Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/African Lore/Answer Key"

Revision as of 13:46, 19 July 2006

Template:Culture of South Africa Template:Cuisine The Cuisine of South Africa varies widely,

Restaurants and fast food outlets

South Africa can be said to have a real "eating out" culture. While there are some restaurants that specialize in traditional South African dishes or modern interpretations thereof, restaurants featuring other cuisines such as Moroccan, Chinese, West African, Congolese and Japanese can be found in all of the major cities and many of the larger towns. In addition, there are also a large number of home-grown chain restaurants, such as Spur and Mugg & Bean.

Typical South African foods and dishes

Biltong, a salty dried meat (similar to jerky)
Bobotie, a dish of Malay descent, is like meatloaf with raisins and with baked egg on top, and is often served with yellow rice, sambals, coconut, banana slices, and chutney
Boerewors, a sausage that is traditionally braaied (barbequed)
Bunny chow, curry stuffed into a hollowed-out loaf of bread
Chutney, a sweet sauce made from fruit that is usually poured on meat, especially a local brand called Mrs Ball's Chutney
Frikkadelle - meatballs
Gesmoorde vis, salted cod with potatoes and tomatoes and sometimes served with apricot jam
Hoenderpastei, chicken pie, traditional Afrikaans fare
Isidudu, pumpkin pap
Koeksusters come in two forms and are a sweet delicacy. Afrikaans koeksusters are twisted pastries, deep fried and heavily sweetened. Koeksusters found on the Cape Flats are sweet and spicy, shaped like large eggs, and deep-fried
Malva Pudding, a sweet spongy Apricot pudding of Dutch origin.
Mashonzha, made from the mopane worm
Melktert (milk tart), a milk-based dessert
Mealie-bread, a sweet bread baked with sweetcorn
Mielie-meal, one of the staple foods, often used in baking but predominately cooked into pap, or phutu, a traditional Bantu porridge which is usually eaten with beans, gravy, or meat
Ostrich is an increasingly popular protein source as it has a low cholesterol content; it is either used in a stew or filleted and grilled
Pampoenkoekies (pumpkin flapjacks), patatrolle (sweet potato rolls) and a further variety of baked goods where flour has been supplemented with or replaced by pumpkin or sweet potato
Potbrood (pot bread), savoury bread baked over coals in cast-iron pots
Potjiekos, a traditional Afrikaans stew made with meat and vegetables and cooked over coals in cast-iron pots
Rusks, a rectangular, hard, dry biscuit eaten after being dunked in tea or coffee; they are either home-baked or shop-bought (with the most popular brand being Ouma Rusks)
Samosa or samoosa, a savoury stuffed Indian pastry that is fried
Sosaties, grilled marinated meat on a skewer
Tomato bredie, a lamb and tomato stew
Trotters and Beans, from the Cape, made from boiled pig's or sheep's trotters and onions and beans
Umngqusho, a dish made from semolina and black-eyed peas
Vetkoek (fat cake), deep-fried dough balls, typically stuffed with meat or served with jam
Waterblommetjie bredie (water flower stew), meat stewed with the flower of the Cape Pondweed

