Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/African Lore/Answer Key"

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the tribe lives in settle washionton
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{{Mergefrom|Acholi in Sudan|date=January 2007}}
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|popplace= [[Ethiopia]]:<br/>24,909,000<ref>Joshua Library "[http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=100293 Ethiopian census]"</ref> <br/> [[Eritrea]]:<br/>26,000<ref>Joshua Library "[http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=100293 Ethiopian census]"</ref><br/>    [[Egypt]]:<br/>5,200<ref>Joshua Library "[http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=100293 Ethiopian census]"</ref><br/>  [[Germany]]:<br/>5,700<ref>Joshua Library "[http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=100293 Ethiopian census] "</ref> <br/>  [[Israel]]:<br/>53,000<ref>Joshua Library "[http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=100293 Ethiopian census]"</ref><br/>  [[Canada]]:<br/>16,000<ref>Joshua Library "[http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=100293 Ethiopian census]"</ref><br/>  [[Yemen]]:<br/>8,600<ref>Joshua Library "[http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=100293 Ethiopian census]"</ref><br/>  [[Sudan]]:<br/>74,000<ref>Joshua Library "[http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=100293 Ethiopian census]"</ref><br/>  [[Djibouti]]:<br/>2,800<ref>Joshua Library "[http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=100293 Ethiopian census]"</ref> <br/> [[Somalia]]:<br/>76,000<ref>Joshua Library "[http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=100293 Ethiopian census]"</ref> <br/>
 
  
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|rels=[[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity]], [[Islam]]
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{{ethnic group|
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|langs=[[Amharic language|Amharic]]
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|group=Acholi
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|related=[[Tigray-Tigrinya people|Tigray]], [[Tigre people|Tigre]], [[Gurage]], [[Argobba language|Argobba]], [[Agaw]], [[Somali people|Somali]], [[Beta Israel]], [[Oromo]]
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|image=
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|poptime=800,000
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|popplace=[[Uganda]]<br>[[Sudan]]<br>
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|rels=[[Christianity]]<br>[[Islam]]<br>
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|langs=[[Acholi language|Acholi]]
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|related=[[Luo (family of ethnic groups)|Luo]]
 
}}
 
}}
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[[Image:Acholiland,_Uganda.png|thumb|right|250px|Acholiland, Uganda]]
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'''Acholi''' (also '''Acoli''') are the people of the districts of [[Gulu]], [[Kitgum]] [[Pader District|Pader]] (known as [[Acholiland]]) in northern [[Uganda]], and [[Magwe County]] in southern [[Sudan]]. The 1991 Ugandan census counted 746,796 Acholi; a further 45,000 Acholi live outside of Uganda.<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ach Acholi: A language of Uganda], [[Ethnologue]]</ref>
  
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'''Amhara''' (አማራ) is an ethnic group in the central highlands of [[Ethiopia]], numbering about 23 million, making up 30.2% of the country's population according to the most recent 1994 census.<ref>[http://bxabeg.people.wm.edu/Ethiopia.Census%20Portrait.pdf Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities] (accessed 26 March 2006)</ref> They speak [[Amharic language|Amharic]], the official language of Ethiopia, and dominate the country's political and economic life.
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==Language==
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{{main|Acholi language}}
  
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==Etymology==
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The [[Acholi language]] is a [[Western Nilotic languages|Western Nilotic]] language, classified as [[Luo languages|Luo]], and is [[mutually intelligible]] with [[Lango]] and other Luo languages.
  
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The derivation of the name ''"Amhara"'' is debated; according to some it comes from the word ''amari'', meaning "pleasing, agreeable, beautiful and gracious" (also ''mehare'', "gracious", containing the same ''m-h-r'' root as the verb to learn), while some Ethiopian historians such as Getachew Mekonnen Hasen say it is an ethnic name connected with [[Himyarite]]s.<ref>Getachew Mekonnen Hasen, ''Wollo, Yager Dibab'' (Addis Ababa: Nigd Matemiya Bet, 1992), p. 11.</ref> Still others say that it derives from Ge'ez, meaning "free people" (i.e. from [[Ge'ez language|Ge'ez]] ዓም "''ʿam''" meaning "people," and ሓራ "''h.ara''" , meaning "free" or "soldier"), though others, such as [[Donald Levine]], have dismissed this as a folk etymology.<ref>Herausgegeben von Uhlig, Siegbert, Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003. pp. 230.</ref> Ultimately, however, the name for the language and ethnic group come from the medieval province of [[Amhara province|Amhara]], located in central Ethiopia in modern [[Amhara Region]] and the pre-1995 province of [[Wollo]].
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The ''[[Song of Lawino]]'', one of the most successful African literary works, was written by [[Okot p'Bitek]] in Acholi, and later translated to [[English language|English]].
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==Agriculture==
 
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About 90% of the Amhara are rural and make their living through farming, mostly in the Ethiopian highlands. Prior to the 1974 revolution, absentee landlords maintained strict control over their sharecropping tenants, often allowing them to accumulate crippling debts. After 1974, the landlords were replaced by local government officials, who play a similar role.
 
