Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/African Lore/Answer Key"

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:''Inyanga is also the former name of the [[Zimbabwe]]an city of [[Nyanga, Zimbabwe|Nyanga]].''
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{{ethnic group|
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|group=Acholi
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|image=
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|poptime=800,000
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|popplace=[[Uganda]]<br>[[Sudan]]<br>
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|rels=[[Christianity]]<br>[[Islam]]<br>
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|langs=[[Acholi language|Acholi]]
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|related=[[Luo (family of ethnic groups)|Luo]]
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}}
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[[Image:Acholiland,_Uganda.png|thumb|right|250px|Acholiland, Uganda]]
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'''Acholi''' (also '''Acoli''') are the people of the districts of [[Gulu]], [[Kitgum]] [[Pader District|Pader]] (known as [[Acholiland]]) in northern [[Uganda]], and [[Magwe County]] in southern [[Sudan]]. The 1991 Ugandan census counted 746,796 Acholi; a further 45,000 Acholi live outside of Uganda.<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ach Acholi: A language of Uganda], [[Ethnologue]]</ref>
  
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'''Inyanga''' (literally "the man of the trees") is a [[Zulu language|Zulu]] word for a traditional healer.
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==Language==
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{{main|Acholi language}}
  
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Although the word [[sangoma]] is generally used in [[South African English]] to mean all types of traditional Southern African healers, inyangas and sangomas are in fact different. An inyanga is an [[herbalist]] who is concerned with medicines made from plants and animals, while a sangoma relies primarily on [[divination]] for healing purposes.  The knowledge of the inyanga is passed through the generations from parent to child.
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The [[Acholi language]] is a [[Western Nilotic languages|Western Nilotic]] language, classified as [[Luo languages|Luo]], and is [[mutually intelligible]] with [[Lango]] and other Luo languages.
  
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In modern society the status of these medicine men or women has been translated into wealth. Most izinyanga (plural of inyanga) in [[urban]] areas have shops with consulting rooms where they sell their medicines.
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The ''[[Song of Lawino]]'', one of the most successful African literary works, was written by [[Okot p'Bitek]] in Acholi, and later translated to [[English language|English]].
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==History==
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{{see also|Luo}}
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The Acholi are a Luo people, who are said to have come to northern Uganda from the area now known as [[Bahr el Ghazal]] in southern [[Sudan]]. Starting in the late [[seventeenth century]], a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by ''Rwodi'' (sg. Rwot, 'ruler'). By the mid-[[nineteenth century]], about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland.<ref>Webster 1970.</ref> During the second half of the nineteenth century [[Arabic language|Arabic]]-speaking traders from the north started to call them ''Shooli'', a term which transformed into 'Acholi'.<ref>According to Atkinson (1994).</ref>
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Their traditional dwelling-places were circular huts with a high peak, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunk fireplace, with the walls daubed with mud and decorated with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. They were  skilled hunters, using nets and spears, and kept [[goat]]s, [[sheep]] and [[cattle]]. In war they used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide.
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During Uganda's [[History of Uganda|colonial period]], the [[United Kingdom|British]] encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the [[Baganda]]. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labor and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy." This reached its height with the [[coup d'état]] of Acholi General [[Tito Okello]], and came to a crashing end with the defeat of  Okello and the Acholi-dominated army by the [[National Resistance Army]] led by now-President [[Yoweri Museveni]].
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[[Image:Kids3.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Children in an [[internally displaced person|IDP]] camp in [[Kitgum]]]]
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The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the insurgency of the [[Lord's Resistance Army]] (LRA) led by [[Joseph Kony]], an Acholi from Gulu. LRA's activities have been concentrated within [[Acholiland]], and populous Acholi remain [[internally displaced person]]s.
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==Religion==
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Most Acholi are [[Protestant]], [[Catholicism|Catholic]] and, in lesser numbers, [[Muslim]]. Nevertheless, the traditional belief in guardian and ancestor spirits remains strong, though it is now often described in [[Christian]] or [[Islam]]ic terms.
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== Notable Acholi people ==
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* [[Alice Auma]], spirit medium and rebel leader
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* [[Betty Bigombe]], former MP and conflict mediator
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* [[Joseph Kony]], leader of the rebel [[Lord's Resistance Army]]
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* [[Matthew Lukwiya]], physician at the forefront of the 2000 [[Ebola]] outbreak
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* [[Janani Luwum]], former Archbishop of the Church of Uganda
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* [[Nobert Mao]], Gulu District [[Local Council]] V Chairman
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* [[Tito Okello]], [[President of Uganda]] for six months in 1985
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* [[Geoffrey Oryema]], exiled singer
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* [[Olara Otunnu]], former [[Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Under-Secretary-General]] and Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict
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* [[Okot p'Bitek]], poet and author of the ''[[Song of Lawino]]''
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* [[Akena p'Ojok]], Former UNLF Vice President, Former UPC Member of Parliament and Minister of Power In Obote II Regime
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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*[http://library.thinkquest.org/27209/Healing.htm http://library.thinkquest.org/27209/Healing.htm]
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*Atkinson, Ronald Raymond (1994) ''The roots of ethnicity: the origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800''. Kampala: Fountain Publishers. ISBN 9970-02-156-7.
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*[http://www.worldtrek.org/odyssey/africa/062399/062399abejakwazulu.html http://www.worldtrek.org/odyssey/africa/062399/062399abejakwazulu.html]
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* Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International .
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* Girling, F.K. (1960) ''The Acholi of Uganda'' (Colonial Office / Colonial research studies vol. 30). London: Her majesty's stationery office.
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* Webster, J. (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi', ''Provisional council for the social sciences in East Africa; 1st annual conference'', vol 3., p. 168-197.
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=== Notes ===
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<!-- This article uses [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]]. Please use this format when adding references to material in the article. External links added directly to this section will be swiftly deleted without notice. -->
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<div class="references-small">
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<references/>
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</div>
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==External links==
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*[http://www.acholinet.com/ Acholinet.com], Acholi website containg news, culture, music downloads, forums, classified, market Place, human directory
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*[http://www.rupiny.co.ug Rupiny], a newspaper in [[Acholi language|Acholi]] and [[Lango]] ([[Luo languages|Luo]])
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*[http://www.language-museum.com/a/acholi.php Acholi sample at Language-Museum.com]
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*[http://www.ugandacan.org/ Uganda Conflict Action Network] working for peace in northern Uganda
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*[http://www.invisiblechildren.com/ Invisible Acholi Children Global Night Commute]
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Uganda]]
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Sudan]]
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[[Category:Nilotic peoples]]
  
