Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Flower Culture/Answer Key"

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Roses ''Rosa sp.'' are susceptible to a number of pests, diseases and disorders. A large number of the problems affecting roses are seasonal and climatic.<ref>Ross, D.,''Rose-growing for Pleasure'', Lothian Publishing, Melbourne, 1985, ISBN 0 85091 181 8 pp. 27</ref>
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[[Image:Aphid rose.jpg |right|thumb|250px|'''Aphid''' ''Macrosiphum rosae'' feeding on buds and shoots]]
 
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[[Image:Spidermites-gardenia.jpg|right|thumb|250px|'''Two-spotted mite''' ''Tetranychus urticae'' on ''Gardenia spp.'']]
 
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[[Image:Ponticulothrips diospyrosi.jpg|right|thumb|250px|'''Thrips''' ''Thysanoptera sp.'']]
 
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[[Image:Icerya-purchasi.jpg|right|thumb|250px|'''Cottony cushion scale''' ''Icerya purchasi'']] 
 
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[[Image:Leafcutting 1 6431.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Leaf damage caused by '''Leaf cutting bee''' ''Megachile'' sp.]]
 
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[[Image:Nematode nodules.jpg|right|thumb|250px|''Meloidogyne'' sp. nodule damage to roots.]]
 
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[[Image:Aphthona flava flea beetle.jpg|right|thumb|240px|'''Flea beetle''' ''Aphthona flava'']]
 
  
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Certain varieties of roses are naturally more resistant or immune than others to certain pests and diseases.
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<!-- 1. Define each of the following: -->
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A perennial is a plant that lives for more than two years. Perennial plants are divided into two large groups, those that are woody and those that are herbaceous. All woody plants are perennials since they form woody tissue that persists from one year to the next. Woody perennials develop a woody base or root system from which the foliage and flower stems grow year after year while the plant is alive. In common usage the term perennial generally describes herbaceous perennials.
  
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Cultivation requirements of individual rose species and cultivars, when observed, often assist in the prevention of certain pests, diseases and disorders.<ref>Botanica's Organic Gardening, Random House Publishing, Sydney, 2002, ISBN 1 74051 426 2</ref>
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Annuals die each year. Depending on your climate annuals may be for summer planting (in snow regions) or winter planting (in low deserts). These plants produce many flowers and seeds in their life cycle to help perpetuate them. As a result many annuals seem to grow back each year when it is more likely a new plant from a seed has grown in its place.
  
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== Pests ==
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Biennials are plants that live for two years. They generally take on different forms in each of these years, producing seeds only in the second year.
  
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Pests are often considered to be the insects that affect roses:
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<!-- 2. Give general instructions for making a hotbed. What is the difference between a hotbed and a cold frame? -->
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* '''[[Aphids]]''' (Greenfly) (Order [[Hemiptera]]: Family Aphididae) ''[[Macrosiphum rosae]]''
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Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area. Many agricultural soils need drainage to improve production or to manage water supplies.
  
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:::Likely to be found on new shoots and buds, aphids are soft bodied insects 1-2mm long. Often green but occasionally light-brown, and sometimes with wings, they may cover (in a colony) the complete growing tip of the plant. Aphids are most active in spring and summer and multiply at a prodigeous rate feeding on the [[sap]] of the plant by piercing the plant cells via a [[proboscis]]. In large quantities they may seriously retard the growth of the plant and ruin [[buds]]. They are particularly damaging to the new shoots with subsequent damage to the emerging leaves which become malformed with much the same appearance as [[leaf-curl]] in peaches.<ref>Ross, D.,''Rose-growing for Pleasure'', Lothian Publishing, Melbourne, 1985, ISBN 0 85091 181 8 pp. 28</ref>
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In moist climates, soils may be adequate for cropping with the exception that they become waterlogged for brief periods each year, from snow melt or from heavy rains. Soils that are predominantly clay will pass water very slowly downward, meanwhile plant roots suffocate because the excessive water around the roots eliminates air movement through the soil.
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Other soils may have an impervious layer of mineralized soil, called a hardpan or relatively impervious rock layers may underlie shallow soils. Drainage is especially important in tree fruit production. Soils that are otherwise excellent may be waterlogged for a week of the year, which is sufficient to kill fruit trees and cost the productivity of the land until replacements can be established. In each of these cases appropriate drainage is used to carry off temporary flushes of water to prevent damage to annual or perennial crops.
  
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* '''[[Two-spotted mite]]''' (Spider-mites or Red spider mite) (Order Acari: Family Tetranychidae) ''Tetranychus urticae''
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In farming drier areas, irrigation is often used, and one would not consider drainage necessary. However, irrigation water always contains minerals and salts, and these can be concentrated to toxic levels by evapotranspiration. Irrigated land may need periodic flushes with excessive irrigation water and drainage to remove these toxic minerals.
  
