Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Māori Lore/Answer Key"

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{{honor_header|||Outreach<br>South Pacific Division<br>2001 Edition}}
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[[Image:Model Of Maori Pa On Headland.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Model of a Pā on a [[headland]], showing the stepped nature and the wood [[palisade]]s<!--  (please replace with a better photo) -->.]]
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A '''pā''' or '''pa''' (pronounced pah) was a type of [[Māori]] [[village]] or community fortified and built for defence. They were considered the socio-political centers of all [[iwi]]. In Māori society, a great pā represented the [[mana]] of a chief or [[rangatira]].
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Nearly all pā were built in safe and fertile locations, almost always on prominent, raised ground which was then terraced - as for example in the [[Auckland]] region, where the dormant volcanic cones were used. While built for defence, they were primarily residential, and often quite extensive. Māori pā played a significant role in the [[New Zealand Land Wars]], though they are known from earlier periods of Maori history. They were mostly absent however until around 500 years ago, suggesting [[scarcity]] of resources through environmental damage and population pressure began to bring about [[warfare]], leading to a period of pā building.<ref>''The prehistory of New Zealand'' - Davidson, Johnson; Longman Paul, Auckland, 1987 (ISBN 0 582 71812 0)</ref><ref>''[http://www.nzes.org.nz/nzje/free_issues/NZJEcol12_s_115.pdf The Polynesian Settlement of New Zealand in Relation to Environmental and  Biotic Changes]'' - McGlone, M. S., ''[[New Zealand Journal of Ecology]]'', 12(s): 115–129, 1989</ref>
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==Fortification==
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Their main defence was the use of earth ramparts (or terraced hillsides), topped with stakes or wicker barriers. The historically later versions were constructed by people who were fighting with muskets and hand weapons (such as [[spear]], [[taiaha]] and [[mere (weapon)|mere]]) against the [[British army]] and armed [[constabulary]] who were armed with swords, rifles, and heavy weapons such as [[howitzers]] and [[rocket]] artillery.
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They were often put in place in very limited timescales, sometimes less than two days, and resisted attack for many hours and, sometimes, weeks. Military historians like [[John Keegan]] have noted that Māori recognition of the strong resistance of earth fortifications against modern weapons (especially artillery) predates the successful [[trench warfare|defensive use of trenches]] and sloped earth ramparts in [[World War I]]. Some larger pā even had simple communication and connection trenches linking various parts.
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A limiting factor of the Māori fortifications was the need for the people manning them to go home frequently to cultivate areas for food, and to gather food from the wilderness. Consequently, pa would often be abandoned for 4 to 6 months of each year.
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==Examples==
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*The old pa remains found on [[One Tree Hill, New Zealand]] are thought to be some of the most extensive earth fortifications of history.
  
==1. Define the following commonly used terms: ==
 
===a. Maree ===
 
===b. Powhiri===
 
===c. Karakia===
 
===d. Mate ===
 
===e. Waiata ===
 
===f. Korero === 
 
===g. Haka ===
 
===h. Kuia ===
 
===i. Tane ===
 
===j. Wero===
 
===k. Mana=== 
 
===l. Manuhiri ===
 
===m. Hongi ===
 
===n.  Hui ===
 
=== o.  Poroporoaki ===
 
=== p.  Whanau ===
 
===q. Tangi ===
 
===r.  Aroha ===
 
===s.  Whakairo===
 
===t.  Koro ===
 
===u. Kaumatua ===
 
===v. Wahine ===
 
=== w. Mihi ===
 
=== x. Whaikorero===
 
===y. Tangata whenua ===
 
===z. Taonga ===
 
==2. a. Draw or trace a map of the world and show with arrows the directions of Polynesian settlement.==
 
==2. b. Where do Maoris consider themselves to have come to New Zealand from?==
 
==2. c. Explain what the Great Migration Myth is. Who was the originator of the myth? What were the canoes that arrived in this migration and where did they come from? ==
 
==2. d. Draw or trace a map of New Zealand showing all the major tribal areas, and make in the canoe for each. (SIC) ==
 
==2. e. Why was Rangitoto named “Rangitoto”? ==
 
==3. Visit a marae with a group that has been called to a hui. Write a report on the events that take place from the time you arrive at the marae to the time you leave. State the name of the marae, its locality and the tribe to which it is affiliated. ==
 
