|
|
| (520 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | ''{{otheruses4|the shark|other uses|mako}}
| + | <noinclude><translate><!--T:1--> |
| − | {{otheruses4|the shortfin mako shark|another mako species|longfin mako shark}}''
| + | </noinclude> |
| − | {{Taxobox
| + | {{species id |
| − | | name = Shortfin mako shark
| + | |common_name=Shortfin Mako |
| − | | status = VU
| + | |latin_name=Isurus oxyrinchus |
| − | | status_system = iucn3.1
| + | |image=Isurus oxyrinchus by mark conlin2.JPG |
| − | | status_ref =<ref>{{cite press release |title=More oceanic sharks added to the IUCN Red List |publisher=[[IUCN]] |date=2007-02-22 |url=http://www.iucn.org/en/news/archive/2007/02/22_pr_sharks.htm |format= |language= |accessdate=2007-02-25 |quote=The global threat status was heightened for shortfin mako, a favorite shark among commercial and recreational fishermen, from ''Near Threatened'' in 2000 to ''Vulnerable'' today.}}</ref>
| + | |description= |
| − | | image = Shortfin mako.svg | + | The 'Shortfin Mako Shark (''Isurus oxyrinchus''—meaning "sharp nose") is a large mackerel shark. It is commonly referred to as the ''mako shark'' together with the longfin mako shark (''Isurus paucus''). |
| − | | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | |
| − | | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | |
| − | | classis = [[Chondrichthyes]] | |
| − | | subclassis = [[Elasmobranchii]]
| |
| − | | ordo = [[Lamniformes]]
| |
| − | | familia = [[Lamnidae]]
| |
| − | | genus = ''[[Isurus]]''
| |
| − | | species = '''''I. oxyrinchus'''''
| |
| − | | range_map = Isurus oxyrinchus distmap.png
| |
| − | | range_map_width = 250px
| |
| − | | range_map_caption = Range of shortfin mako shark (in blue)
| |
| − | | binomial = ''Isurus oxyrinchus''
| |
| − | | binomial_authority = [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz|Rafinesque]], 1810
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | {{Sharksportal}}
| |
| | | | |
| − | The '''shortfin mako shark''', ''Isurus oxyrinchus'' ("sharp nose"), is a large [[shark]] of the [[Lamnidae]] family. Along with the closely related [[longfin mako]], ''Isurus paucus'', it is commonly called just '''mako shark'''. They are known to be incredibly fast swimmers with superior lateral movements <ref>[http://www.topp.org/species/Mako_Shark Mako Shark | TOPP<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. | + | <!--T:2--> |
| | + | The Shortfin Mako is a fairly large species of shark. An average adult specimen will measure around 3.2 meters in length and weigh from 60-135 kg. Females are larger than males. The largest "mako" taken (not verified between the two species) on hook-and-line was 505.8 kg. |
| | | | |
| − | ==Anatomy and appearance==
| + | <!--T:3--> |
| − | <!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:Mako shark overview.jpg|left|thumb|A shortfin mako shark.]] --> | + | The Shortfin Mako is cylindrical in shape, with a vertically-elongated tail that assists its highly hydrodynamic lifestyle. The Mako is in fact the fastest shark of all. This species' color is brilliant metallic blue dorsally and white ventrally, although coloration varies as the shark ages and increases in size. The line of demarcation between blue and white on the body is distinct. The underside of the snout and the area around the mouth are white. Larger specimens tend to possess darker color that extends onto parts of the body that are white in smaller individuals. The juvenile mako differs in that it has a clear blackish stain on the tip of the snout. The Longfin mako shark very much resembles the Shortfin, but has larger pectoral fins, dark rather than pale coloration around the mouth and larger eyes. The presence of only one lateral keel on the tail and the lack of lateral cusps on the teeth distinguish the makos from the closely related porbeagle sharks of the genus ''Lamna''. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhHDXk8g4FE Mako surprises diver] |
| − | [[Image:Close up of mako shark head 005.jpg|left|thumb|A close-up of a shortfin mako shark's head.]]
| |
| − | This species has an average full-grown length of 1.82–2.8 [[metre|m]] (6–9.2 [[foot (measurement)|ft]])<ref><http://www.sdnhm.org/kids/sharks/shore-to-sea/mako.html></ref><ref><http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Isurus_oxyrinchus.html></ref> and weight of approximately 200 kg (440 lb). The largest reported mako was said to be 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) and 4 m (13.2 ft), although the largest confirmed size is 3.96 m (13 ft) and 794 kg (1,750 lb).<ref>[http://homepage.mac.com/mollet/Io/Io_large.html large shortfin makos<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> It has a bluish back and white underside. Although the sexes grow at about the same rate, females are thought to have a longer [[life span]], and grow larger and weigh more than the males. Shortfin makos are renowned for their speed and their ability to leap out of the water. In fact, there are cases when an angry mako will jump out of the water and into the boat after it has been caught on the hook. Mako sharks have a better hydrodynamic shape than all other sharks, and this, combined with the lamnidae's typical high aerobic muscle mass, reflects in the spectacular speed and agility of both the longfin and shortfin makos{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. | |
| | | | |
| − | The shortfin mako shark is a sleek spindle shaped shark with a long conical snout. This shark has short [[pectoral fin]]s and a crescent shaped [[caudal fin|caudal (tail) fin]]. There is a distinct caudal keel on the caudal base. Its second [[dorsal fin]] is much smaller than the first. The teeth are slender and slightly curved with no lateral cusps, and are visible even when the mouth is closed. There is marked countershading on this shark: dorsally it is a metallic indigo blue while ventrally it is white.