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:::Previously known as red-spider mite these [[spider|arachnids]] prefer the underside of leaves and are difficult to see with an unaided eye. Evidence of their presence is silvering of leaves where the mites have destroyed individual leaf [[Cell (biology)|cells]]. Fine webbing and eggs on the undersides of leaves is further evidence of the presence of ''Tetranychus urticae''.
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* '''[[Thrips]]''' (Order [[Thysanoptera]])
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[[Image:Aphids.jpg|right|thumb|250px|'''Aphid''' on rose foliage]]
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[[Image:Spidermites-gardenia.jpg|right|thumb|250px|'''Two-spotted mite''' ''Tetranychus urticae'' on ''Gardenia spp.'']]
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:::Thrips are slim-winged insects 1mm in length, resembling fine black slivers of wood. Preferring light-coloured blooms and often appearing in plague numbers flowers are often left looking bruised and lustreless. <ref>McMaugh, J. What garden pest or diesase is that?, New Holland Publishing, Sydney, 2001</ref>
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[[Image:Ponticulothrips diospyrosi.jpg|right|thumb|250px|'''Thrips''' ''Thysanoptera sp.'']]
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[[Image:Icerya-purchasi.jpg|right|thumb|250px|'''Cottony cushion scale''' ''Icerya purchasi'']]
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* '''[[Caterpillars]]''' (Order [[Lepidoptera]]) See also [[List of Lepidoptera which feed on Roses]]
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[[Image:Megachile rotundata.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Leaf damage caused by '''Leaf cutting bee''' ''Megachile'' sp.]]
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===Aphids=== <!--T:52-->
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::: The tortryx ([[tortrix]]) moth ''Lozotaenia forsterana'' is a prominent pest of roses, although not the sole pest. The caterpillars are green, up to 15mm long, and can be found boring into buds or within curled leaves. When disturbed the caterpillars move swiftly, dropping to the ground on a fine thread. Damage is chewn leaves and flowers and buds with "shot holes".
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Likely to be found on new shoots and buds, aphids are soft bodied insects 1-2mm long. Often green but occasionally light-brown, and sometimes with wings, they may cover (in a colony) the complete growing tip of the plant. Aphids are most active in spring and summer and multiply at a prodigious rate feeding on the sap of the plant by piercing the plant cells via a proboscis. In large quantities they may seriously retard the growth of the plant and ruin buds. They are particularly damaging to the new shoots with subsequent damage to the emerging leaves which become malformed with much the same appearance as leaf-curl in peaches.
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* '''[[Curculio beetles]]''' (Family [[Curculionidae]])
 
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* '''[[Scale insect]]s''' (Order [[Hemiptera]])
 
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: '''Cottony cushion scale''' (Order [[Hemiptera]] : Family Coccoidea) ''[[Icerya purchasi]]''
 
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:::This scale infests twigs and branches. The mature female is oval in shape, reddish-brown with black hairs, 5 mm long. When mature the insect remains stationary and produces an egg sac in grooves, by extrusion, in the body which encases hundreds of red [[egg (biology)|eggs]]. The insect causes little damage but produces copious [[Honeydew (secretion)|honeydew]] (frass) that can cause damaging sooty mould.
 
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: '''California red scale''' (Order [[Hemiptera]] : Family Coccoidea) ''Aonidiella aurantii''
 
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:::A hard scale, orange to orange-pink, the female covering being less than 1.5mm across. Often in plague numbers this scale infests upper surfaces of foliage causing yellowing, leaf fall, and twig and branch [[dieback]]. [[Serious infestations]] can cause plant death.
 
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: '''Rose scale''' (Order [[Hemiptera]] : Family Coccoidea) ''Aulacaspis rosae''
 
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::: Mainly found on the stems and branches of the plant, lack of control will allow the pest to spread to flower stalks and [[petioles]]. At this point the plant would be stunted, spindly and with a white, flaky crust of scales on the bark. Female ''Aulacaspis rosae''may live for 1 year and may lay 80 eggs each with several overlapping generations living within milliimetres of the original parent.<ref>McMaugh, J. What garden pest or diesase is that?, New Holland Publishing, Sydney, 2001</ref>
 
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* '''Leaf cutting bee''' (Order Hymenoptera : Family Megachilidae) ''Megachile spp.''
 
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:::Leafcutter bees are 6-16mm long and mostly black with bands of light-coloured hair. They chew pieces from the edges of leaves. The pieces are regular in shape, circular or oval. Damage is not often significant.
 
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* '''[[Nematodes]]''' (Eelworms)(Order Tylenchida: Family Heteroderidae)
 
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: '''Root-knot nematode''' ''Meloidogyne spp.''
 
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::: See - [[Root-knot nematode]] - symptoms of ''Meloidogyne'' infestation in roses is stunting, slow-growth, pale green leaves and wilting in mild weather.<ref>Botanica's Organic Gardening, Random House Publishing, Sydney, 2002, ISBN 1 74051 426 2</ref>
 
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* '''Metallic flea-beetles''' (Order Coleoptera: Family Chrysomelidae) ''Altica'' spp.
 
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:::The small, shiny and metallic  ''Altica'' beetles have thickened [[legs|hindlegs]] adapted to jumping, similar to [[flea|fleas]]. The insects are 3mm long and chew holes of irregular shapes in young leaves and buds. As the leaves enlarge so do the holes.
 
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== Diseases ==
 
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Fungal, bacterial and viral diseases affect roses:
 
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=== Fungal diseases ===
 
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* '''[[Black Spot]]''' (Class Leotiomycetes: Family Helotiales) ''Marssonina rosae'' syn. ''Diplocarpon rosae''
 
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:::''Marssonina rosae'' causes [[black spot|black spots]] on leaves.<ref>McMaugh, J. What garden pest or diesase is that?, New Holland Publishing, Sydney, 2001</ref> The spots, which may be as much as 12mm across, are generally circular and have an irregular edge often with a yellow halo. Leaves frequently turn yellow and fall early. Sometimes new leaves are produced, and these may also become affected.
 
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:::Continual [[defoliation]] will cause weakness, [[die-back]] or death of the plant. Some very susceptible species may have stems affected with a considerable reduction in plant [[vigour]].
 
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* '''Powdery Mildew''' ''[[Oidium]]'' sp.
 
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:::''Oidium'' produces a very fine, powdery coating on the surface of buds and leaves. Significant cases have stems and particularly thorns, infected. Attacks on young leaves and buds will cause deformity with retardation of growth. Infected buds will fail to open. The disease is likely in hot, humid weather, with fungal spores overwintering on the stems and fallen leaves.
 