==4. Briefly relate the customs observed at each of the following events: ==
 
===a. Mate === 
 
===b. Meal times===
 
===c. Speeches===
 
=== d. Sleeping ===
 
==5. a. What are the two Maori religions currently in use today, and what are some of their characteristics? ==
 
==5. b. Briefly describe the Maori story of creation.==
 
==5. c. Briefly outline the story of Seventh-day Adventism among the Maori people.==
 
==5. d. What is the Maori attitude to religion in general? ==
 
==6. Make a sample tukutuku panel (approx 30cm x 30cm) OR a tipare OR a small flax mat/basket. ==
 
==7. Know how to correctly: ==
 
===a. Greet people in Maori ===
 
===b. Hongi ===
 
==8. a. What are five different pastimes enjoyed by Maori children in former times?==
 
==8. b. Learn how to do three string figures and walk on stilts.==
 
==9. Visit an old pa site in your locality and make a brief written report on what you could see.==
 
 
==References==
 
==References==
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<references />
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Some of the most famous pas are siutated just south of Whakatane, at Ruatoruwha. It was there in 1857 that four impressive pas were built by the local Tuhoe tribe in order to protect themselves from an impending British attack. The pas were simply named one, two, three and four or tahi, rua, toru and wha in Maori. After three days of brutal fighting, the British forces were finally able to capture the first pa (Tahi). Several more days fightin ensued but the British failed to make further inroads and surrendered eight days after fighting began. The area was named after the three pas that were not captured. Hence, Ruatoruwha.
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==See also==
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*[[Māori Wars#Strategy and tactics|Māori Wars: Strategy and Tactics]]
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==External link==
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*[http://www.historic.org.nz/heritage/archsites_pa.htm Archaeological Remains of Pa]
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<br>
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[[Category:Fortification]]
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[[Category:Human habitats]]
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[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
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Revision as of 05:45, 31 May 2007

Model of a Pā on a headland, showing the stepped nature and the wood palisades.

A or pa (pronounced pah) was a type of Māori village or community fortified and built for defence. They were considered the socio-political centers of all iwi. In Māori society, a great pā represented the mana of a chief or rangatira.

Nearly all pā were built in safe and fertile locations, almost always on prominent, raised ground which was then terraced - as for example in the Auckland region, where the dormant volcanic cones were used. While built for defence, they were primarily residential, and often quite extensive. Māori pā played a significant role in the New Zealand Land Wars, though they are known from earlier periods of Maori history. They were mostly absent however until around 500 years ago, suggesting scarcity of resources through environmental damage and population pressure began to bring about warfare, leading to a period of pā building.&&

Fortification

Their main defence was the use of earth ramparts (or terraced hillsides), topped with stakes or wicker barriers. The historically later versions were constructed by people who were fighting with muskets and hand weapons (such as spear, taiaha and mere) against the British army and armed constabulary who were armed with swords, rifles, and heavy weapons such as howitzers and rocket artillery.

They were often put in place in very limited timescales, sometimes less than two days, and resisted attack for many hours and, sometimes, weeks. Military historians like John Keegan have noted that Māori recognition of the strong resistance of earth fortifications against modern weapons (especially artillery) predates the successful defensive use of trenches and sloped earth ramparts in World War I. Some larger pā even had simple communication and connection trenches linking various parts.

A limiting factor of the Māori fortifications was the need for the people manning them to go home frequently to cultivate areas for food, and to gather food from the wilderness. Consequently, pa would often be abandoned for 4 to 6 months of each year.

Examples

  • The old pa remains found on One Tree Hill, New Zealand are thought to be some of the most extensive earth fortifications of history.

References

  1. The prehistory of New Zealand - Davidson, Johnson; Longman Paul, Auckland, 1987 (ISBN 0 582 71812 0)
  2. The Polynesian Settlement of New Zealand in Relation to Environmental and Biotic Changes - McGlone, M. S., New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 12(s): 115–129, 1989

Some of the most famous pas are siutated just south of Whakatane, at Ruatoruwha. It was there in 1857 that four impressive pas were built by the local Tuhoe tribe in order to protect themselves from an impending British attack. The pas were simply named one, two, three and four or tahi, rua, toru and wha in Maori. After three days of brutal fighting, the British forces were finally able to capture the first pa (Tahi). Several more days fightin ensued but the British failed to make further inroads and surrendered eight days after fighting began. The area was named after the three pas that were not captured. Hence, Ruatoruwha.

See also

External link


Template:Maori-stub

de:Pā mk:Па (утврдување) nn:Pa