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{{Africa-myth-stub}}
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[[de:Acholi (Volk)]]
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[[es:Acholi]]
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[[it:Acholi]]
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[[nds:Acholi]]
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[[pt:Acholis]]
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[[sh:Ačoli]]
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[[sv:Acholi]]

Revision as of 22:35, 8 April 2007

{{{name}}}







Acholiland, Uganda

Acholi (also Acoli) are the people of the districts of Gulu, Kitgum Pader (known as Acholiland) in northern Uganda, and Magwe County in southern Sudan. The 1991 Ugandan census counted 746,796 Acholi; a further 45,000 Acholi live outside of Uganda.&

Language

Template:Main

The Acholi language is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo, and is mutually intelligible with Lango and other Luo languages.

The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek in Acholi, and later translated to English.

History

Template:See also

The Acholi are a Luo people, who are said to have come to northern Uganda from the area now known as Bahr el Ghazal in southern Sudan. Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. Rwot, 'ruler'). By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland.& During the second half of the nineteenth century Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which transformed into 'Acholi'.&

Their traditional dwelling-places were circular huts with a high peak, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunk fireplace, with the walls daubed with mud and decorated with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. They were skilled hunters, using nets and spears, and kept goats, sheep and cattle. In war they used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide.

During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labor and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy." This reached its height with the coup d'état of Acholi General Tito Okello, and came to a crashing end with the defeat of Okello and the Acholi-dominated army by the National Resistance Army led by now-President Yoweri Museveni.

Children in an IDP camp in Kitgum

The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. LRA's activities have been concentrated within Acholiland, and populous Acholi remain internally displaced persons.

Religion

Most Acholi are Protestant, Catholic and, in lesser numbers, Muslim. Nevertheless, the traditional belief in guardian and ancestor spirits remains strong, though it is now often described in Christian or Islamic terms.

Notable Acholi people

References

  • Atkinson, Ronald Raymond (1994) The roots of ethnicity: the origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. Kampala: Fountain Publishers. ISBN 9970-02-156-7.
  • Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International .
  • Girling, F.K. (1960) The Acholi of Uganda (Colonial Office / Colonial research studies vol. 30). London: Her majesty's stationery office.
  • Webster, J. (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi', Provisional council for the social sciences in East Africa; 1st annual conference, vol 3., p. 168-197.

Notes

  1. ↑ Acholi: A language of Uganda, Ethnologue
  2. ↑ Webster 1970.
  3. ↑ According to Atkinson (1994).

External links

de:Acholi (Volk) es:Acholi it:Acholi nds:Acholi pt:Acholis sh:Ačoli sv:Acholi

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