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-{{ethnic group|
+{{Culture of South Africa}}
-|group=Xhosa
+{{cuisine}}
-|image=[[Image:Nelson_Mandela.jpg]]
+The '''Cuisine of South Africa''' varies widely,
-[[Nelson Mandela]] is a famous Xhosa-speaker.
-|poptime=2001: '''7.9 million''' est. <sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>
-|popplace=[[Eastern Cape Province|Eastern Cape]]: '''5.4 million''',
-[[Western Cape Province|Western Cape]]: '''1.1 million''',
-[[Gauteng Province|Gauteng]]: '''0.7 million''',
-[[Free State Province|Free State]]: '''0.25 million''',
-[[Kwazulu-Natal Province|Kwazulu-Natal]]: '''0.22 million'''
-(2001 est. <sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>)
-|langs=[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], many also speak [[English language|English]] or [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]].
-|rels=[[Animist]], [[Christian]]
-|related=[[Bantu]], [[Nguni]], [[Basotho]], [[Zulu]], [[Khoisan]]
-}}
-The '''Xhosa''' people are a group of peoples of [[Bantu]] origins living in south-east [[South Africa]], and in the last two centuries throughout the southern and central southern parts of the country.
-==History of the Xhosa==
-The Xhosa are part of the southern [[Nguni]] migration which slowly moved south from the region around the [[African_Great_Lakes|Great Lakes]]; based on linguistic and archeological evidence, the ancestors of the Xhosa are likely to have arrived in South Africa around 1500 years ago. [http://www.museums.org.za/sh/arch/earlyaf.htm]
-The name Xhosa refers to a specific tribal leader, called uXhosa, from whom the Xhosa clan descend. They refer to themselves as the '''amaXhosa''' and  their language as [[Xhosa language|isiXhosa]], a [[Bantu]] language.  Xhosa society was historically viewed as an 'open' society, because of its readiness to learn from, trade and interact with other societies. This included the incorporation or absorption of entire [[Khoi]] and [[Griqua]] cultural groups into Xhosa communities, often through marriage, and the wholesale adoption of [[Khoisan]] [[loanwords]] into Xhosa vocabulary.
+==Restaurants and fast food outlets==
+South Africa can be said to have a real "eating out" culture. While there are some restaurants that specialize in traditional South African dishes or modern interpretations thereof, restaurants featuring other cuisines such as [[Morocco|Moroccan]], [[China|Chinese]], [[West Africa|West African]], [[Congo|Congolese]] and [[Japan|Japanese]] can be found in all of the major cities and many of the larger towns. In addition, there are also a large number of home-grown chain restaurants, such as [[Spur (restaurant chain)|Spur]] and [[Mugg & Bean]].
-The Xhosa people split in the eighteenth century as the result of a succession dispute between chiefs. The two branches of the group are known as the Gcaleka and the Rharhabe or Ngqika. The name Xhosa is also often used to refer to anyone from a number of different Xhosa-speaking ethnic groups that includes the [[Pondo]] and Thembu, neighbours of the Xhosa people, and the Mfengu people, who are descendants of scattered clans who were displaced during the [[mfecane]] (an enormous upheaval of southern African peoples in the early nineteenth century, resulting in an internal [[diaspora]]).
-Although presently at least 8 million Xhosa people are distributed across the country, the population is concentrated in the [[Eastern Cape Province]] of South Africa.  The pre-1994 South African system of [[bantustan]]s attempted to confine Xhosa people to the nominally self-governing 'homelands' of [[Transkei]] or [[Ciskei]], now both a part of the Eastern Cape Province.
+==Typical South African foods and dishes==
+*[[Biltong]], a salty dried meat (similar to [[jerky (food)|jerky]])
+*[[Bobotie]], a dish of [[Malaysia|Malay]] descent, is like [[meatloaf]] with [[raisin]]s and with baked [[egg (food)|egg]] on top, and is often served with yellow [[rice]], [[sambal]]s, [[coconut]], [[banana]] slices, and [[chutney]]
+*[[Boerewors]], a [[sausage]] that is traditionally ''[[braai]]ed'' ([[barbeque]]d)
+*[[Bunny chow]], [[curry]] stuffed into a hollowed-out loaf of bread
+*[[Chutney]], a sweet sauce made from fruit that is usually poured on meat, especially a local brand called ''[[Mrs Ball's Chutney]]''
+*''[[Frikkadel]]le'' - [[meatballs]]
+*''Gesmoorde vis'', salted [[cod]] with [[potato]]es and [[tomato]]es and sometimes served with [[apricot]] jam
+*''Hoenderpastei'', chicken pie, traditional [[Afrikaans]] fare
