Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/African Lore/Answer Key"

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*Cookery practised by indigenous people of [[South Africa]] such as the [[Khoisan]] and [[Xhosa]]- and [[Sotho]]-speaking people
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:''For the Pakistani ethnic group, see [[Khosa]].''
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*Settler cookery introduced during the colonial period by people of [[Afrikaner]] and [[Briton|British]] descent and their [[slaves]] and servants - this includes the cuisine of the [[Cape Malay]] people, which has many characteristics of [[Malaysia]] and [[Java (island)|Java]], and recipes from neighbouring colonial cultures such as [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Mozambique]].
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{{Infobox Ethnic group
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|group    = Xhosa
 +
|image    = [[Image:Nelson_Mandela.jpg]]
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|caption  = [[Nelson Mandela]] is a famous Xhosa-speaker.
 +
|poptime  = 7.9 million (2001 estimate)<sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>
 +
|popplace =
 +
[[Eastern Cape Province|Eastern Cape]]: 5.4 million<br/>
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[[Western Cape Province|Western Cape]]: 1.1 million<br/>
 +
[[Gauteng Province|Gauteng]]: 0.7 million<br/>
 +
[[Free State Province|Free State]]: 0.25 million<br/>
 +
[[Kwazulu-Natal Province|Kwazulu-Natal]]: 0.22 million<br/>
 +
(2001 estimates<sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>)
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|langs    = [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] (many also speak [[English language|English]] or [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]])
 +
|rels    = [[Animist]], [[Christian]]
 +
|related  = [[Bantu]], [[Nguni]], [[Basotho]], [[Zulu]], [[Khoisan]]
 +
}}
  
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==Indigenous cookery==
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The '''Xhosa''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] {{IPA|[ˈkǁʰoːsa]}}) people are a group of peoples of [[Bantu]] origins living in south-east [[South Africa]], and in the last two centuries throughout the southern and central southern parts of the country.  
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In the precolonial period indigenous cuisine was characterized by the use of a very wide range of fruits, nuts, bulbs, leaves and other products gathered from wild plants and by the hunting of wild game. The domestication of cattle in the region about two thousand years ago by [[Khoisan]] groups enabled the use of [[milk]] products and the availability of fresh meat on demand. However, during the colonial period the seizure of communal land in South Africa helped to restrict and discourage traditional [[agriculture]] and wild harvesting, and reduced the extent of land available to [[black people|black]] people.  
 
  
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===Decline of indigenous cookery===
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==
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[[Urbanization]] from the nineteenth century onward, coupled with close control over agricultural production, led [[black people|black]] South Africans to rely more and more on comparatively expensive, industrially-processed foodstuffs like wheat flour, white rice, mealie (maize) meal and sugar. Often these foods were imported or processed by [[white people|white]] wholesalers, mills and factories. The consequence was to drastically restrict the range of ingredients and cooking styles used by indigenous cooks.
 
  
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Popular foods im modern South Africa are chicken, limes, garlic, ginger, chili, tomatoes, onions and many spices.
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==Local environment==
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The Xhosa settled on mountain slopes of the Amatola and the Winterberg Mountains. Many streams drain into great rivers of this Xhosa territory including the Kei and Fish River. Rich soils and plentiful rainfall make the river basins good for farming and grazing making cattle important and the basis of wealth. Traditional foods include [[sorghum]], [[maize]], [[milk]], [[pumpkins]], [[beans]], [[vegetables]], and ''umphokoqo'', or dry maize porridge. [[Tobacco]] is an important crop in this area.
  
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==Settler cookery==
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==Language==
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South Africa was settled from the seventeenth century onwards by colonists from the [[Netherlands]], [[Germany]] and [[France]], and later by arrivals from the [[British Isles]]. These colonists brought European cookery styles with them.
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{{main|Xhosa language}}
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In [[South Africa]], the Xhosa-speaking people form the second largest language group (after [[Zulu]], to which the Xhosa language is very closely related). Among a wide variety of common speech sounds, the Xhosa language famously contains a variety of consonantal 'click' sounds, which have been borrowed from now extinct [[Khoisan]] languages of the region.
  