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Barley, corn, millet, wheat, sorghum and [[teff]], along with beans, peppers, chick-peas and other vegetables are the most important crops; in the highlands one crop per year is normal, while in the lowlands two are possible.  Cattle, sheep, and goats are also raised.
 
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==Religion==
 
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Their predominant religion for centuries has been [[Christianity]], with the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox Church]] playing a central role in the culture of the country and of the Amharic ethnic group. According to the 1994 census, 81.5% of the [[Amhara Region]] of [[Subdivisions of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] (which is 91.2% Amhara) were [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox]], with 18.1% being [[Muslim]], and 0.1% being [[P'ent'ay|Protestant]].<ref>[http://www.ethiopar.net/English/basinfo/infoamra.htm FDRE States: Basic Information - Amhara], Population (accessed 26 March 2006)</ref> The Ethiopian Orthodox Church maintains close links with the [[Coptic Christianity|Egyptian Coptic Church]]. [[Easter]] and [[Epiphany (Christian)|Epiphany]] are the most important celebrations, marked with services, feasting and dancing.  There are also many "fast" days throughout the year, when only vegetables or fish may be eaten.
 
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Marriages are often arranged, with men marrying in their late teens or early twenties. Traditionally, girls were married as young as 14, but in the 20th century, the minimum age was raised to 18, and this was enforced by the Imperial government.  Civil marriages are common, although some marry in churches. After a church wedding, divorce is not considered possible. Each family hosts a separate wedding feast after the wedding.
 
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Upon childbirth, a priest will visit the family to bless the infant, and circumcise him if he is a boy {{Dubious}}. The mother and child remain in the house, for forty days after birth of a boy, eighty for a girl, before going to the church for [[baptism]].
 
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==Art==
 
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Amharic art is typified by religious paintings. One of the most notable features of these is the large eyes of the subjects, who are usually biblical figures.
 
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
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Certain [[Semitic languages|Semitic-speaking]] tribes, notably the [[Agazyan]], built the [[Kingdom of Aksum]] around two millennia ago, and this expanded to contain what is now  Eritrea and northern Ethiopia, and at times, portions of Yemen and Sudan. The Amhara inherit their religion and monarchical tradition from Axum, as do [[Tigray-Tigrinya people|Tigrayans]].
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{{see also|Luo}}
  
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The region now known as "Amhara" in the feudal era was composed of several provinces with greater or less autonomy, including [[Begemder]], [[Gojjam]], [[Qwara]] and [[Lasta]].
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The Acholi are a Luo people, who are said to have come to northern Uganda from the area now known as [[Bahr el Ghazal]] in southern [[Sudan]]. Starting in the late [[seventeenth century]], a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by ''Rwodi'' (sg. Rwot, 'ruler'). By the mid-[[nineteenth century]], about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland.<ref>Webster 1970.</ref> During the second half of the nineteenth century [[Arabic language|Arabic]]-speaking traders from the north started to call them ''Shooli'', a term which transformed into 'Acholi'.<ref>According to Atkinson (1994).</ref>
  
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Some time in the late middle ages, the [[Amharic language|Amharic]] and [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]] languages began to be differentiated. Amhara warlords often competed for dominance of the realm with Tigrayan warlords. While many branches of the Imperial dynasty were from the Amharic speaking area, a substantial amount were from [[Tigray province|Tigray]]. The Amharas seemed to gain the upper hand with the accession of the so-called [[Gondar]] line of the Imperial dynasty in the beginning of the 17th century. However, it soon lapsed into the semi-anarchic era of [[Zemene Mesafint]] ("Era of the Princes"), in which rivalling warlords fought for power and the [[Yejju Oromo]] [[inderase]]s (or regents) had effective control, while [[Emperor of Ethiopia|emperors]] were just as figureheads. The Tigrayans only made a brief return to the throne in the person of [[Yohannes IV]], whose death in 1889 allowed the base to return to the Amharic speaking province of [[Shewa]].
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Their traditional dwelling-places were circular huts with a high peak, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunk fireplace, with the walls daubed with mud and decorated with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. They were  skilled hunters, using nets and spears, and kept [[goat]]s, [[sheep]] and [[cattle]]. In war they used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide.
  