  
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* '''[[Downy mildew]]''' (Class Oomycetes : Family Peronosporaceae) ''Peronospora sparsa''
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Important natural enemies include the predatory ladybeetles and lacewings. Ladybeetles can be purchased online for controlling aphids. Insecticidal soaps are an effective chemical control, and row covers can be used early in the season to prevent infestation.
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===Two-spotted mite=== <!--T:10-->
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Previously known as red-spider mite these arachnids prefer the underside of leaves and are difficult to see with an unaided eye. Evidence of their presence is silvering of leaves where the mites have destroyed individual leaf cells. Fine webbing and eggs on the undersides of leaves is further evidence of the presence of ''Tetranychus urticae''.
  
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:::''Peronospora'' causes purple-red to dark-brown spots on the [[leaf|leaves]] with irregular margins, however, often angular. [[Plant stem|Stems]], [[petioles]] and flower stalks can split and spotted with purple marks. [[Buds]], [[sepals]], [[petals]] and [[calyx|calyces]] can be affected and will present purple spots. New growth affected will be deformed. The disease is spread by wind.
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Its natural predator, Phytoseiulus persimilis, commonly used as a biological control method, is one of many predaceous mites which prey exclusively or mainly on spider mites. Like aphids, spider mites can be chemically controlled with insecticidal soap.
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===Thrips=== <!--T:11-->
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Thrips are slim-winged insects 1mm in length, resembling fine black slivers of wood. Preferring light-coloured blooms and often appearing in plague numbers flowers are often left looking bruised and lustreless.
  
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* '''[[Rust]]'''  ''Phragmidium mucronatum''
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Due to their small size, cryptophilic behavior, and high rate of reproduction, thrips are difficult to control using classical biological control. Only two families of parasitoid hymenoptera are known to hunt them, the Eulophidae and the Trichogrammatidae. More effective biocontrol agents include aphid wasps, which prey on adult thrips, as well as anthocorid bugs and Phytoseiid mites, who are small and slender enough to penetrate the crevices that thrips hide in while feeding, and prey extensively on eggs and larvae. For this reason, many growers are occasionally forced to make limited use of pesticides to control thrips populations in the field and in greenhouses.
  
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:::Rose rust appears as yellow patches on the surface of leaves, with orange [[pustules]] of [[spores]] underneath the leaf. The [[fungus]] is spread by wind. Affected leaves fall prior to healthy ones and plants may be [[defoliated]] in serious infections.
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===Caterpillars=== <!--T:13-->
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[[Image:Anthracnose on Rosa rugosa.jpg|right|thumb|250px|'''Anthracnose''' ''Sphaceloma rosarum'' on ''R.rugosa'']]
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The tortryx moth ''Lozotaenia forsterana'' is a prominent pest of roses, although not the sole pest. The caterpillars are green, up to 15mm long, and can be found boring into buds or within curled leaves. When disturbed the caterpillars move swiftly, dropping to the ground on a fine thread. Damage is chewn leaves and flowers and buds with "shot holes".
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* '''[[Anthracnose]]''' ''Sphaceloma rosarum''
 
  
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::: Spots caused by this [[fungus]] originate from a point where leaves are watersoaked, ususally unnoticeable at first, until they turn black with a very distinct defined edge. As the spots enlarge the centre becomes gray and may fall out resulting in a shot-hole appearance. Defoliation may occur but is often not serious. <ref>Ross, D.,''Rose-growing for Pleasure'', Lothian Publishing, Melbourne, 1985, ISBN 0 85091 181 8 pp. 28</ref>
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Caterpillars cause much damage, mainly by destroying leaves. The cotton bollworm causes enormous losses. Other species eat food crops. Caterpillars have been the target of pest control through the use of pesticides, biological control and agronomic practices. Many species have become resistant to pesticides. Bacterial toxins such as those from Bacillus thuringiensis which affect the gut of lepidoptera have been used in sprays of bacterial spores, toxin extracts and also by incorporating genes to produce them within the host plants.
  
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* '''[[Grey mould]]''' (Class Leotiomycetes: Family Sclerotiniceae) ''[[Botrytis cineria]]''
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===Scale insects=== <!--T:14-->
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====Cottony cushion scale====
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This scale infests twigs and branches. The mature female is oval in shape, reddish-brown with black hairs, 5 mm long. When mature the insect remains stationary and produces an egg sac in grooves, by extrusion, in the body which encases hundreds of red eggs. The insect causes little damage but produces copious honeydew that can cause damaging sooty mold.
  
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:::On roses grey mould is prmiarily a disease of the flowers and buds, leaves are infrequently attacked. Infected buds rot on the stem and infection may progress down the stem. On petals ''[[botrytis cineria]]'' produces pink rings.
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Natural predators include the vedalia beetle, ''Rodolia cardinalis'' which, unless disrupted by insecticides, are a very effective biological control.
  
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* '''[[Verticillium wilt]]''' (Class Incertae sedis: Family Verticillium) ''[[Verticillium dahliae]]''
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Ants "farm" cottony cushion scale to harvest the honeydew they produce, so controlling ants goes a long way towards controlling this scale. Ant baits placed near the plants work well for this.
  
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* '''Sooty moulds''' ''Alternaria'' spp.
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Adults are not effectively controlled with insecticides because the cottony egg sacs prevent the chemicals from contacting the females. Also, these pests feed on the underside of leaves making it difficult to reach them with sprayers.
  
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:::Sooty mould appears as black, dry powder on leaves similar to chimney soot. Many sooty moulds grow on the [[Honeydew (secretion)|honeydew]] (frass) produced by sap-sucking insect such as [[aphid|aphids]] and soft scales. ''Alternaria'' does no direct damage to plants but surface cover of leaves will reduce the plants capacity to [[photosynthesis|photosynthesise]] and may create an unsatisfactory plant appearance. <ref>Macoboy, S., Macoboys' Roses, Mallon, Melbourne, 1999, ISBN 1875696008</ref>
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Plant stems can be wrapped with double-sided tape which will catch this pest in its "crawly" stage. After about a week the tape's adhesive becomes ineffective and the tape must be changed. When the tape begins catching the crawlers, insecticidal sprays can be used, as the scale is in its larval stage. However, natural predators are more effective than pesticides, so check for them before spraying. Pesticides may do more harm than good by killing the predators.
  
