Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/African Lore/Answer Key"

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*Cookery practised by indigenous people of [[South Africa]] such as the [[Khoisan]] and [[Xhosa]]- and [[Sotho]]-speaking people
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{{ethnic group|
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*Settler cookery introduced during the colonial period by people of [[Afrikaner]] and [[Briton|British]] descent and their [[slaves]] and servants - this includes the cuisine of the [[Cape Malay]] people, which has many characteristics of [[Malaysia]] and [[Java (island)|Java]], and recipes from neighbouring colonial cultures such as [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Mozambique]].
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|group=Acholi
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|image=
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|poptime=800,000
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|popplace=[[Uganda]]<br>[[Sudan]]<br>
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|rels=[[Christianity]]<br>[[Islam]]<br>
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|langs=[[Acholi language|Acholi]]
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|related=[[Luo (family of ethnic groups)|Luo]]
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}}
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'''Acholi''' (also '''Acoli''') are from [[Acholiland]] or the districts of [[Gulu]], [[Kitgum]] [[Pader District|Pader]] in northern [[Uganda]], and [[Magwe County]] in southern [[Sudan]]. The 1991 Ugandan census counted 746,796 Acholi; a further 45,000 Acholi live outside of Uganda.<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ach Acholi: A language of Uganda], [[Ethnologue]]</ref>
  
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==Indigenous cookery==
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==Language==
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In the precolonial period indigenous cuisine was characterized by the use of a very wide range of fruits, nuts, bulbs, leaves and other products gathered from wild plants and by the hunting of wild game. The domestication of cattle in the region about two thousand years ago by [[Khoisan]] groups enabled the use of [[milk]] products and the availability of fresh meat on demand. However, during the colonial period the seizure of communal land in South Africa helped to restrict and discourage traditional [[agriculture]] and wild harvesting, and reduced the extent of land available to [[black people|black]] people.
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{{main|Acholi language}}
  
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===Decline of indigenous cookery===
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The [[Acholi language]] is a [[Western Nilotic languages|Western Nilotic]] language, classified as [[Luo languages|Luo]], and is [[mutually intelligible]] with [[Lango]] and other Luo languages.
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[[Urbanization]] from the nineteenth century onward, coupled with close control over agricultural production, led [[black people|black]] South Africans to rely more and more on comparatively expensive, industrially-processed foodstuffs like wheat flour, white rice, mealie (maize) meal and sugar. Often these foods were imported or processed by [[white people|white]] wholesalers, mills and factories. The consequence was to drastically restrict the range of ingredients and cooking styles used by indigenous cooks.
 
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On the other hand, some imported food plants (maize, tomatoes) have expanded the dietary range of indigenous cooks. Of these maize is the most significant - it has been integrated to such an extent into the traditional diet that it is often assumed to be an indigenous plant.
 
  
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Popular foods im modern South Aigffrica are chicken, limes, garlic, ginger, chili, tomatoes, onions and many spices.
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The ''[[Song of Lawino]]'', one of the most successful African literary works, was written by [[Okot p'Bitek]] in Acholi, and later translated to [[English language|English]].
  
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==Settler cookery==
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==History==
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South Africa was settled from the seventeenth century onwards by colonists from the [[Netherlands]], [[Germany]] and [[France]], and later by arrivals from the [[British Isles]]. These colonists brought European cookery styles with them.
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[[Image:Acholiland,_Uganda.png|thumb|right|250px|Acholiland, Uganda]]
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{{see also|Luo}}
  
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===Cape Dutch===
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The Acholi are a Luo people, who are said to have come to northern Uganda from the area now known as [[Bahr el Ghazal]] in southern [[Sudan]]. Starting in the late [[seventeenth century]], a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by ''Rwodi'' (sg. Rwot, 'ruler'). By the mid-[[nineteenth century]], about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland.<ref>Webster 1970.</ref> During the second half of the nineteenth century [[Arabic language|Arabic]]-speaking traders from the north started to call them ''Shooli'', a term which transformed into 'Acholi'.<ref>According to Atkinson (1994).</ref>
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Traditional cookery of South Africa is often referred to as "Cape Dutch"; this cuisine is characterized by the use of spices such as [[nutmeg]], [[allspice]] and [[hot pepper]]s. The Cape Dutch cookery style owes at least as much to the cookery of the [[slaves]] brought by the [[Dutch East India Company]] to the Cape from [[Bengal]], [[Java (island)|Java]] and [[Malaysia]] as it does to the European styles of cookery imported by settlers, and this is reflected in the use of eastern spices and the names given to many of these dishes.  
 