+*''[[Isidudu]]'', pumpkin pap
+*[[Koeksuster]]s come in two forms and are a sweet delicacy. Afrikaans koeksusters are twisted [[pastry|pastries]], deep fried and heavily sweetened. Koeksusters found on the [[Cape Flats]] are sweet and spicy, shaped like large eggs, and deep-fried
+*[[Malva Pudding]], a sweet spongy [[Apricot]] [[pudding]] of [[Netherlands|Dutch]] origin.
+*''[[Mashonzha]]'', made from the [[mopane worm]]
+*''[[Melktert]]'' (milk tart), a milk-based dessert
+*[[Mealie-bread]], a sweet bread baked with [[sweetcorn]]
+*[[Mielie-meal]], one of the staple foods, often used in baking but predominately cooked into [[pap (food)|pap]], or ''phutu'', a traditional [[Bantu]] [[porridge]] which is usually eaten with [[bean]]s, [[gravy]], or [[meat]]
+*[[Ostrich]] is an increasingly popular [[protein]] source as it has a low [[cholesterol]] content; it is either used in a stew or filleted and grilled
+*''Pampoenkoekies'' (pumpkin flapjacks), ''patatrolle'' (sweet potato rolls) and a further variety of baked goods where flour has been supplemented with or replaced by [[pumpkin]] or [[sweet potato]]
+*''Potbrood'' (pot bread), savoury bread baked over coals in cast-iron pots
+*''[[Potjiekos]]'', a traditional [[Afrikaans]] [[stew]] made with meat and vegetables and cooked over coals in [[cast-iron]] pots
+*[[Rusk]]s, a rectangular, hard, dry [[biscuit]] eaten after being dunked in [[tea]] or [[coffee]]; they are either home-baked or shop-bought (with the most popular brand being ''[[Ouma Rusks]]'')
+*[[Samosa]] or ''samoosa'', a savoury stuffed [[Indians in South Africa|Indian]] [[pastry]] that is fried
+*[[Sosatie]]s, grilled marinated meat on a [[skewer]]
+*[[Tomato bredie]], a [[lamb]] and [[tomato]] [[stew]]
+*[[Trotter]]s and [[Bean]]s, from the [[Eastern Cape|Cape]], made from boiled pig's or sheep's trotters and [[onion]]s and beans
+*''[[Umngqusho]]'', a dish made from [[semolina]] and black-eyed [[pea]]s
+*''[[Vetkoek]]'' (fat cake), deep-fried [[dough]] balls, typically stuffed with meat or served with jam
+*''[[Waterblommetjiebredie|Waterblommetjie bredie]]'' (water flower stew), meat [[stew]]ed with the flower of the [[Cape Pondweed]]
-The Xhosa and white settlers first encountered one another around Somerset East in the early 1700s. In the late 1700s [[Afrikaner]] [[trekboer]]s migrating outwards from Cape Town came into conflict with Xhosa pastoralists around the Great Fish River region of the [[Eastern Cape]]. Following more than 20 years of intermittent conflict, in [[1811]] to [[1812]] the Xhosas were forced east by [[British Empire|British]] colonial forces in what was known as the Third Frontier War.
+{{
-In the years following, many Xhosa-speaking clans were pushed west by expansion of the [[Zulu]]s, as the northern [[Nguni]] put pressure on the southern Nguni as part of the historical process known as the [[mfecane]], or "scattering". Xhosa unity and ability to resist colonial expansion was further weakened by the [[famine]]s and political divisions that followed the cattle-killing movement of [[1856]] (see [[Nongqawuse]]). Historians now view this movement as a [[millenialism|millenialist]] response both directly to a lung disease spreading among Xhosa cattle at the time, and less directly to the stress to Xhosa society caused by the continuing loss of their territory and autonomy. At least one historian has also suggested that it can be seen as a rebellion against the upper classes of Xhosa society, which used cattle as a means of consolidating wealth and political power, and which had lost respect as they failed to hold back white expansion.
-With or without Nongqawuse, white expansion in particular would likely have eventually caused much the same effect as the cattle-killing; the cattle-killing simply likely hastened the speed at which Xhosa people left pastoralism and joined the wage economy.
-Some historians argue that this early absorption into the wage economy is the ultimate origin of the long history of trade union membership and political leadership among Xhosa people. That history manifests itself today in high degrees of Xhosa representation in the leadership of the [[African National Congress]], South Africa's ruling political party.
-==Local Environment==
-The Xhosa settled on mountain slopes of the Amatola and the Winterberg Mountains. Many streams drain into great rivers of this Xhosa territory including the Kei and Fish River. Rich soils and plentiful rainfall make the river basins good for farming and grazing making cattle important and the basis of wealth. Traditional foods include [[sorghum]], [[maize]], [[milk]], [[pumpkins]], [[beans]], [[vegetables]], and ''umphokoqo'', or dry maize porridge. [[Tobacco]] is an important crop in this area.