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*'''[[Canker]]''' ''Leptosphaeria coniothyrium'' and ''Cryptosporella umbrina''
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====Rose scale==== <!--T:19-->
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Mainly found on the stems and branches of the plant, lack of control will allow the pest to spread to flower stalks and petioles. At this point the plant would be stunted, spindly and with a white, flaky crust of scales on the bark. Female ''Aulacaspis rosae'' may live for 1 year and may lay 80 eggs each with several overlapping generations living within milliimetres of the original parent.
  
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:::[[canker|Cankers]] present as small yellowish or reddish spots on bark slowly increasing in size. ''Leptosphaeria coniothyrium'' turns brown, increases in size, and may eventually [[girdle]] the stem. The tissue within the infection begins to dry out and shrink, presenting a shrivelled appearance. If the disease infects only part of the stem, growth above the canker will continue. If it girdles the stem, however, growth will cease and the stem will die. <ref>http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/ipm/disease/rosecank.htm</ref>
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Rose scale can be controlled by spraying with a lime-sulfur solution (one part lime, nine parts sulfur). Application should be made in the winter or early spring.
  
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=== Viral diseases ===
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===Leaf cutting bee=== <!--T:21-->
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[[Image:Rose Maosaic.jpg|right|250px|thumb|''Rose mosaic'' virus on ''R.'' "Queen Elizabeth"]]
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Leafcutter bees are 6-16mm long and mostly black with bands of light-colored hair. They chew pieces from the edges of leaves. The pieces are regular in shape, circular or oval. Damage is not often significant.
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* '''Rose mosaic'''
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[[Image:Window box.jpg|thumb|300px|Window box]]
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A windowbox or window box is a container for growing plants usually positioned outside a window and supported in place by brackets on the wall below.
  
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:::This diesase is caused by a complex or viruses and is charaterised by yellow patterns on the leaves. The patterns vary considerably, ranging between all-over fine blotches to patterns of lines in waves. The patterns may appear on a few or many leaves. Plants are infected by this virus at propagation using infected plant material. <ref>McMaugh, J. What garden pest or diesase is that?, New Holland Publishing, Sydney, 2001</ref>
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Window boxes are often used by apartment-dwellers on higher floors, who do not otherwise have access to a garden or place to grow flowers, and allow the plants to be readily seen by those inside the property as well as outside. A window box is usually only 6"-8" (15-20cm) deep so may not support tall plants. Access for planting and maintenance can be via the window from indoors.
  
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* '''Rose Wilt'''
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Before building a window box, decide where you will mount it. It should be at least as wide as the window you will mount it by or it will tend to look smallish. A window box is most easily constructed using 1"x6" pine lumber. The box should be open on the top and can be held together with nails, screws, or for the more ambitious woodworker, with a box or dovetail joint. It can be fitted with molding and painted to match the house.
  
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:::Rose wilt is a complex of viruses and is referred to as ''dieback'' in some areas. The disease can be spread by [[Vector (biology)|vectors]] such as [[aphids]]. Symptoms are variable and range from stunted growth to curled young leaves. The soft tissue symptoms are more evident in spring and new leaves will reflex towards their own petioles. The affected leaves are brittle and easily fall from the plant. Fully formed leaves will 'wilt' as if the plant were water stressed.
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Once the box is put together, drill holes in the bottom to allow drainage. Line it with plastic sheeting to keep the moist soil off the wood (for the most part), and hold the plastic in place with construction staples. Trim the plastic, and cut holes in it where it lines up with the holes drilled in the bottom. Mount the window box on the house with brackets or screws. Fill with potting soil and plant your flowers.
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=== Bacterial diseases ===
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[[Image:Agrobacteriumgall.jpg|right|thumb|250px|'''Crown gall rot''' ''Agrobacterium rhizogenes'']]
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<!-- 6. Prepare the soil, fertilize, plant, and grow to maturity three different kinds of annuals. -->
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===Soil Preparation=== <!--T:56-->
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===Fertilizing===
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{{:AY Honors/Fertilizing}}
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===Planting===
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{{:AY Honors/Planting}}
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===Growing to Maturity===
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Water the plants after planting them, and keep them well watered afterwards. Watch for pests and take measures to control them as early as possible. You can keep the plants blooming for long periods by "dead-heading" them, that is, plucking off the blossoms as soon as they begin to wither. Dead-heading prevents the plant from producing seeds, so it will try again by making more blossoms.
  
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* '''[[Agrobacterium|Crown gall rot]]''' (Class Alpha Proteobacteria: Family Rhizobiaceae) ''Agrobacterium rhizogenes''
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<!-- 7. Care for two or more perennial flowers growing outdoors for one season by fertilizing, watering, weeding, and treating for pests as needed. Maintain a written record with weekly entries, listing work done. -->
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You can apply the same techniques given above for annuals to care for perennials, but with perennials, there is more impetus to get it right. If you get it right, they will come back the following year. Indeed, if you already have a bed of perennials, there is no need to plant them at all. Just fertilize and water them, and make sure you keep the pests at bay. If the plant makes it through the fall in good health, chances are excellent that it will survive the winter and be healthy again in the spring.
  