| + | <!--T:4--> |
| − | | + | |range= |
| − | ==Naming==
| + | The shortfin mako inhabits offshore temperate and tropical seas worldwide. The closely related longfin mako shark, ''Isurus paucus'', is found in the Gulf Stream or warmer offshore waters. |
| − | The name "mako" comes from the [[Māori language]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maori.info/maori_language.htm|title=Maori language - a glossary of useful words from the language of the Maori New Zealand|accessdate=2006-08-11}}</ref> meaning either the mako shark or a shark tooth. It may simply have originated from a dialectal variation as it is similar to the common words for shark in a number of [[Polynesian languages]] - ''makō'' in the [[Ngai Tahu|Kāi Tahu]] Māori dialect,<ref name="DMaori">{{cite book|title=Dictionary of the Maori Language|author=H.W.Williams|edition=7th|date=1971}}</ref> ''mangō'' in other Māori dialects,<ref name="DMaori"/> ''ma'o'' in [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]], and ''mano'' in [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]. The first written usage is in [[Samuel Lee|Lee]] & [[Thomas Kendall|Kendall's]] ''Grammar and vocabulary of the language of New Zealand'' ([[1820]]), which simply states "Máko; A certain fish".<ref>{{cite book|title=Oxford: The Dictionary of New Zealand English: New Zealand words and their origins|date=1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mako|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=2008-03-08}}</ref> [[Richard Taylor (missionary)|Richard Taylor's]] ''A leaf from the natural history of New Zealand'' ([[1848]]) is more elaborate: "Mako, the shark which has the tooth so highly prized by the Maoris".<ref>{{cite book|title=A leaf from the natural history of New Zealand|author=Richard Taylor|date=1848|page=xiii}}</ref>
| + | }} |
| − | <!-- the 1727 reference that appears in the Oxford English Dictionary and others is a misinterpretation of the Japanese word "makko" (sperm whale)-->
| + | <noinclude></translate></noinclude> |
| − | | |
| − | ==Diet==
| |
| − | The shortfin mako feeds mainly upon bony fishes including mackerels, tunas, bonitos, and swordfish, but may also eat other sharks, porpoises, sea turtles, and herons. Like most sharks, makos will also eat almost any carrion. <ref>[http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/sharks/species/Mako.shtml MAKO SHARK - Enchanted Learning Software<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> <ref>[http://www.new-brunswick.net/new-brunswick/sharks/species/sfmako.html Shortfin Mako Shark<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Distribution==
| |
| − | The shortfin mako is found in offshore temperate and [[tropical]] seas worldwide. The closely related [[longfin mako shark]], ''Isurus paucus'', is found in the [[Gulf Stream]] or warmer offshore waters. | |
| − | | |
| − | They are a [[pelagic]] species that occur from the surface down to depths of 150 m or 490 ft. This shark is seldom found in waters colder than 16° [[Celsius|C]] (61° [[Fahrenheit|F]]).
| |
| − | | |
| − | In the western [[Atlantic]] it can be found from [[Argentina]] and the [[Gulf of Mexico]] to Browns Bank off of [[Nova Scotia]]. In [[Canada|Canadian]] waters these sharks are not abundant as they prefer warm waters, but neither are they rare. Shortfin makos are often found in the same waters as swordfish as they are a source of food and both fish prefer similar environmental conditions.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Behavior==
| |
| − | The shortfin mako shark's speed has been recorded at 50 [[km/h]] (31 [[mph]]) and there are reports that it can achieve bursts of up to 74 km/h (46 mph).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/i_oxyrinchus.htm|title=Biology of the Shortfin Mako|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research|accessdate=2006-08-12|author=R. Aidan Martin}}</ref> Shortfin makos can jump up to 9 m (28 ft) in the air. Due to its speed and agility, this high-leaping fish is sought as [[Game (food)|game]] worldwide. This shark is highly migratory. They are also one of four warm-blooded sharks which helps them swim fast.
| |
| − | | |
| − | There is still some uncertainty about its life-span, but it is suspected to reach ages of between 11 to 23 years.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Reproduction==
| |
| − | The shortfin mako shark is a yolk-sac [[Ovoviviparity|ovoviviparous]] shark, meaning it gives birth to live young who feed from a sac full of yolk in the womb. The gestation period for a mako shark is 15 to 18 months. Shortfin mako embryos in the female's body consume each other to get nutrients. This is called [[intrauterine cannibalism]].