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===Cape Dutch===
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Xhosa has three basic click consonants: a dental (front) click, written with the letter 'c', e.g. ''icici'' 'earring' (very similar to the English tut-tut sound of disapproval); a palatal (top click), written with the letter 'q', e.g. ''iqaqa'' 'skunk' (similar to the imitation of a bottle being decorked); and a lateral (side) click, written with the letter 'x', e.g. ''xoxa'' 'discuss'. Each click can be used in up to six contrastive forms (each one is a completely separate consonant in Xhosa), e.g. c (plain), ch (aspirated), gc (voiced), nc (nasalised), ngc (nasalised voiced), nkc (nasalised, velarised). By contrast, Xhosa has five straightforward Spanish-type vowels (a, e, i, o, u).
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Traditional cookery of South Africa is often referred to as "Cape Dutch"; this cuisine is characterized by the use of spices such as [[nutmeg]], [[allspice]] and [[hot pepper]]s. The Cape Dutch cookery style owes at least as much to the cookery of the [[slaves]] brought by the [[Dutch East India Company]] to the Cape from [[Bengal]], [[Java (island)|Java]] and [[Malaysia]] as it does to the European styles of cookery imported by settlers, and this is reflected in the use of eastern spices and the names given to many of these dishes.  
 
  
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===Indian cookery===
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==Religion==
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[[Curry]] dishes are popular in South Africa among people of all ethnic origins; many dishes came to the country with the thousands of [[Asians in South Africa|Indian]] labourers brought to South Africa in the nineteenth century.
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Traditional Xhosa culture includes [[diviners]], who serve as herbalists, prophets, and healers for the community. This job is mostly taken by women, who spend five years in apprenticeship. Many Xhosa people are [[Christian]], particularly within the [[African Initiated Church]]es such as the [[Zion Christian Church]].
  
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==Restaurants and fast food outlets==
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==Oral tradition==
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South Africa can be said to have a real "eating out" culture. While there are some restaurants that specialize in traditional South African dishes or modern interpretations thereof, restaurants featuring other cuisines such as [[Morocco|Moroccan]], [[China|Chinese]], [[West Africa|West African]], [[Congo|Congolese]] and [[Japan|Japanese]] can be found in all of the major cities and many of the larger towns. In addition, there are also a large number of home-grown chain restaurants, such as [[Spur (restaurant chain)|Spur]] and [[Mugg & Bean]].
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The key figure in the Xhosa oral tradition is the ''imbongi'' (plural: ''iimbongi'') or praise singer. ''Iimbongi'' traditionally live close to the chief’s 'great place' (the cultural and political focus of his activity); they accompany the chief on important occasions - the ''imbongi'' Zolani Mkiva preceded [[Nelson Mandela]] at his Presidential inauguration in 1994. Iimbongi's poetry praises the chief’s actions and best features, and may also criticise the chief if aspects of his reign or government are unpopular.
  
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There is also a proliferation of [[fast food]] restaurants in South Africa. While there are some international players such as [[McDonalds]] and [[Kentucky Fried Chicken]] active in the country, they face stiff competition from local chains such as [[Nando's]] and [[Steers]].
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==Notables==
 +
[[Nelson Mandela]] is a Xhosa-speaking member of the Thembu people.
  
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Many of the restaurant chains originating from South-Africa have also expanded successfully outside the borders of the country.
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Other famous Xhosa speakers include:
 +
[[Amampondo]]{{·}} [[Stephen Biko]]{{·}} [[Fats Bookulane]]{{·}} [[Brenda Fassie]]{{·}} [[Ken Gampu]]{{·}} [[Chris Hani]]{{·}} [[General Bantu Holomisa]]{{·}} [[Archibald Campbell Jordan]]{{·}} [[John Kani]]{{·}} [[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]]{{·}} [[Miriam Makeba]]{{·}} [[Govan Mbeki]]{{·}} [[Thabo Mbeki]]{{·}} [[S.E.K. Mqhayi]]{{·}} [[Victoria Mxenge]]{{·}} [[Bongani Ndodana]]{{·}} [[Bulelani Ngcuka]]{{·}} [[Makhaya Ntini]]{{·}} [[Winston Ntshona]]{{·}} [[Percy Qoboza]]{{·}} [[Walter Sisulu]]{{·}} [[Robert Sobukwe]]{{·}} [[Enoch Sontonga]]{{·}} [[Oliver Tambo]]{{·}} [[Zwelithini Tunyiswa]]{{·}} [[Desmond Tutu]]{{·}} [[Ashley Buti]]{{·}} [[St John Page Yako]]{{·}} Dr. George Clark{{Fact|date=March 2007}}
  
