Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/African Lore/Answer Key"

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'''Amhara''' (&#4768;&#4635;&#4651;) is an ethnicity of people in the central highlands of [[Ethiopia]], numbering about 25 million, making up between 26% of the country's population (estimates differ). They speak [[Amharic language|Amharic]], the official language of Ethiopia, and dominate the country's political and economic life.
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{{ethnic group|
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|group=Xhosas
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|image=[[Image:Mandelaza.jpg]]
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[[Nelson Mandela]] is a famous Xhosa-speaker.
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|poptime=2001: '''7.9 million''' est. <sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>
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|popplace=[[Eastern Cape Province|Eastern Cape]]: '''5.4 million''',
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[[Western Cape Province|Western Cape]]: '''1.1 million''',
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[[Gauteng Province|Gauteng]]: '''0.7 million''',
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[[Free State Province|Free State]]: '''0.25 million''',
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[[Kwazulu-Natal Province|Kwazulu-Natal]]: '''0.22 million'''
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(2001 est. <sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>)
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|langs=[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], many also speak [[English language|English]] or [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]].
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|rels=[[Animist]], [[Christian]]
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|related=[[Bantu]], [[Nguni]], [[Basotho]], [[Zulu]], [[Khoisan]]
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}}
  
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==Agriculture==
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The '''Xhosa''' people are a group of peoples of [[Bantu]] origins living in south-east [[South Africa]].  
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About 90% of the Amhara are rural and make their living through farming, mostly in the Ethiopian highlands. Prior to the 1974 revolution, absentee landlords maintained strict control over their sharecropping tenants, often allowing them to accumulate cripling debts. After 1974 the landlords were replaced by local government officials, who play a similar role.
 
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Barley, corn, milet, wheat and [[teff]] along with beans, peppers and other vegetables are the most important crops, in the highlands one crop per year in normal, while in the lowlands two is possible.
 
  
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==Religion==
 
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Their predominant religion has for centuries been [[Christianity]], with the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox Church]] playing a central role in the culture of the country and of the Amharic ethnic group. The church maintains close links with the [[Egyptian Coptic Church]]. [[Easter]] and [[Epiphany]] are the most important celebrations, marked with services, feasting and dancing.
 
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Marriages are often arranged, with men marrying in their late teens or early twenties, and women as young as fourteen. Civil marriages are common, although some marry in churches. After a church wedding, divorce is not considered possible. Each family hosts a separate wedding feast after the wedding.
 
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Upon childbirth, a priest will visit the family to bless it and / or circumcise it if it is a boy. The mother and child remain in the house for forty days after childbirth, before going to the church for baptism (see also [[churching]]).
 
  
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==Art==
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== History of the Xhosa ==
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Amharic art is typified by religious paintings, one of the most notable features of which are large eyes of the subjects, who are usually biblical figures.
 
  
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==History==
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The Xhosa are part of the southern [[Nguni]] migration which slowly moved south from the region around the [[African_Great_Lakes|Great Lakes]] from around 1400. The name Xhosa refers to a specific tribal leader, called uXhosa, from whom the Xhosa claim descent. They refer to themselves as the '''amaXhosa''' and  their language as [[Xhosa language|isiXhosa]], a [[Bantu]] language.  Xhosa society was historically viewed as an 'open' society, because of its readiness to learn from, trade and interact with other societies. This included the incorporation or absorption of entire [[Khoi]] and [[Griqua]] cultural groups into Xhosa communities, often through marriage, and the wholesale adoption of [[Khoisan]] loanwords into Xhosa vocabulary.  
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Historians generally consider the Amhara to have been Ethiopia's ruling elite for centuries, represented by the line of emperors ending in [[Haile Selassie]]. Commentator Marcos Lemma disputes the accuracy of such a statement, arguing that other ethnic groups have always been active in the country's politics.  One possible source of confusion for this stems from the mislabeling of Amharic speakers as "Amhara," and the fact that many people from other ethnic groups have Amharic names.  
 