| |
| − | | |
| − | Female shortfin makos usually become sexually mature at a length of 3 m. Developing embryos feed on unfertilized eggs in the uterus during the gestation period of 15 to 18 months. The 4 to 18 surviving young are born live in the late winter and early spring at a length of about 70 [[centimetre|cm]], but have no placental connection during development (ovoviviparity). It is believed that females may rest for 18 months after birth before the next batch of eggs are fertilized.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Male shortfin makos reach sexual maturity within 4 years.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Distinguishing characteristics==
| |
| − | * Teeth are visible even when the mouth is closed
| |
| − | * Teeth are long and slender with smooth-edged cusps
| |
| − | * Distinct countershading, dorsally blue and ventrally white
| |
| − | * Moderately short pectoral fins
| |
| − | * Underside of the snout is white
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Captivity==
| |
| − | Of all recorded attempts to keep [[pelagic]] shark species in captivity, the Mako has fared the poorest; even more so than the [[oceanic whitetip shark]], the [[blue shark]] and the [[great white shark]]. The current record is held by a specimen that, in 2001, was kept at the New Jersey Aquarium for only five days. Like past attempts at keeping ''Isurus'' in captivity, the animal appeared strong upon arrival but had trouble negotiating the walls of the aquarium, refused to feed, quickly weakened and expired.<ref>[http://homepage.mac.com/mollet/ Elasmobranch Research around Monterey Bay<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Attacks on humans==
| |
| − | The shortfin mako<ref>[http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/ShortfinMako/Shortfinmako.html Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department: Shortfin Mako<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> does have a formidable and foreboding appearance. The ISAF statistics on attacking species of sharks purports that the shortfin mako has had eight unprovoked [[Shark attack|attacks]] on humans with two ending in fatality and twenty [[boat]] attacks.<ref>[http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/statistics/species2.htm ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Mako sharks in popular culture==
| |
| − | [[Image:Deepbluesea.jpg|thumb|150px|The female mutated mako shark from ''Deep Blue Sea'']]
| |
| − | * Three genetically engineered mako sharks are the chief antagonists of [[1999 in film|1999]] [[science fiction]]/[[horror film]] ''[[Deep Blue Sea]]''.
| |
| − | * A female mako shark also starred in Mathias Bradley's novel, ''Mako: Journey of Discovery'' as the human-friendly ''Sunyui''. In the sequel, ''Mako: Journey of Discovery 2: Sunyui's Family'', ''Sunyui'' becomes the main star at SeaWorld, Japan, along with her mate, ''Rio''. In the end, ''Sunyui'' mates with ''Rio'' and she has two litters of three pups during her two pregnancies.
| |
| − | * A mako shark is also seen on ''[[Jackass 2]]'':The Movie, Steve-O kicks one in the head while being used as human bait in a skit.
| |
| − | * A mako shark appeared in Ernest Hemmingway's novella, ''The Old Man and The Sea''
| |
| − | * A character from the series ''Dino-Riders'' is named Mako, but he resembles a [[hammerhead shark]].
| |
| − | * Mako sharks were mentioned in ''Life of Pi'', by Yann Martel.
| |
| − | * Mako sharks are common around Mako Island; the fictional island from the Nickelodeon series ''H2O: Just Add Water'', where the girls first gain their powers and mermaid tails.
| |
| − | * In the [[Pixar]] film ''[[Finding Nemo]]'', the character, [[List of Finding Nemo characters#Chum|Chum]], is a mako shark.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Notes==
| |
| − | <references /> | |
| − | | |
| − | NJB!!!SO YOU LIKED MY COMMENT!!! #1♦♦♥♠♥♠
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==External links==
| |
| − | * ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/fish/Isurus_oxyrinchus/ images and movies of the shortfin mako ''(Isurus oxyrinchus)'']
| |
| − | * [http://www.snopes.com/photos/animals/yarmouth.asp CANADA: Record Mako Shark Caught]
| |
| − | * {{marinebio|id369|name=Shortfin mako shark, ''Isurus oxyrinchus''}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Lamnidae]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Ovoviviparous fish]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[ca:Solraig]]
| |
| − | [[de:Kurzflossen-Mako]]
| |
| − | [[es:Isurus oxyrinchus]]
| |
| − | [[fr:Requin mako]]
| |
| − | [[ko:청상아리]]
| |
| − | [[it:Isurus oxyrinchus]]
| |
| − | [[lt:Mako ryklys]]
| |
| − | [[nl:Kortvinmakreelhaai]]
| |
| − | [[ja:アオザメ]]
| |
| − | [[no:Makrellhai]]
| |
| − | [[pt:Tubarão-mako]]
| |
| − | [[sk:Mako rýchly]]
| |
| − | [[fi:Makohai]]
| |
| − | [[sv:Makohaj]]
| |
| − | [[vi:Cá mập mako vây ngắn]]
| |
| − | [[zh:尖吻鲭鲨]]
| |
