Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/African Lore/Answer Key"

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[[Image:Acholiland,_Uganda.png|thumb|right|250px|Acholiland, Uganda]]
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{{ethnic group|
'''Acholi''' (also Acoli) are the people of the districts of [[Gulu]], [[Kitgum]] and [[Pader]], a region known as [[Acholiland]] in nothern [[Uganda]] and in Magwe County in southern [[Sudan]] numbering about thirty to fifty thousand people.
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|group=Xhosas
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|image=[[Image:Mandelaza.jpg]]
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[[Nelson Mandela]] is a famous Xhosa-speaker.
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|poptime=2001: '''7.9 million''' est. <sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>
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|popplace=[[Eastern Cape Province|Eastern Cape]]: '''5.4 million''',
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[[Western Cape Province|Western Cape]]: '''1.1 million''',
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[[Gauteng Province|Gauteng]]: '''0.7 million''',
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[[Free State Province|Free State]]: '''0.25 million''',
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[[Kwazulu-Natal Province|Kwazulu-Natal]]: '''0.22 million'''
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(2001 est. <sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>)
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|langs=[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], many also speak [[English language|English]] or [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]].
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|rels=[[Animist]], [[Christian]]
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|related=[[Bantu]], [[Nguni]], [[Basotho]], [[Zulu]], [[Khoisan]]
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}}
  
==Language==
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The '''Xhosa''' people are a group of peoples of [[Bantu]] origins living in south-east [[South Africa]].
{{main|Acholi language}}
 
  
The [[Acholi language]] is a [[Western Nilotic languages|Western Nilotic]] language, classified as [[Luo languages|Luo]], and is mutually intelligible with [[Lango]] and other Luo languages.
 
  
The ''Song of Lawino'', one of the most successful African literary works, was written by [[Okot p'Bitek]] in Acholi, and later translated to [[English language|English]].
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== History of the Xhosa ==
  
==History==
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The Xhosa are part of the southern [[Nguni]] migration which slowly moved south from the region around the [[African_Great_Lakes|Great Lakes]] from around i am so damn bored. The name Xhosa refers to a specific tribal leader, called XHOSUAISNDIUTINGIGIR, from whom the Xhosa claim descent. They refer to themselves as the '''amaXhosa''' and  their language as [[Xhosa language|isiXhosa]], a [[Bantu]] language.  Xhosa society was historically viewed as an 'open' society, because of its readiness to learn from, trade and interact with other societies. This included the incorporation or absorption of entire [[Khoi]] and [[Griqua]] cultural groups into Xhosa communities, often through marriage, and the wholesale adoption of [[Khoisan]] loanwords into Xhosa vocabulary.
{{main|Luo history}}
 
  
The Acholi are a Luo people, who are said to have come to northern Uganda from the area now known as [[Bahr el Ghazal]] in southern [[Sudan]]. Starting in the late [[seventeenth century]], a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by ''Rwodi'' (sg. Rwot, 'ruler'). By the mid-[[nineteenth century]], about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland{{ref|webster}}. During the second half of the nineteenth century [[Arabic language|Arabic]]-speaking traders from the north started to call them ''Shooli'', a term which transformed into 'Acholi'{{ref|shooli}}.
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The Xhosa people split in the eighteenth century as the result of a succession dispute between chiefs. The two branches of the group are known as the Gcaleka and the Rharhabe or Ngqika. The name Xhosa is also often used to refer to anyone from a number of different Xhosa-speaking ethnic groups that includes the [[Pondo]] and Thembu, neighbours of the Xhosa people, and the Mfengu people, who are descendants of scattered clans who were displaced during the [[mfecane]] of the early nineteenth century.  
  
Their traditional dwelling-places are circular huts with a high peak, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunk fireplace. Interior walls are daubed with mud and decorated with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. The Acholi are skilled traditional hunters, using nets and spears, and keep [[goats]], [[sheep]] and [[cattle]]. In war they used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide.
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Although nowadays around 8 million Xhosa people are distributed across the country, the population is concentrated in the [[Eastern Cape Province]] of South Africa.  Under the pre-1994 South African system of [[bantustan]]s, they were allocated to [[Transkei]] or [[Ciskei]], now both a part of Eastern Cape.
  