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==Typical South African foods and dishes==
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==Xhosa in popular culture==
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*[[Biltong]], a salty dried meat (similar to [[jerky (food)|jerky]])
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The [http://memory-alpha.org/en/wiki/Xhosa ''Xhosa''], named for the Xhosa people, is the name of the freighter commanded by [[Kasidy Yates]] in the science fiction television series ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]''.
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*[[Bobotie]], a dish of [[Malaysia|Malay]] descent, is like [[meatloaf]] with [[raisin]]s and with baked [[egg (food)|egg]] on top, and is often served with yellow [[rice]], [[sambal]]s, [[coconut]], [[banana]] slices, and [[chutney]]
+
 
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*[[Boerewors]], a [[sausage]] that is traditionally ''[[braai]]ed'' ([[barbeque]]d)
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There is a well noted Canadian metal band called [[Xhosa]] out of Cranbrook, British Columbia.  The band features [[Craig McCue]] as it's lead vocalist.
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*[[Bunny chow]], [[curry]] stuffed into a hollowed-out loaf of bread
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*[[Chutney]], a sweet sauce made from fruit that is usually poured on meat, especially a local brand called ''[[Mrs Ball's Chutney]]''
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==See also==
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*''[[Frikkadel]]le'' - [[meatballs]]
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*Reverend [[Henry Hare Dugmore]], the first translator of the [[Christian]] [[bible]] and [[psalms]] into Xhosa
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*''Gesmoorde vis'', salted [[cod]] with [[potato]]es and [[tomato]]es and sometimes served with [[apricot]] jam
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*[[Partners Across The Ocean]]
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*''Hoenderpastei'', chicken pie, traditional [[Afrikaans]] fare
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*[[South African Translators' Association]]
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*''[[Isidudu]]'', pumpkin pap
 
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*[[Koeksister]]s come in two forms and are a sweet delicacy. Afrikaans koeksisters are twisted [[pastry|pastries]], deep fried and heavily sweetened. Koeksisters found on the [[Cape Flats]] are sweet and spicy, shaped like large eggs, and deep-fried
 
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*[[Malva Pudding]], a sweet spongy [[Apricot]] [[pudding]] of [[Netherlands|Dutch]] origin.
 
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*''[[Mashonzha]]'', made from the [[mopane worm]]
 
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*''[[Melktert]]'' (milk tart), a milk-based tart or dessert
 
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*''[[Melkkos]]'' (milk food), another milk-based dessert
 
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*[[Mealie-bread]], a sweet bread baked with [[sweetcorn]]  
 
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*[[Mielie-meal]], one of the staple foods, often used in baking but predominantly cooked into [[pap (food)|pap]], or ''phutu'', a traditional [[Bantu]] [[porridge]] which is usually eaten with [[bean]]s, [[gravy]], or [[meat]]
 
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*[[Ostrich]] is an increasingly popular [[protein]] source as it has a low [[cholesterol]] content; it is either used in a stew or filleted and grilled
 
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*''Pampoenkoekies'' (pumpkin fritters), ''patatrolle'' (sweet potato rolls) and a further variety of baked goods where flour has been supplemented with or replaced by [[pumpkin]] or [[sweet potato]]
 
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*''Potbrood'' (pot bread), savoury bread baked over coals in cast-iron pots
 
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*''[[Potjiekos]]'', a traditional [[African]] [[stew]] made with meat and vegetables and cooked over coals in [[cast-iron]] pots
 
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*[[Rusk]]s, a rectangular, hard, dry [[biscuit]] eaten after being dunked in [[tea]] or [[coffee]]; they are either home-baked or shop-bought (with the most popular brand being ''[[Ouma Rusks]]'')
 
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*[[Samosa]] or ''samoosa'', a savoury stuffed [[Indians in South Africa|Indian]] [[pastry]] that is fried
 