  
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===Indian cookery===
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Their traditional dwelling-places were circular huts with a high peak, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunk fireplace, with the walls daubed with mud and decorated with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. They were  skilled hunters, using nets and spears, and kept [[goat]]s, [[sheep]] and [[cattle]]. In war they used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide.
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[[Curry]] dishes are popular in South Africa among people of all ethnic origins; many dishes came to the country with the thousands of [[Asians in South Africa|Indian]] labourers brought to South Africa in the nineteenth century.
 
  
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==Restaurants and fast food outlets==
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During Uganda's [[History of Uganda|colonial period]], the [[United Kingdom|British]] encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the [[Baganda]]. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labor and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy." This reached its height with the [[coup d'état]] of Acholi General [[Tito Okello]], and came to a crashing end with the defeat of Okello and the Acholi-dominated army by the [[National Resistance Army]] led by now-President [[Yoweri Museveni]].
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South Africa can be said to have a real "eating out" culture. While there are some restaurants that specialize in traditional South African dishes or modern interpretations thereof, restaurants featuring other cuisines such as [[Morocco|Moroccan]], [[China|Chinese]], [[West Africa|West African]], [[Congo|Congolese]] and [[Japan|Japanese]] can be found in all of the major cities and many of the larger towns. In addition, there are also a large number of home-grown chain restaurants, such as [[Spur (restaurant chain)|Spur]] and [[Dulce Cafe]].
 
  
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There is also a proliferation of [[fast food]] restaurants in South Africa. While there are some international players such as [[McDonalds]] and [[Kentucky Fried Chicken]] active in the country, they face stiff competition from local chains such as [[Nando's]] and [[Steers]].
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[[Image:Kids3.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Children in an [[internally displaced person|IDP]] camp in [[Kitgum]]]]
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The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the insurgency of the [[Lord's Resistance Army]] (LRA) led by [[Joseph Kony]], an Acholi from Gulu. LRA's activities have been concentrated within [[Acholiland]], and populous Acholi remain [[internally displaced person]]s.
  
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Many of the restaurant chains originating from South-Africa have also expanded successfully outside the borders of the country.
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==Religion==
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Most Acholi are [[Protestant]], [[Catholicism|Catholic]] and, in lesser numbers, [[Muslim]]. Nevertheless, the traditional belief in guardian and ancestor spirits remains strong, though it is now often described in [[Christian]] or [[Islam]]ic terms.
  
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==Typical South African foods and dishes==
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== Notable Acholi people ==
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*[[Biltong]], a salty dried meat (similar to [[jerky (food)|jerky]])
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* [[Alice Auma]], spirit medium and rebel leader
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*[[Bobotie]], a dish of [[Malaysia|Malay]] descent, is like [[meatloaf]] with [[raisin]]s and with baked [[egg (food)|egg]] on top, and is often served with yellow [[rice]], [[sambal]]s, [[coconut]], [[banana]] slices, and [[chutney]]
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* [[Betty Bigombe]], former MP and conflict mediator
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*[[Boerewors]], a [[sausage]] that is traditionally ''[[braai]]ed'' ([[barbeque]]d)
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* [[Joseph Kony]], leader of the rebel [[Lord's Resistance Army]]
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*[[Bunny chow]], [[curry]] stuffed into a hollowed-out loaf of bread
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* [[Matthew Lukwiya]], physician at the forefront of the 2000 [[Ebola]] outbreak
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*[[Chutney]], a sweet sauce made from fruit that is usually poured on meat, especially a local brand called ''[[Mrs Ball's Chutney]]''
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* [[Janani Luwum]], former Archbishop of the Church of Uganda
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*''[[Frikkadel]]le'' - [[meatballs]]
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* [[Nobert Mao]], Gulu District [[Local Council]] V Chairman
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*''Gesmoorde vis'', salted [[cod]] with [[potato]]es and [[tomato]]es and sometimes served with [[apricot]] jam
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* [[Tito Okello]], [[President of Uganda]] for six months in 1985
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*''Hoenderpastei'', chicken pie, traditional [[Afrikaans]] fare
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* [[Geoffrey Oryema]], exiled singer
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*''[[Isidudu]]'', pumpkin pap
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* [[Olara Otunnu]], former [[Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Under-Secretary-General]] and Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict
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*[[Koeksister]]s come in two forms and are a sweet delicacy. Afrikaans koeksisters are twisted [[pastry|pastries]], deep fried and heavily sweetened. Koeksisters found on the [[Cape Flats]] are sweet and spicy, shaped like large eggs, and deep-fried
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* [[Okot p'Bitek]], poet and author of the ''[[Song of Lawino]]''
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*[[Malva Pudding]], a sweet spongy [[Apricot]] [[pudding]] of [[Netherlands|Dutch]] origin.
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* [[Akena p'Ojok]], Former UNLF Vice President, Former UPC Member of Parliament and Minister of Power In Obote II Regime
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*''[[Mashonzha]]'', made from the [[mopane worm]]
 