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:::This disease is characterised by large lumps at the base of the plant stem or on roots. [[Galls]] may appear higher on stems as the disease progresses. Galls are soft compared to surrounding plant tissues. The [[pathogenic]] [[bacteria]] enter the plant via a wound. If the disease affects the plant whilst it is young the plant may be affected to the degree where it will not produce blooms. All affected plants [[wilt]] readily and grow poorly. <ref>McMaugh, J. What garden pest or diesase is that?, New Holland Publishing, Sydney, 2001</ref>
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Visit your perennials weekly, and for this requirement, jot down what you do. You can write it in a notebook, or even start a blog to record your activities.
  
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== Environmental disorders ==
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[[Image:Rose - frost.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Hoar frost on ''Rosa'' sp.]]
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* '''Frost'''
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<!-- 8. Which three plant nutrients are most important to flowering plants? -->
 +
The three most important plant nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. NPK fertilizers are named for the chemical symbols of these elements: '''N''' for nitrogen, '''P''' for phosphorus, and '''K''' for potassium. Fertilizers are marked with the percentage of each of these nutrients. For example, a fertilizer may be marked as '''18-51-20''', which means it is 18% Nitrogen, 51% Phosphorus, and 20% Potassium. You may notice that these numbers do not add to 100% - the remainder is made up of "fillers". Fillers prevent the nutrients from clumping together and "burning" the plant.
  
−
:::[[Frost]] will destroy fresh growth causing stems and leaves to wilt, turn black and fall away from the plant. Timing pruning to promote growth after the threat of frost is a means to avoid frost damage.
+
<!--T:61-->
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<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
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{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=9}}
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<noinclude><translate><!--T:62-->
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</noinclude>
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<!-- 9. Identify three flowering plants adapted to each of the following conditions: -->
 +
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=9a}}
 +
<noinclude><translate><!--T:63-->
 +
</noinclude>
 +
<gallery>
 +
Image:Begonia Orange Sherbet 2.jpg|Begonia
 +
Image:Wild Columbine 2.jpg|Columbine
 +
Image:Helleborus foetidus2.jpg|Hellebore
 +
Image:Hosta Abiqua Blue Crinkles 1.jpg|Hosta
 +
Image:Chimaphila2.jpg|Pipsissewa
 +
Image:Trailing arbutus 2006.jpg|Trailing arbutus
 +
Image:Blue violet.jpg|Violet
 +
Image:Gaultheria-procumbens-habit.JPG|Wintergreen
 +
</gallery>
  
−
* '''[[Salinity]]'''
+
<!--T:64-->
 +
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
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{{CloseReq}} <!-- 9a -->
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=9b}} <!--T:31-->
 +
<noinclude><translate><!--T:65-->
 +
</noinclude>
 +
* Dusty Miller
 +
* Gazania
 +
* Sweet Alyssum
 +
* Globe amaranth
 +
* Verbena
 +
* Nasturtium
  
−
:::Salinity will present in roses as limp and light brown leaves with dry leaf [[margins]]. Soil may require testing to determine salinity levels. Symptoms will present if salinity is greater than 1200 parts per million. <ref>Ross, D.,''Rose-growing for Pleasure'', Lothian Publishing, Melbourne, 1985, ISBN 0 85091 181 8 pp. 26</ref>
+
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<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
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{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=9c}} <!--T:32-->
 +
<noinclude><translate><!--T:67-->
 +
</noinclude>
 +
* Sunflower
 +
* Sweet Alyssum
 +
* Cosmos
 +
* Dahlia
 +
* Petunia
 +
* Geranium
 +
* Gazania
 +
* Snapdragon
 +
* Verbena
 +
* Zinnia
  
−
* '''[[Herbicide]] Damage'''
+
<!--T:68-->
 +
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
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{{CloseReq}} <!-- 9c -->
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{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=9d}} <!--T:33-->
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<noinclude><translate><!--T:69-->
 +
</noinclude>
 +
* Dahlia
 +
* Marigold
 +
* Lobelia
 +
* Cup flower
 +
* Impatiens
 +
* Pansy
  
−
:::Overspray or soil leaching of herbicidal sprays can present with several symptoms:
+
<!--T:70-->
 +
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
 +
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{{CloseReq}} <!-- 9 -->
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{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=10}}
 +
<noinclude><translate><!--T:71-->
 +
</noinclude>
 +
<!-- 10. What is the purpose of a soil test? -->
 +
The purpose of a soil test is to determine the nutrient content of the soil. This will allow the gardener to select plants that will grow best in the existing soil conditions or to determine what nutrient supplements are required to amend the soil for the intended plants.
  
−
:::Prolonged exposure to overspray of ''[[glyphosate]]''will cause yellow leaves and new leaves will be small and elongated.
+
<!--T:72-->
 +
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
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{{CloseReq}} <!-- 10 -->
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{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=11}}
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<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
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<!-- 11. Make a picture collection of ten annuals, five perennials, and two biennials. Label and know the name of each from memory. -->
 +
===Annuals=== <!--T:73-->
 +
<gallery>
 +
Image:Close begonia.jpg|Begonia
 +
Image:Glockenbluemchen-2004.jpg|Canterbury bells
 +
Image:Orange Cosmos sulphureus.jpg|Cosmos
 +
Image:Geranium sylvaticum2.jpg|Geranium
 +
Image:Impatienswalleriana.jpg|Impatiens (Busy Lizzie)
 +
Image:Flor GDFL 02.JPG|Marigold
 +
Image:Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum.jpg|Nasturtium
 +
Image:Boa noite.jpg|Periwinkle
 +
Image:Petunia.jpg|Petunia
 +
Image:Wiesensalbei 1.jpg|Salvia
 +
Image:Antirrhinum majus b.JPG|Snapdragon
 +
Image:Zinnia-06.06.21.jpg|Zinnia
 +
</gallery>
  