  
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== External links ==
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The Xhosa people split in the eighteenth century as the result of a succession dispute between chiefs. The two branches of the group are known as the Gcaleka and the Rharhabe or Ngqika. The name Xhosa is also often used to refer to anyone from a number of different Xhosa-speaking ethnic groups that includes the [[Pondo]] and Thembu, neighbours of the Xhosa people, and the Mfengu people, who are descendants of scattered clans who were displaced during the [[mfecane]] of the early nineteenth century.  
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* Lemma, Marcos (MD, PhD). {{Web reference | title=Who ruled Ethiopia? The myth of 'Amara domination' | work=Ethiomedia.com | URL=http://www.ethiomedia.com/newpress/the_amara_myth.html | date=February 28 | year=2005}}
 
  
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[[Category:Ethnic groups of Ethiopia]]
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Although nowadays around 8 million Xhosa people are distributed across the country, the population is concentrated in the [[Eastern Cape Province]] of South Africa.  Under the pre-1994 South African system of [[bantustan]]s, they were allocated to [[Transkei]] or [[Ciskei]], now both a part of Eastern Cape.
  
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[[de:Amharen]]
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The Xhosa and white settlers first encountered one another around Somerset West in the early 1700s. In the late 1700s [[Afrikaner]] [[trekboer]]s migrating outwards from Cape Town came into conflict with Xhosa pastoralists around the Great Fish River region of the [[Eastern Cape]]. Following more than 20 years of intermittent conflict, in [[1811]] to [[1812]] the Xhosas were forced east by [[British Empire|British]] colonial forces in what was known as the Third Frontier War.
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[[es:Amhara]]
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[[nl:Amharen]]
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In the years following, many Xhosa-speaking clans were pushed west by expansion of the [[Zulu]]s, as the northern [[Nguni]] put pressure on the southern Nguni as part of the historical process known as the [[mfecane]], or "scattering". Xhosa unity and ability to resist colonial expansion was weakened by the [[famine]]s and political divisions that followed the cattle-killing delusion of [[1856]] (see [[Nongqawuse]]).
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[[fi:Amharat]]
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The "X" in the word "Xhosa" is a [[click consonant]]: it is pronounced with a sideways click of the teeth - the same noise some people make when urging on a horse.
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== Language ==
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In [[South Africa]], the Xhosa-speaking people form the second largest language group named after a heroic ancestor from the past called Xhosa. The language contains click sounds borrowed from Khoisan languages. Khoisan peoples including Khoekhoe and San (Bushman) people were among the earliest inhabitants of Southern Africa. Three basic clicks are used when speaking Xhosa. They are c (front-click) as in icici (an earring)''Form a slight smile, put tongue behind teeth and pull down'' Q (top click) as in iqaa (skunk) ''Form an O and put tongue on roof (middle) then pull down'' X (side-click) as in uxam (water lizard) ''Pull tongue inward and downward from top roof of mouth'' These clicks can also be used in combination with consosant sounds as in ingca. Use c and ng.
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== Famous Xhosa People ==
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[[Nelson Mandela]] is a Xhosa-speaking member of the Thembu people, and a significant portion of the [[African National Congress]] leadership is Xhosa or Xhosa-speaking.
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Famous Xhosa speakers include:
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*[[Stephen Biko]]
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*[[Bulelani Ngcuka]]
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*[[Thabo Mbeki]]
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*[[Makhaya Ntini]]
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*[[Desmond Tutu]]
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*[[Brenda Fassie]]
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*[[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]]
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*[[Chris Hani]]
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*[[Oliver Tambo]]
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*[[Walter Sisulu]]
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*[[Miriam Makeba]]
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*[[Robert Sobukwe]]
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*[[John Kani]]
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*[[Winston Ntshona]]
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*[[Enoch Sontonga]]
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*[[Govan Mbeki]]
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*[[Archibald Campbell Jordan]]
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*[[Victoria Mxenge]]
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*[[S.E.K. Mqhayi]]
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==See also==
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*Reverend [[Henry Hare Dugmore]], the first translator of the [[Christian]] [[bible]] and [[psalms]] into Xhosa
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==References==
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* [http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm Results of the 2001 South African census]
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::Note that the figure mentioned on this page is based upon the number of people speaking [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] as their home language, which may be greater or less than the total number of people claiming Xhosa descent.
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* Reader, J., 1997. ''[[Africa]]: A Biography of the Continent'', Vintage Books, [[New York]], NY, United States of America.
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* Kaschula, Russell The Heritage Library of African People:  Xhosa
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New York:  The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 1997. 
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==External links==
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* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/afr/xft/ Xhosa Folklore] - a collection of Xhosa folklore collected in 1886.
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[[Category:Ethnic groups of South Africa]]
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{{Ethnic Groups South Africa}}
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[[de:Xhosa]]
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[[fi:Xhosat]]
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[[it:Xhosa]]
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[[nl:Xhosa]]
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[[pt:Xhosa]]