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*[[Sosatie]]s, grilled marinated meat on a [[skewer]]
 
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*[[Tomato bredie]], a [[lamb]] and [[tomato]] [[stew]]
 
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*[[Trotter]]s and [[Bean]]s, from the [[Eastern Cape|Cape]], made from boiled pig's or sheep's trotters and [[onion]]s and beans
 
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*''[[Umngqusho]]'', a dish made from [[semolina]] and black-eyed [[pea]]s
 
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*''[[Vetkoek]]'' (fat cake), deep-fried [[dough]] balls, typically stuffed with meat or served with jam
 
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*''[[Waterblommetjiebredie|Waterblommetjie bredie]]'' (water flower stew), meat [[stew]]ed with the flower of the [[Cape Pondweed]]
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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*Coetzee, Renata, 1977. ''The South African Culinary Tradition'', C. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.  
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* [http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm Results of the 2001 South African census]
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*Leipoldt, C. Louis, 1976. ''Leipoldt’s Cape Cookery'', Fleesch and Partners, Cape Town, South Africa.
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::Note that the figure mentioned on this page is based upon the number of people speaking [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] as their home language, which may be greater or less than the total number of people claiming Xhosa descent. In addition, several million people in the Johannesburg-Soweto region speak Xhosa or [[Zulu]] as a second or third language. For a majority of these, the two languages become difficult to distinguish (unsurprising given the extreme closeness of their linguistic relationship).  
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*Van Wyk, B. and Gericke, N., 2000. ''People's plants: A guide to useful plants of Southern Africa'', Briza, [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]].
+
* Reader, J., 1997. ''[[Africa]]: A Biography of the Continent'', Vintage Books, [[New York]], NY, United States of America.jkadfgl;uh;lpuylaerpgh
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*Wylie, D., 2001. ''Starving on a Full Stomach: Hunger and the Triumph of Cultural Racism in Modern South Africa'', University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville, VA., United States of America.
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* Kaschula, Russell ''[[The Heritage Library of African People]]:  Xhosa,'' New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 1997.
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*[http://www.routledge-ny.com/ref/africanhist/farming.html Routledge Encyclopaedia of Africa - Farming]
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
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*[http://www.southafrica.info/plan_trip/holiday/food_wine/food.htm South African cuisine - International Marketing Council of South Africa web site]
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{{interwiki|code=xh}}
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*[http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/southafrica/eating.html Eating the South African way]
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* [http://www.rhi.org.za/index.php?ref=articles&do=rd&artid=5 Xhosa History and Society]
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* [http://www.statssa.gov.za/census2001/digiAtlas/index.html 2001 Digital Census Atlas]
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{{Cuisine of Africa}}
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* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/afr/xft/ Xhosa Folklore] - a collection of Xhosa folklore collected in 1886.
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{{South African topics}}
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* [http://www.google.com/intl/xh/ Xhosa Google] - Google interface in Xhosa
  
 +
<br/>{{Ethnic groups in South Africa}}
  
 
<!--Categories-->
 
<!--Categories-->
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[[Category:South African cuisine| ]]
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[[Category:Xhosa| ]]
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[[Category:African cuisine|South Africa]]
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Africa]]
  
 
<!--Other languages-->
 
<!--Other languages-->
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[[ca:Xhosa]]
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[[de:Kap-Küche]]
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[[da:Xhosa-folket]]
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[[fr:Cuisine sud-africaine]]
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[[de:Xhosa (Volk)]]
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[[uk:Південноафриканська кухня]]
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[[es:Xhosa]]
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[[gl:Xhosa]]
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[[it:Xhosa]]
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[[nl:Xhosa (volk)]]
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[[pt:Xhosa]]
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[[sh:Xhosa]]
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[[fi:Xhosat]]

Revision as of 16:31, 23 March 2007

For the Pakistani ethnic group, see Khosa.

Template:Infobox Ethnic group

The Xhosa (IPA [ˈkǁʰoːsa]) people are a group of peoples of Bantu origins living in south-east South Africa, and in the last two centuries throughout the southern and central southern parts of the country.