−
:::Hormone weedsprays (e.g. 24-D & 245-T) may cause grotesque new growth with thin twisted leaves and distorted buds. Plants may die in severe cases.
+
===Biennial=== <!--T:36-->
 +
<gallery>
 +
Image:Oenothera biennis 20050825 922.jpg|Evening primroses
 +
Image:Foxglove.jpg|Foxglove
 +
Image:Alpine Forget-Me-Not in Grand Teton NP-NPS.jpg|Forget-me-not
 +
Image:Alcea rosea habito.JPG|Hollyhock
 +
Image:Viola tricolor 2006.jpg|Pansy
 +
Image:Dianthus barbatus.jpg|Sweet William
 +
Image:Verbena2.jpg|Verbena
 +
</gallery>
  
−
:::Pre-emergent [[herbicides]] contacting the plants' [[rootsystem]] via the soil will cause yellowing foliage. Effects of soil borne herbicide may take several years to clear.<ref>Ross, D.,''Rose-growing for Pleasure'', Lothian Publishing, Melbourne, 1985, ISBN 0 85091 181 8 pp. 27</ref>
+
===Perennials=== <!--T:37-->
 +
<gallery>
 +
Image:Lobelia_cardinalis-02.jpg|Cardinal flower
 +
Image:Clematis_`The_President`_a1.jpg|Clematis
 +
Image:Yellow columbine close.jpg|Columbine
 +
Image:Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) v2.jpg|Daylily
 +
Image:Foxglove.jpg|Foxglove
 +
Image:Hellebore flowers.jpg|Hellebore
 +
Image:Hosta Abiqua Blue Crinkles 1.jpg|Hosta
 +
Image:Hortensienbluete.jpg|Hydrangea
 +
Image:Lilla iris randers.jpg|Iris
 +
Image:Lavendel 2.jpg|Lavender
 +
Image:Peony.jpg|Peony
 +
Image:Red rose.jpg|Rose
 +
Image:Tulipa florenskyi 4.jpg|Tulip
 +
</gallery>
  
−
== References ==
+
<!--T:74-->
−
{{Reflist}}
+
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
 +
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 11 -->
  
 +
<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
 +
==References== <!--T:38-->
 +
* http://mostlyorganicgarden.com/NPK_explanation.html
 +
*Wikipedia articles:
 +
** [[w:Cold frame|Cold frame]]
 +
** [[w:Drainage|Drainage]]
 +
** [[w:Hotbed|Hotbed]]
 +
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
  
−
[[Category:Roses]]
+
{{CloseHonorPage}}
−
http://www.perennialandrosegardening.net/Problems_in_the_Garden.html#Problems
 
−
[[Category:Agricultural pest insects]]
 
−
[[Category:Plant pathogens and diseases]]
 
−
[[Category:Horticulture|*]]
 

Latest revision as of 18:53, 21 July 2022

Other languages:
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Flower Culture

Skill Level

1

Year

1938

Version

26.11.2024

Approval authority

General Conference

Flower Culture AY Honor.png
Flower Culture
Outdoor Industries
Skill Level
123
Approval authority
General Conference
Year of Introduction
1938
See also
Farming Master Award


1

Define each of the following:


1a

Perennials


A perennial is a plant that lives for more than two years. Perennial plants are divided into two large groups, those that are woody and those that are herbaceous. All woody plants are perennials since they form woody tissue that persists from one year to the next. Woody perennials develop a woody base or root system from which the foliage and flower stems grow year after year while the plant is alive. In common usage the term perennial generally describes herbaceous perennials.


1b

Annuals


Annuals die each year. Depending on your climate annuals may be for summer planting (in snow regions) or winter planting (in low deserts). These plants produce many flowers and seeds in their life cycle to help perpetuate them. As a result many annuals seem to grow back each year when it is more likely a new plant from a seed has grown in its place.


1c

Biennials


Biennials are plants that live for two years. They generally take on different forms in each of these years, producing seeds only in the second year.



2

Give general instructions for making a hotbed. What is the difference between a hotbed and a cold frame?


Hotbed

A hotbed is a pile of decaying organic matter warmer than its surroundings due to the heat given off by the metabolism of the microorganisms in the decomposing pile. Hotbeds are used for composting and keeping delicate plants warm during the winter.

Cold Frame

A traditional home made cold frame

In agriculture and gardening, a cold frame is a transparent-roofed enclosure, built low to the ground, used to protect plants from cold weather. The transparent top admits sunlight and relies on the greenhouse effect to reflect back radiant heat that would otherwise escape at night. Essentially, a cold frame functions as a miniature greenhouse season extension device.

Cold frames are found in home gardens and in vegetable farming. They create microclimates that provide several degrees of air and soil temperature insulation, and shelter from wind. In cold-winter regions, these characteristics allow plants to be started earlier in the spring, and to survive longer into the fall and winter. They are most often used for growing seedlings that are later transplanted into open ground, and can also be a permanent home to cold-hardy vegetables grown for autumn and winter harvest.

Cold frame construction is a common home or farm building project, although kits and commercial systems are available. A traditional plan makes use of old glass windows: a wooden frame is built 30-60 cm1-2 feet, and the window placed on top. The roof is often sloped towards the winter sun to capture more light, and to improve runoff of water, and hinged for easy access. Clear plastic, rigid or sheeting, can be used in place of glass. An electric heating cable, available for this purpose, can be placed in the soil to provide additional heat.



3

What is drainage? Of what importance is it?


Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area. Many agricultural soils need drainage to improve production or to manage water supplies.

In moist climates, soils may be adequate for cropping with the exception that they become waterlogged for brief periods each year, from snow melt or from heavy rains. Soils that are predominantly clay will pass water very slowly downward, meanwhile plant roots suffocate because the excessive water around the roots eliminates air movement through the soil. Other soils may have an impervious layer of mineralized soil, called a hardpan or relatively impervious rock layers may underlie shallow soils. Drainage is especially important in tree fruit production. Soils that are otherwise excellent may be waterlogged for a week of the year, which is sufficient to kill fruit trees and cost the productivity of the land until replacements can be established. In each of these cases appropriate drainage is used to carry off temporary flushes of water to prevent damage to annual or perennial crops.

