles and why. List three (3) other trees that can be used to make whistles.
Willow and Maple trees are considered the best for making whistles. Willow is often more plentiful than maple, and they grow back very quickly when cut. Some prefer maple because it is straighter and has fewer knots. Maple also grow back quickly if cut from a large stump.
5. Give a brief description of the following styles of whistles:
a. Tube Whistles
b. Pan Whistles
c. Flute Whistles
6. Name five (5) types of modern whistles and their uses.
7. What modern musical instrument is a sophisticated whistle?
8. How does a whistle work?
9. What is the most common equipment used in making whistles?
10. Explain the importance of wood grain in whittling a whistle.
11. Why must the size of the holes and chamber be proportional to the amount of airflow?
12. How do you tune a whistle?
13. Demonstrate that you can make a two-handed whistle using your hand and a piece of grass.
14. Demonstrate the technique and try to accomplish a whistle using your hands(s) or fingers.
15. Review and demonstrate the proper first aid and safety rules for the usage of a pocketknife.
First Aid
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Bleeding
AY Honor First Aid, Basic
Knife Safety
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Knife safety
16. Know how to sharpen a pocketknife using a whetstone or oil sharpening stone.
A tool can be sharpened with a whetstone. Most whetstones need to be kept wet when they are in use - some are wet with water and others are wet with oil. Stones with finer grain typically use oil, but you can use water on them as well. The purpose of wetting a whetstone is to allow the steel removed from the blade to float away. The finer the stone, the finer the edge it will make on a tool, but the longer it will take to sharpen it. For this reason, a very dull tool should be sharpened first with a coarser stone, and then with a finer stone. Then it should be kept sharp. You can keep a blade sharp by respecting it - do not chop into the ground with a hatchet, and to not stick a knife blade in the ground either. Dirt is highly abrasive, and a rock will ding the edge very quickly. Close a pocket knife when you are finished using it, and do not allow the business end of a blade to touch anything other than the things you are trying to cut with it.
To sharpen a knife, hold the blade at about a 15° angle and scrape it along a whetstone as if you were trying to shave off a thin layer of the stone. Be sure to sharpen both sides.
17. Make the following whistles:
a. Pan (Tubes) whistle
b. Flute Whistle
18. Learn to play a simple song on each whistle you have made.
References