==

Local environment

The Xhosa settled on mountain slopes of the Amatola and the Winterberg Mountains. Many streams drain into great rivers of this Xhosa territory including the Kei and Fish River. Rich soils and plentiful rainfall make the river basins good for farming and grazing making cattle important and the basis of wealth. Traditional foods include sorghum, maize, milk, pumpkins, beans, vegetables, and umphokoqo, or dry maize porridge. Tobacco is an important crop in this area.

Language

Template:Main In South Africa, the Xhosa-speaking people form the second largest language group (after Zulu, to which the Xhosa language is very closely related). Among a wide variety of common speech sounds, the Xhosa language famously contains a variety of consonantal 'click' sounds, which have been borrowed from now extinct Khoisan languages of the region.

Xhosa has three basic click consonants: a dental (front) click, written with the letter 'c', e.g. icici 'earring' (very similar to the English tut-tut sound of disapproval); a palatal (top click), written with the letter 'q', e.g. iqaqa 'skunk' (similar to the imitation of a bottle being decorked); and a lateral (side) click, written with the letter 'x', e.g. xoxa 'discuss'. Each click can be used in up to six contrastive forms (each one is a completely separate consonant in Xhosa), e.g. c (plain), ch (aspirated), gc (voiced), nc (nasalised), ngc (nasalised voiced), nkc (nasalised, velarised). By contrast, Xhosa has five straightforward Spanish-type vowels (a, e, i, o, u).

Religion

Traditional Xhosa culture includes diviners, who serve as herbalists, prophets, and healers for the community. This job is mostly taken by women, who spend five years in apprenticeship. Many Xhosa people are Christian, particularly within the African Initiated Churches such as the Zion Christian Church.

Oral tradition

The key figure in the Xhosa oral tradition is the imbongi (plural: iimbongi) or praise singer. Iimbongi traditionally live close to the chief’s 'great place' (the cultural and political focus of his activity); they accompany the chief on important occasions - the imbongi Zolani Mkiva preceded Nelson Mandela at his Presidential inauguration in 1994. Iimbongi's poetry praises the chief’s actions and best features, and may also criticise the chief if aspects of his reign or government are unpopular.

Notables

Nelson Mandela is a Xhosa-speaking member of the Thembu people.

Other famous Xhosa speakers include: AmampondoTemplate:· Stephen BikoTemplate:· Fats BookulaneTemplate:· Brenda FassieTemplate:· Ken GampuTemplate:· Chris HaniTemplate:· General Bantu HolomisaTemplate:· Archibald Campbell JordanTemplate:· John KaniTemplate:· Winnie Madikizela-MandelaTemplate:· Miriam MakebaTemplate:· Govan MbekiTemplate:· Thabo MbekiTemplate:· S.E.K. MqhayiTemplate:· Victoria MxengeTemplate:· Bongani NdodanaTemplate:· Bulelani NgcukaTemplate:· Makhaya NtiniTemplate:· Winston NtshonaTemplate:· Percy QobozaTemplate:· Walter SisuluTemplate:· Robert SobukweTemplate:· Enoch SontongaTemplate:· Oliver TamboTemplate:· Zwelithini TunyiswaTemplate:· Desmond TutuTemplate:· Ashley ButiTemplate:· St John Page YakoTemplate:· Dr. George ClarkTemplate:Fact

Xhosa in popular culture

The Xhosa, named for the Xhosa people, is the name of the freighter commanded by Kasidy Yates in the science fiction television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.

There is a well noted Canadian metal band called Xhosa out of Cranbrook, British Columbia. The band features Craig McCue as it's lead vocalist.

See also

References

Note that the figure mentioned on this page is based upon the number of people speaking Xhosa as their home language, which may be greater or less than the total number of people claiming Xhosa descent. In addition, several million people in the Johannesburg-Soweto region speak Xhosa or Zulu as a second or third language. For a majority of these, the two languages become difficult to distinguish (unsurprising given the extreme closeness of their linguistic relationship).

External links

Template:Interwiki


Template:Ethnic groups in South Africa

ca:Xhosa da:Xhosa-folket de:Xhosa (Volk) es:Xhosa gl:Xhosa it:Xhosa nl:Xhosa (volk) pt:Xhosa sh:Xhosa fi:Xhosat

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