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Historians generally consider the Amhara to have been Ethiopia's ruling elite for centuries, represented by the line of Emperors ending in [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]]. Many commentators, including Marcos Lemma, however, dispute the accuracy of such a statement, arguing that other ethnic groups have always been active in the country's politics.
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During Uganda's [[History of Uganda|colonial period]], the [[United Kingdom|British]] encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the [[Baganda]]. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labor and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy." This reached its height with the [[coup d'état]] of Acholi General [[Tito Okello]], and came to a crashing end with the defeat of  Okello and the Acholi-dominated army by the [[National Resistance Army]] led by now-President [[Yoweri Museveni]].
  
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One possible source of confusion for this stems from the mislabeling of all [[Amharic language|Amharic-speakers]] as "Amhara", and the fact that many people from other ethnic groups have Amharic [[Onomastics|names]].  Another is the fact that most Ethiopians can trace their ancestry to multiple ethnic groups. In fact, the last Emperor, [[Haile Selassie]] I, often counted himself a member of the [[Gurage]] tribe on account of his ancestry, and his Empress, Itege [[Menen Asfaw]] of [[Ambassel]], was in large part of [[Oromo]] descent. The expanded use of Amharic language results mostly from its being the language of the court, and was gradually adopted out of usefulness by many unrelated groups, who then became known as "Amhara" no matter what their ethnic origin.
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[[Image:Kids3.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Children in an [[internally displaced person|IDP]] camp in [[Kitgum]]]]
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The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the insurgency of the [[Lord's Resistance Army]] (LRA) led by [[Joseph Kony]], an Acholi from Gulu. LRA's activities have been concentrated within [[Acholiland]], and populous Acholi remain [[internally displaced person]]s.
  
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==Validity of ethnic group status==
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==Religion==
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Up until the last quarter of the 20th century, "Amhara" was only used (in the form ''amariñña'') to refer to [[Amharic language|Amharic]], the language, or [[Amhara province|the medieval province]] located in [[Wollo]] (modern [[Amhara Region]]). Still today, most people labeled by outsiders as "Amhara," refer to themselves simply as "Ethiopian," or to their province (e.g. Gojjamé from the province [[Gojjam]]). According to Ethiopian ethnographer Donald Levine, "Amharic-speaking [[Shewa]]ns consider themselves closer to non-Amharic-speaking Shewans than to Amharic-speakers from distant regions like [[Begemder|Gonder]]."<ref name="Levine">Donald N. Levine "Amhara," in von Uhlig, Siegbert, ed., Encyclopaedia Aethiopica:A-C, 2003, p.231.</ref> Amharic-speakers tend to be a "supra-ethnic group" comprised of "fused stock."<ref name="Takk">Takkele Taddese "Do the Amhara Exist as a Distinct Ethnic Group?" in Marcus, Harold G., ed., Papers of the 12th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, 1994, pp.168-186.</ref> Takkele Taddese describes the Amhara,
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Most Acholi are [[Protestant]], [[Catholicism|Catholic]] and, in lesser numbers, [[Muslim]]. Nevertheless, the traditional belief in guardian and ancestor spirits remains strong, though it is now often described in [[Christian]] or [[Islam]]ic terms.
  
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:''The Amhara can thus be said to exist in the sense of being a fused stock, a supra-ethnically conscious ethnic Ethiopian serving as the pot in which all the other ethnic groups are supposed to melt. The language, Amharic, serves as the center of this melting process in spite of the fact that it is difficult to conceive of a language without the existence of a corresponding distinct ethnic group speaking it as a mother tongue. The Amhara does not exist, however, in the sense of being a distinct ethnic group promoting its own interests and advancing the [[Herrenvolk]] philosophy and ideology as has been presented by the elite politicians. The basic principle of those who affirm the existence of the Amhara as a distinct ethnic group, therefore, is that the Amhara should be dislodged from the position of supremacy and each ethnic group should be freed from Amhara domination to have equal status with everybody else. This sense of Amhara existence can be viewed as a myth.''<ref name="Takk" />
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== Notable Acholi people ==
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* [[Alice Auma]], spirit medium and rebel leader
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* [[Betty Bigombe]], former MP and conflict mediator
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* [[Joseph Kony]], leader of the rebel [[Lord's Resistance Army]]
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* [[Matthew Lukwiya]], physician at the forefront of the 2000 [[Ebola]] outbreak
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* [[Janani Luwum]], former Archbishop of the Church of Uganda
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* [[Nobert Mao]], Gulu District [[Local Council]] V Chairman
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* [[Tito Okello]], [[President of Uganda]] for six months in 1985
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* [[Geoffrey Oryema]], exiled singer
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* [[Olara Otunnu]], former [[Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Under-Secretary-General]] and Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict
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* [[Okot p'Bitek]], poet and author of the ''[[Song of Lawino]]''
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* [[Akena p'Ojok]], Former UNLF Vice President, Former UPC Member of Parliament and Minister of Power In Obote II Regime
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 +
*Atkinson, Ronald Raymond (1994) ''The roots of ethnicity: the origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800''. Kampala: Fountain Publishers. ISBN 9970-02-156-7.
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* Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International .
 +
* Girling, F.K. (1960) ''The Acholi of Uganda'' (Colonial Office / Colonial research studies vol. 30). London: Her majesty's stationery office.
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* Webster, J. (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi', ''Provisional council for the social sciences in East Africa; 1st annual conference'', vol 3., p. 168-197.
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=== Notes ===
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==See also==
 