Revision as of 07:48, 27 November 2005

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[[Image:File:Mandelaza.jpg Nelson Mandela is a famous Xhosa-speaker.|thumb|300px|{{{image caption}}}]]







The Xhosa people are a group of peoples of Bantu origins living in south-east South Africa.


History of the Xhosa

The Xhosa are part of the southern Nguni migration which slowly moved south from the region around the Great Lakes from around 1400. The name Xhosa refers to a specific tribal leader, called uXhosa, from whom the Xhosa claim descent. They refer to themselves as the amaXhosa and their language as isiXhosa, a Bantu language. Xhosa society was historically viewed as an 'open' society, because of its readiness to learn from, trade and interact with other societies. This included the incorporation or absorption of entire Khoi and Griqua cultural groups into Xhosa communities, often through marriage, and the wholesale adoption of Khoisan loanwords into Xhosa vocabulary.

The Xhosa people split in the eighteenth century as the result of a succession dispute between chiefs. The two branches of the group are known as the Gcaleka and the Rharhabe or Ngqika. The name Xhosa is also often used to refer to anyone from a number of different Xhosa-speaking ethnic groups that includes the Pondo and Thembu, neighbours of the Xhosa people, and the Mfengu people, who are descendants of scattered clans who were displaced during the mfecane of the early nineteenth century.

Although nowadays around 8 million Xhosa people are distributed across the country, the population is concentrated in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Under the pre-1994 South African system of bantustans, they were allocated to Transkei or Ciskei, now both a part of Eastern Cape.

The Xhosa and white settlers first encountered one another around Somerset West in the early 1700s. In the late 1700s Afrikaner trekboers migrating outwards from Cape Town came into conflict with Xhosa pastoralists around the Great Fish River region of the Eastern Cape. Following more than 20 years of intermittent conflict, in 1811 to 1812 the Xhosas were forced east by British colonial forces in what was known as the Third Frontier War.

In the years following, many Xhosa-speaking clans were pushed west by expansion of the Zulus, as the northern Nguni put pressure on the southern Nguni as part of the historical process known as the mfecane, or "scattering". Xhosa unity and ability to resist colonial expansion was weakened by the famines and political divisions that followed the cattle-killing delusion of 1856 (see Nongqawuse).

The "X" in the word "Xhosa" is a click consonant: it is pronounced with a sideways click of the teeth - the same noise some people make when urging on a horse.

Language

In South Africa, the Xhosa-speaking people form the second largest language group named after a heroic ancestor from the past called Xhosa. The language contains click sounds borrowed from Khoisan languages. Khoisan peoples including Khoekhoe and San (Bushman) people were among the earliest inhabitants of Southern Africa. Three basic clicks are used when speaking Xhosa. They are c (front-click) as in icici (an earring)Form a slight smile, put tongue behind teeth and pull down Q (top click) as in iqaa (skunk) Form an O and put tongue on roof (middle) then pull down X (side-click) as in uxam (water lizard) Pull tongue inward and downward from top roof of mouth These clicks can also be used in combination with consosant sounds as in ingca. Use c and ng.

Famous Xhosa People

Nelson Mandela is a Xhosa-speaking member of the Thembu people, and a significant portion of the African National Congress leadership is Xhosa or Xhosa-speaking.

Famous Xhosa speakers include:

See also

References

Note that the figure mentioned on this page is based upon the number of people speaking Xhosa as their home language, which may be greater or less than the total number of people claiming Xhosa descent.
  • Reader, J., 1997. Africa: A Biography of the Continent, Vintage Books, New York, NY, United States of America.
  • Kaschula, Russell The Heritage Library of African People: Xhosa

New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 1997.


External links

Template:Ethnic Groups South Africa

de:Xhosa fi:Xhosat it:Xhosa nl:Xhosa pt:Xhosa

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