During Uganda's [[History of Uganda|colonial period]], the [[United Kingdom|British]] encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the [[Baganda]]. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labor and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy." This reached its height with the [[coup d'état]] of Acholi General [[Tito Okello]], and came to a crashing end with the defeat of  Okello and the Acholi-dominated army by the [[National Resistance Army]] led by now-President [[Yoweri Museveni]].
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The Xhosa and white settlers first encountered one another around Somerset West in the early 1700s. In the late 1700s [[Afrikaner]] [[trekboer]]s migrating outwards from Cape Town came into conflict with Xhosa pastoralists around the Great Fish River region of the [[Eastern Cape]]. Following more than 20 years of intermittent conflict, in [[1811]] to [[1812]] the Xhosas were forced east by [[British Empire|British]] colonial forces in what was known as the Third Frontier War.  
  
==Religion==
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In the years following, many Xhosa-speaking clans were pushed west by expansion of the [[Zulu]]s, as the northern [[Nguni]] put pressure on the southern Nguni as part of the historical process known as the [[mfecane]], or "scattering". Xhosa unity and ability to resist colonial expansion was weakened by the [[famine]]s and political divisions that followed the cattle-killing delusion of [[1856]] (see [[Nongqawuse]]).
  
Most Acholi are [[Protestant]], [[Catholicism|Catholic]] and, in lesser numbers, [[Muslim]]. Nevertheless, the traditional belief in guardian and ancestor spirits remains strong, though it is now often described in [[Christian]] or [[Islam]]ic terms.
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The "X" in the word "Xhosa" is a [[click consonant]]: it is pronounced with a sideways click of the teeth - the same noise some people make when urging on a horse.
  
[[Image:Kids3.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Children in an [[internally displaced person|IDP]] camp in [[Kitgum]]]]
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== Famous Xhosa People ==
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[[Nelson Mandela]] is a Xhosa-speaking member of the Thembu people, and a significant portion of the [[African National Congress]] leadership is Xhosa or Xhosa-speaking.
  
==Lord's Resistance Army==
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Famous Xhosa speakers include:
  
The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the insurgency of the [[Lord's Resistance Army]] (LRA) led by [[Joseph Kony]], an Acholi from Gulu.  The LRA's activities have been concentrated within [[Acholiland]] and many hundreds of thousands of Acholi remain [[internally displaced person]]s.
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*[[Stephen Biko]]
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*[[Bulelani Ngcuka]]
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*[[Thabo Mbeki]]
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*[[Makhaya Ntini]]
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*[[Desmond Tutu]]
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*[[Brenda Fassie]]
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*[[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]]
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*[[Chris Hani]]
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*[[Oliver Tambo]]
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*[[Walter Sisulu]]
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*[[Miriam Makeba]]
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*[[Robert Sobukwe]]
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*[[John Kani]]
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*[[Winston Ntshona]]
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*[[Enoch Sontonga]]
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*[[Govan Mbeki]]
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*[[Archibald Campbell Jordan]]
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*[[Victoria Mxenge]]
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*[[S.E.K. Mqhayi]]
  
==Notes and references==
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==See also==
===Notes===
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*Reverend [[Henry Hare Dugmore]], the first translator of the [[Christian]] [[bible]] and [[psalms]] into Xhosa
# {{note|webster}} Webster 1970.
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# {{note|shooli}} According to Atkinson (1994).
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==References==
===References===
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* [http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm Results of the 2001 South African census]
* Atkinson, Ronald Raymond (1994) ''The roots of ethnicity: the origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800''. Kampala: Fountain Publishers. ISBN 9970-02156-7.
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::Note that the figure mentioned on this page is based upon the number of people speaking [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] as their home language, which may be greater or less than the total number of people claiming Xhosa descent.
* Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International .
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* Reader, J., 1997. ''[[Africa]]: A Biography of the Continent'', Vintage Books, [[New York]], NY, United States of America.
* Girling, F.K. (1960) ''The Acholi of Uganda'' (Colonial Office / Colonial research studies vol. 30). London: Her majesty's stationery office.
 