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*[[Habesha]]
 
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*[[History of Ethiopia]]
 
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*[[Solomonic dynasty]]
 
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==Bibliography==
 
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* [[Wolf Leslau]] and Thomas L. Kane (collected and edited), ''Amharic Cultural Reader''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 2001. ISBN 3-447-04496-9.
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
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* Lemma, Marcos (MD, PhD). {{cite web | title=Who ruled Ethiopia? The myth of 'Amara domination' | work=Ethiomedia.com | url=http://www.ethiomedia.com/newpress/the_amara_myth.html | accessmonthday=February 28 | accessyear=2005}}
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*[http://www.acholinet.com/ Acholinet.com], Acholi news, culture, acholi music downloads, forums and Acholi classified
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*[http://www.rupiny.co.ug Rupiny], a newspaper in [[Acholi language|Acholi]] and [[Lango]] ([[Luo languages|Luo]])
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*[http://www.language-museum.com/a/acholi.php Acholi sample at Language-Museum.com]
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*[http://www.malecare.com/uganda_project.htm Uganda School Fees Network Project]
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*[http://www.ugandacan.org/ Uganda Conflict Action Network] working for peace in northern Uganda
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*[http://www.invisiblechildren.com/ Invisible Acholi Children Global Night Commute]
  
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia]]
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Uganda]]
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[[Category:Cultures in the standard cross cultural sample]]
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Sudan]]
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[[Category:Nilotic peoples]]
  
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[[ast:Amhara]]
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[[de:Acholi (Volk)]]
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[[de:Amharen]]
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[[es:Acholi]]
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[[es:Amhara]]
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[[it:Acholi]]
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[[ko:암하라족]]
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[[nds:Acholi]]
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[[nl:Amharen]]
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[[pt:Acholis]]
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[[pl:Amharowie]]
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[[sh:Ačoli]]
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[[sh:Amhara (narod)]]
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[[sv:Acholi]]
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[[fi:Amharat]]
 

Revision as of 11:04, 18 January 2007

Template:Mergefrom

{{{name}}}







Acholiland, Uganda

Acholi (also Acoli) are the people of the districts of Gulu, Kitgum Pader (known as Acholiland) in northern Uganda, and Magwe County in southern Sudan. The 1991 Ugandan census counted 746,796 Acholi; a further 45,000 Acholi live outside of Uganda.&

Language

Template:Main

The Acholi language is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo, and is mutually intelligible with Lango and other Luo languages.

The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek in Acholi, and later translated to English.

History

Template:See also

The Acholi are a Luo people, who are said to have come to northern Uganda from the area now known as Bahr el Ghazal in southern Sudan. Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. Rwot, 'ruler'). By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland.& During the second half of the nineteenth century Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which transformed into 'Acholi'.&

Their traditional dwelling-places were circular huts with a high peak, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunk fireplace, with the walls daubed with mud and decorated with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. They were skilled hunters, using nets and spears, and kept goats, sheep and cattle. In war they used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide.

During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labor and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy." This reached its height with the coup d'état of Acholi General Tito Okello, and came to a crashing end with the defeat of Okello and the Acholi-dominated army by the National Resistance Army led by now-President Yoweri Museveni.

Children in an IDP camp in Kitgum

The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. LRA's activities have been concentrated within Acholiland, and populous Acholi remain internally displaced persons.

Religion

Most Acholi are Protestant, Catholic and, in lesser numbers, Muslim. Nevertheless, the traditional belief in guardian and ancestor spirits remains strong, though it is now often described in Christian or Islamic terms.

Notable Acholi people

References

  • Atkinson, Ronald Raymond (1994) The roots of ethnicity: the origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. Kampala: Fountain Publishers. ISBN 9970-02-156-7.
  • Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International .
  • Girling, F.K. (1960) The Acholi of Uganda (Colonial Office / Colonial research studies vol. 30). London: Her majesty's stationery office.
  • Webster, J. (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi', Provisional council for the social sciences in East Africa; 1st annual conference, vol 3., p. 168-197.

Notes

  1. ↑ Acholi: A language of Uganda, Ethnologue
  2. ↑ Webster 1970.
  3. ↑ According to Atkinson (1994).

External links

de:Acholi (Volk) es:Acholi it:Acholi nds:Acholi pt:Acholis sh:Ačoli sv:Acholi

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