In farming drier areas, irrigation is often used, and one would not consider drainage necessary. However, irrigation water always contains minerals and salts, and these can be concentrated to toxic levels by evapotranspiration. Irrigated land may need periodic flushes with excessive irrigation water and drainage to remove these toxic minerals.


4

Name three plant pests and tell how to control them.


Aphid on rose foliage
Two-spotted mite Tetranychus urticae on Gardenia spp.
Thrips Thysanoptera sp.
Cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi
Leaf damage caused by Leaf cutting bee Megachile sp.

Aphids

Likely to be found on new shoots and buds, aphids are soft bodied insects 1-2mm long. Often green but occasionally light-brown, and sometimes with wings, they may cover (in a colony) the complete growing tip of the plant. Aphids are most active in spring and summer and multiply at a prodigious rate feeding on the sap of the plant by piercing the plant cells via a proboscis. In large quantities they may seriously retard the growth of the plant and ruin buds. They are particularly damaging to the new shoots with subsequent damage to the emerging leaves which become malformed with much the same appearance as leaf-curl in peaches.

Important natural enemies include the predatory ladybeetles and lacewings. Ladybeetles can be purchased online for controlling aphids. Insecticidal soaps are an effective chemical control, and row covers can be used early in the season to prevent infestation.

Two-spotted mite

Previously known as red-spider mite these arachnids prefer the underside of leaves and are difficult to see with an unaided eye. Evidence of their presence is silvering of leaves where the mites have destroyed individual leaf cells. Fine webbing and eggs on the undersides of leaves is further evidence of the presence of Tetranychus urticae.

Its natural predator, Phytoseiulus persimilis, commonly used as a biological control method, is one of many predaceous mites which prey exclusively or mainly on spider mites. Like aphids, spider mites can be chemically controlled with insecticidal soap.

Thrips

Thrips are slim-winged insects 1mm in length, resembling fine black slivers of wood. Preferring light-coloured blooms and often appearing in plague numbers flowers are often left looking bruised and lustreless.

Due to their small size, cryptophilic behavior, and high rate of reproduction, thrips are difficult to control using classical biological control. Only two families of parasitoid hymenoptera are known to hunt them, the Eulophidae and the Trichogrammatidae. More effective biocontrol agents include aphid wasps, which prey on adult thrips, as well as anthocorid bugs and Phytoseiid mites, who are small and slender enough to penetrate the crevices that thrips hide in while feeding, and prey extensively on eggs and larvae. For this reason, many growers are occasionally forced to make limited use of pesticides to control thrips populations in the field and in greenhouses.

Caterpillars

The tortryx moth Lozotaenia forsterana is a prominent pest of roses, although not the sole pest. The caterpillars are green, up to 15mm long, and can be found boring into buds or within curled leaves. When disturbed the caterpillars move swiftly, dropping to the ground on a fine thread. Damage is chewn leaves and flowers and buds with "shot holes".

Caterpillars cause much damage, mainly by destroying leaves. The cotton bollworm causes enormous losses. Other species eat food crops. Caterpillars have been the target of pest control through the use of pesticides, biological control and agronomic practices. Many species have become resistant to pesticides. Bacterial toxins such as those from Bacillus thuringiensis which affect the gut of lepidoptera have been used in sprays of bacterial spores, toxin extracts and also by incorporating genes to produce them within the host plants.

Scale insects

Cottony cushion scale

This scale infests twigs and branches. The mature female is oval in shape, reddish-brown with black hairs, 5 mm long. When mature the insect remains stationary and produces an egg sac in grooves, by extrusion, in the body which encases hundreds of red eggs. The insect causes little damage but produces copious honeydew that can cause damaging sooty mold.

Natural predators include the vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis which, unless disrupted by insecticides, are a very effective biological control.

Ants "farm" cottony cushion scale to harvest the honeydew they produce, so controlling ants goes a long way towards controlling this scale. Ant baits placed near the plants work well for this.

Adults are not effectively controlled with insecticides because the cottony egg sacs prevent the chemicals from contacting the females. Also, these pests feed on the underside of leaves making it difficult to reach them with sprayers.

Plant stems can be wrapped with double-sided tape which will catch this pest in its "crawly" stage. After about a week the tape's adhesive becomes ineffective and the tape must be changed. When the tape begins catching the crawlers, insecticidal sprays can be used, as the scale is in its larval stage. However, natural predators are more effective than pesticides, so check for them before spraying. Pesticides may do more harm than good by killing the predators.

Rose scale

Mainly found on the stems and branches of the plant, lack of control will allow the pest to spread to flower stalks and petioles. At this point the plant would be stunted, spindly and with a white, flaky crust of scales on the bark. Female Aulacaspis rosae may live for 1 year and may lay 80 eggs each with several overlapping generations living within milliimetres of the original parent.

Rose scale can be controlled by spraying with a lime-sulfur solution (one part lime, nine parts sulfur). Application should be made in the winter or early spring.

Leaf cutting bee

Leafcutter bees are 6-16mm long and mostly black with bands of light-colored hair. They chew pieces from the edges of leaves. The pieces are regular in shape, circular or oval. Damage is not often significant.


5

Give instructions for making a window box and tell its use.


Window box

A windowbox or window box is a container for growing plants usually positioned outside a window and supported in place by brackets on the wall below.