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*''[[Melktert]]'' (milk tart), a milk-based tart or dessert
 
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*''[[Melkkos]]'' (milk food), another milk-based dessert
 
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*[[Mealie-bread]], a sweet bread baked with [[sweetcorn]]
 
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*[[Mielie-meal]], one of the staple foods, often used in baking but predominantly cooked into [[pap (food)|pap]], or ''phutu'', a traditional [[Bantu]] [[porridge]] which is usually eaten with [[bean]]s, [[gravy]], or [[meat]]
 
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*[[Ostrich]] is an increasingly popular [[protein]] source as it has a low [[cholesterol]] content; it is either used in a stew or filleted and grilled
 
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*''Pampoenkoekies'' (pumpkin fritters), ''patatrolle'' (sweet potato rolls) and a further variety of baked goods where flour has been supplemented with or replaced by [[pumpkin]] or [[sweet potato]]
 
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*''Potbrood'' (pot bread), savoury bread baked over coals in cast-iron pots
 
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*''[[Potjiekos]]'', a traditional [[African]] [[stew]] made with meat and vegetables and cooked over coals in [[cast-iron]] pots
 
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*[[Rusk]]s, a rectangular, hard, dry [[biscuit]] eaten after being dunked in [[tea]] or [[coffee]]; they are either home-baked or shop-bought (with the most popular brand being ''[[Ouma Rusks]]'')
 
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*[[Samosa]] or ''samoosa'', a savoury stuffed [[Indians in South Africa|Indian]] [[pastry]] that is fried
 
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*[[Sosatie]]s, grilled marinated meat on a [[skewer]]
 
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*[[Tomato bredie]], a [[lamb]] and [[tomato]] [[stew]]
 
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*[[Trotter]]s and [[Bean]]s, from the [[Eastern Cape|Cape]], made from boiled pig's or sheep's trotters and [[onion]]s and beans
 
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*''[[Umngqusho]]'', a dish made from [[semolina]] and black-eyed [[pea]]s
 
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*''[[Vetkoek]]'' (fat cake), deep-fried [[dough]] balls, typically stuffed with meat or served with jam
 
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*''[[Waterblommetjiebredie|Waterblommetjie bredie]]'' (water flower stew), meat [[stew]]ed with the flower of the [[Cape Pondweed]]
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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*Coetzee, Renata, 1977. ''The South African Culinary Tradition'', C. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.  
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*Atkinson, Ronald Raymond (1994) ''The roots of ethnicity: the origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800''. Kampala: Fountain Publishers. ISBN 9970-02-156-7.
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*Leipoldt, C. Louis, 1976. ''Leipoldt’s Cape Cookery'', Fleesch and Partners, Cape Town, South Africa.  
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* Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International .
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*Van Wyk, B. and Gericke, N., 2000. ''People's plants: A guide to useful plants of Southern Africa'', Briza, [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]].
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* Girling, F.K. (1960) ''The Acholi of Uganda'' (Colonial Office / Colonial research studies vol. 30). London: Her majesty's stationery office.
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*Wylie, D., 2001. ''Starving on a Full Stomach: Hunger and the Triumph of Cultural Racism in Modern South Africa'', University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville, VA., United States of America.
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* Webster, J. (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi', ''Provisional council for the social sciences in East Africa; 1st annual conference'', vol 3., p. 168-197.
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*[http://www.routledge-ny.com/ref/africanhist/farming.html Routledge Encyclopaedia of Africa - Farming]
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=== Notes ===
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<!-- This article uses [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]]. Please use this format when adding references to material in the article. External links added directly to this section will be swiftly deleted without notice. -->
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<div class="references-small">
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<references/>
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==External links==
 