* Webster, J. (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi', ''Provisional council for the social sciences in East Africa; 1st annual conference'', vol 3., p. 168-197.
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
*[http://www.etop.co.ug Etop - Online news in Acholi and Lango (Luo)]
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* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/afr/xft/ Xhosa Folklore] - a collection of Xhosa folklore collected in 1886.
*[http://www.language-museum.com/a/acholi.php Acholi Sample at Language Museum]
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*[http://www.ugandacan.org/ Uganda Conflict Action Network] working for peace in northern Uganda
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[[Category:Ethnic groups of South Africa]]  
  
[[Category:Ethnic groups of Uganda]]
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{{Ethnic Groups South Africa}}
  
[[de:Acholi (Volk)]]
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[[de:Xhosa]]
[[es:Acholi]]
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[[fi:Xhosat]]
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[[it:Xhosa]]
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[[nl:Xhosa]]
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[[pt:Xhosa]]

Revision as of 04:10, 15 November 2005

{{{name}}}

[[Image:File:Mandelaza.jpg Nelson Mandela is a famous Xhosa-speaker.|thumb|300px|{{{image caption}}}]]







The Xhosa people are a group of peoples of Bantu origins living in south-east South Africa.


History of the Xhosa

The Xhosa are part of the southern Nguni migration which slowly moved south from the region around the Great Lakes from around i am so damn bored. The name Xhosa refers to a specific tribal leader, called XHOSUAISNDIUTINGIGIR, from whom the Xhosa claim descent. They refer to themselves as the amaXhosa and their language as isiXhosa, a Bantu language. Xhosa society was historically viewed as an 'open' society, because of its readiness to learn from, trade and interact with other societies. This included the incorporation or absorption of entire Khoi and Griqua cultural groups into Xhosa communities, often through marriage, and the wholesale adoption of Khoisan loanwords into Xhosa vocabulary.

The Xhosa people split in the eighteenth century as the result of a succession dispute between chiefs. The two branches of the group are known as the Gcaleka and the Rharhabe or Ngqika. The name Xhosa is also often used to refer to anyone from a number of different Xhosa-speaking ethnic groups that includes the Pondo and Thembu, neighbours of the Xhosa people, and the Mfengu people, who are descendants of scattered clans who were displaced during the mfecane of the early nineteenth century.

Although nowadays around 8 million Xhosa people are distributed across the country, the population is concentrated in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Under the pre-1994 South African system of bantustans, they were allocated to Transkei or Ciskei, now both a part of Eastern Cape.

The Xhosa and white settlers first encountered one another around Somerset West in the early 1700s. In the late 1700s Afrikaner trekboers migrating outwards from Cape Town came into conflict with Xhosa pastoralists around the Great Fish River region of the Eastern Cape. Following more than 20 years of intermittent conflict, in 1811 to 1812 the Xhosas were forced east by British colonial forces in what was known as the Third Frontier War.

In the years following, many Xhosa-speaking clans were pushed west by expansion of the Zulus, as the northern Nguni put pressure on the southern Nguni as part of the historical process known as the mfecane, or "scattering". Xhosa unity and ability to resist colonial expansion was weakened by the famines and political divisions that followed the cattle-killing delusion of 1856 (see Nongqawuse).

The "X" in the word "Xhosa" is a click consonant: it is pronounced with a sideways click of the teeth - the same noise some people make when urging on a horse.

Famous Xhosa People

Nelson Mandela is a Xhosa-speaking member of the Thembu people, and a significant portion of the African National Congress leadership is Xhosa or Xhosa-speaking.

Famous Xhosa speakers include:

See also

References

Note that the figure mentioned on this page is based upon the number of people speaking Xhosa as their home language, which may be greater or less than the total number of people claiming Xhosa descent.
  • Reader, J., 1997. Africa: A Biography of the Continent, Vintage Books, New York, NY, United States of America.

External links

Template:Ethnic Groups South Africa

de:Xhosa fi:Xhosat it:Xhosa nl:Xhosa pt:Xhosa