Window boxes are often used by apartment-dwellers on higher floors, who do not otherwise have access to a garden or place to grow flowers, and allow the plants to be readily seen by those inside the property as well as outside. A window box is usually only 6"-8" (15-20cm) deep so may not support tall plants. Access for planting and maintenance can be via the window from indoors.

Before building a window box, decide where you will mount it. It should be at least as wide as the window you will mount it by or it will tend to look smallish. A window box is most easily constructed using 1"x6" pine lumber. The box should be open on the top and can be held together with nails, screws, or for the more ambitious woodworker, with a box or dovetail joint. It can be fitted with molding and painted to match the house.

Once the box is put together, drill holes in the bottom to allow drainage. Line it with plastic sheeting to keep the moist soil off the wood (for the most part), and hold the plastic in place with construction staples. Trim the plastic, and cut holes in it where it lines up with the holes drilled in the bottom. Mount the window box on the house with brackets or screws. Fill with potting soil and plant your flowers.


6

Prepare the soil, fertilize, plant, and grow to maturity three different kinds of annuals.


Soil Preparation

In general, you should follow the directions included with the plant you buy. Dig a hole to the proper depth as instructed. You will also want to control the soil's pH (acidity). Add lime to increase pH, or add manure to decrease it. Make sure these are well mixed with the soil though, because concentrated clumps can damage your plants. You can buy pH measuring kits and test the soil yourself. The soil should be well tilled and loose.

When you dig a hole to plant in, do not feel compelled to refill that hole with the same soil you removed from it. For the ambitious, there are dozens of soil recipes to choose from, combining loam, vermiculite, peat, lime, fertilizer, sand, compost, charcoal, manure, etc. You usually only need a gallon or so of soil per plant, not 40 acres of perfect dirt.

Fertilizing

Do not over fertilize, and wait four to six weeks after planting before fertilizing. Make a circle around each plant with one ounce of ammonium sulphate in the first year. After that, do the same with two ounces as soon as the plants bloom, and again one month later.

Planting

Again, you should follow the instruction that come with a new plant. You will need to dig a hole to the proper depth, and usually, you will place the plant in the hole so that new soil-line matches the old soil-line. If the plant has become root bound in the container, you need to cut away the roots that are curled around the outside to allow the newer roots within the rootball to grow. Once the plant has been placed in the hole at the proper level, bury the roots. Pack the soil loosely around the root - not tightly!

Lay down a layer of mulch. Mulch helps to control weeds and retain moisture. This will help in the hot summer months. Wood chips are excellent for this. Do not use leaves or sawdust, as these will wick moisture away from the plants and make it difficult for water to penetrate to the roots.

Growing to Maturity

Water the plants after planting them, and keep them well watered afterwards. Watch for pests and take measures to control them as early as possible. You can keep the plants blooming for long periods by "dead-heading" them, that is, plucking off the blossoms as soon as they begin to wither. Dead-heading prevents the plant from producing seeds, so it will try again by making more blossoms.


7

Care for two or more perennial flowers growing outdoors for one season by fertilizing, watering, weeding, and treating for pests as needed. Maintain a written record with weekly entries, listing work done.


You can apply the same techniques given above for annuals to care for perennials, but with perennials, there is more impetus to get it right. If you get it right, they will come back the following year. Indeed, if you already have a bed of perennials, there is no need to plant them at all. Just fertilize and water them, and make sure you keep the pests at bay. If the plant makes it through the fall in good health, chances are excellent that it will survive the winter and be healthy again in the spring.

Visit your perennials weekly, and for this requirement, jot down what you do. You can write it in a notebook, or even start a blog to record your activities.


8

Which three plant nutrients are most important to flowering plants?


The three most important plant nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. NPK fertilizers are named for the chemical symbols of these elements: N for nitrogen, P for phosphorus, and K for potassium. Fertilizers are marked with the percentage of each of these nutrients. For example, a fertilizer may be marked as 18-51-20, which means it is 18% Nitrogen, 51% Phosphorus, and 20% Potassium. You may notice that these numbers do not add to 100% - the remainder is made up of "fillers". Fillers prevent the nutrients from clumping together and "burning" the plant.


9

Identify three flowering plants adapted to each of the following conditions:


9a

Shade


  • Begonia

  • Columbine

  • Hellebore

  • Hosta

  • Pipsissewa

  • Trailing arbutus

  • Violet

  • Wintergreen


9b

Dry soil


  • Dusty Miller
  • Gazania
  • Sweet Alyssum
  • Globe amaranth
  • Verbena
  • Nasturtium


9c

Full sun


  • Sunflower
  • Sweet Alyssum
  • Cosmos
  • Dahlia
  • Petunia
  • Geranium
  • Gazania
  • Snapdragon
  • Verbena
  • Zinnia


9d

Moist soil


  • Dahlia
  • Marigold
  • Lobelia
  • Cup flower
  • Impatiens
  • Pansy



10

What is the purpose of a soil test?


The purpose of a soil test is to determine the nutrient content of the soil. This will allow the gardener to select plants that will grow best in the existing soil conditions or to determine what nutrient supplements are required to amend the soil for the intended plants.


11

Make a picture collection of ten annuals, five perennials, and two biennials. Label and know the name of each from memory.


Annuals

  • Begonia

  • Canterbury bells

  • Cosmos

  • Geranium

  • Impatiens (Busy Lizzie)

  • Marigold

  • Nasturtium

  • Periwinkle

  • Petunia

  • Salvia

  • Snapdragon

  • Zinnia

Biennial

  • Evening primroses

  • Foxglove

  • Forget-me-not

  • Hollyhock

  • Pansy

  • Sweet William

  • Verbena

Perennials

  • Cardinal flower

  • Clematis

  • Columbine

  • Daylily

  • Foxglove

  • Hellebore

  • Hosta

  • Hydrangea

  • Iris

  • Lavender

  • Peony

  • Rose

  • Tulip



References


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