-==Language==
-:''Main article: [[Xhosa language]]''
-In [[South Africa]], the Xhosa-speaking people form the second largest language group (after [[Zulu]], to which the Xhosa language is very closed related). Among a wide variety of common speech sounds, the Xhosa language famously contains a variety of consonantal 'click' sounds, which have been borrowed from now extinct [[Khoisan]] languages of the region.
-Xhosa has three basic click consonants: a dental (front) click, written with the letter 'c', e.g. ''icici'' 'earring' (very similar to the English tut-tut sound of disapproval); a palatal (top click), written with the letter 'q', e.g. ''iqaqa'' 'skunk' (similar to the imitation of a bottle being decorked); and a lateral (side) click, written with the letter 'x', e.g. ''xoxa'' 'discuss'. Each click can be used in up to six contrastive forms (each one is a completely separate consonant in Xhosa), e.g. c (plain), ch (aspirated), gc (voiced), nc (nasalised), ngc (nasalised voiced), nkc (nasalised, velarised). By contrast, Xhosa has five straightforward Spanish-type vowels (a, e, i, o, u).
-==Religion==
-Traditional Xhosa culture includes [[diviners]], who serve as herbalists, prophets, and healers for the community. This job is mostly taken by women, who spend five years as an apprentice. Many Xhosa people are [[Christian]], particularly within the African Initiated Churches such as the [[Zion Christian Church]].
-==Oral tradition==
-The key figure in the Xhosa oral tradition is the ''imbongi'' (plural: ''iimbongi'') or praise singer. ''Iimbongi'' traditionally live close to the chief’s 'great place' (the cultural and political focus of his activity); they accompany the chief on important occasions - the ''imbongi'' Zolani Mkiva preceded [[Nelson Mandela]] at his Presidential inauguration in [[1994]]. Iimbongi's poetry praises the chief’s actions and best features, and may also criticise the chief if aspects of his reign or government are unpopular.
-==Famous Xhosa People==
-[[Nelson Mandela]] is a Xhosa-speaking member of the Thembu people.
-Other famous Xhosa speakers include:
-*[[Stephen Biko]]
-*[[Bulelani Ngcuka]]
-*[[Thabo Mbeki]]
-*[[Makhaya Ntini]]
-*[[Desmond Tutu]]
-*[[Brenda Fassie]]
-*[[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]]
-*[[Chris Hani]]
-*[[Oliver Tambo]]
-*[[Walter Sisulu]]
-*[[Miriam Makeba]]
-*[[Robert Sobukwe]]
-*[[John Kani]]
-*[[Winston Ntshona]]
-*[[Enoch Sontonga]]
-*[[Govan Mbeki]]
-*[[Archibald Campbell Jordan]]
-*[[Victoria Mxenge]]
-*[[S.E.K. Mqhayi]]
-*[[Amampondo]]
-*[[Fats Bookulane]]
-*[[Ken Gampu]]
-*[[Bongani Ndodana]]
-*[[General Bantu Holomisa]]
-*[[Percy Qoboza]]
-*[[Zwelithini Tunyiswa]]
-==See also==
-*Reverend [[Henry Hare Dugmore]], the first translator of the [[Christian]] [[bible]] and [[psalms]] into Xhosa
-==References==
-* [http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm Results of the 2001 South African census]
-::Note that the figure mentioned on this page is based upon the number of people speaking [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] as their home language, which may be greater or less than the total number of people claiming Xhosa descent. In addition, several million people in the Johannesburg-Soweto region speak Xhosa or [[Zulu]] as a second or third language. For a majority of these, the two languages become difficult to distinguish (unsurprising given the extreme closeness of their linguistic relationship).
-* Reader, J., 1997. ''[[Africa]]: A Biography of the Continent'', Vintage Books, [[New York]], NY, United States of America.
-* Kaschula, Russell ''[[The Heritage Library of African People]]:  Xhosa,'' New York:  The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 1997.
-==External links==
-{{interwiki|code=xh}}
-*[http://www.statssa.gov.za/census2001/digiAtlas/index.html 2001 Digital Census Atlas]
-* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/afr/xft/ Xhosa Folklore] - a collection of Xhosa folklore collected in 1886.
-* [http://www.google.com/intl/xh/ Xhosa Google] - Google interface in Xhosa
-[[Category:Xhosa|*]]
-[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Africa]]
-{{Ethnic Groups South Africa}}
-[[da:Xhosa-folket]]
-[[de:Xhosa (Volk)]]
-[[es:Xhosa]]
-[[gl:Xhosa]]
-[[it:Xhosa]]
-[[nl:Xhosa (volk)]]
-[[pt:Xhosa]]
-[[sh:Xhosa]]
-[[fi:Xhosat]]
-[[sv:Xhosa]]