==External links==
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*[http://www.southafrica.info/plan_trip/holiday/food_wine/food.htm South African cuisine - International Marketing Council of South Africa web site]
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*[http://www.acholinet.com/ Acholinet.com]Acholi People website with News, Forums, market Place, Downloads etc
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*[http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/southafrica/eating.html Eating the South African way]
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*[http://www.rupiny.co.ug Rupiny], a newspaper in [[Acholi language|Acholi]] and [[Lango]] ([[Luo languages|Luo]])
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*[http://www.language-museum.com/a/acholi.php Acholi sample at Language-Museum.com]
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{{Cuisine of Africa}}
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*[http://www.ugandacan.org/ Uganda Conflict Action Network] working for peace in northern Uganda
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{{South African topics}}
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*[http://www.invisiblechildren.com/ Invisible Acholi Children Global Night Commute]
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<!--Categories-->
 
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[[Category:South African cuisine| ]]
 
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[[Category:African cuisine|South Africa]]
 
  
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<!--Other languages-->
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Uganda]]
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Sudan]]
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[[Category:Nilotic peoples]]
  
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[[de:Kap-Küche]]
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[[de:Acholi (Volk)]]
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[[fr:Cuisine sud-africaine]]
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[[es:Acholi]]
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[[uk:Південноафриканська кухня]]
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[[it:Acholi]]
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[[nds:Acholi]]
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[[pt:Acholis]]
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[[sh:Ačoli]]
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[[sv:Acholi]]

Revision as of 21:53, 9 May 2007

{{{name}}}







Acholi (also Acoli) are from Acholiland or the districts of Gulu, Kitgum Pader in northern Uganda, and Magwe County in southern Sudan. The 1991 Ugandan census counted 746,796 Acholi; a further 45,000 Acholi live outside of Uganda.&

Language

Template:Main

The Acholi language is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo, and is mutually intelligible with Lango and other Luo languages.

The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek in Acholi, and later translated to English.

History

Acholiland, Uganda

Template:See also

The Acholi are a Luo people, who are said to have come to northern Uganda from the area now known as Bahr el Ghazal in southern Sudan. Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. Rwot, 'ruler'). By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland.& During the second half of the nineteenth century Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which transformed into 'Acholi'.&

Their traditional dwelling-places were circular huts with a high peak, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunk fireplace, with the walls daubed with mud and decorated with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. They were skilled hunters, using nets and spears, and kept goats, sheep and cattle. In war they used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide.

During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labor and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy." This reached its height with the coup d'état of Acholi General Tito Okello, and came to a crashing end with the defeat of Okello and the Acholi-dominated army by the National Resistance Army led by now-President Yoweri Museveni.

Children in an IDP camp in Kitgum

The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. LRA's activities have been concentrated within Acholiland, and populous Acholi remain internally displaced persons.

Religion

Most Acholi are Protestant, Catholic and, in lesser numbers, Muslim. Nevertheless, the traditional belief in guardian and ancestor spirits remains strong, though it is now often described in Christian or Islamic terms.

Notable Acholi people

References

  • Atkinson, Ronald Raymond (1994) The roots of ethnicity: the origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. Kampala: Fountain Publishers. ISBN 9970-02-156-7.
  • Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International .
  • Girling, F.K. (1960) The Acholi of Uganda (Colonial Office / Colonial research studies vol. 30). London: Her majesty's stationery office.
  • Webster, J. (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi', Provisional council for the social sciences in East Africa; 1st annual conference, vol 3., p. 168-197.

Notes

  1. ↑ Acholi: A language of Uganda, Ethnologue
  2. ↑ Webster 1970.
  3. ↑ According to Atkinson (1994).

External links

de:Acholi (Volk) es:Acholi it:Acholi nds:Acholi pt:Acholis sh:Ačoli sv:Acholi

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