|
|
| (13 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | {{Infobox Horse | + | <noinclude><translate><!--T:1--> |
| | + | </noinclude> |
| | + | |
| | + | <!--T:2--> |
| | + | {{ |
| | + | |
| | + | <!--T:3--> |
| | + | Breed id |
| | |name= Arabian horse | | |name= Arabian horse |
| − | |status = {{StatusDomesticated}}
| |
| | |image=Gatsby.jpg | | |image=Gatsby.jpg |
| − | |image_caption= An Arabian stallion | + | |image2=Julgamento Árabe REFON .jpg |
| − | |altname= Arabian, Arab
| + | |description = |
| − | |country= [[Middle East]], including [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Yemen]], [[Iraq]]
| + | The '''Arabian horse''' is a breed of horse with a reputation for intelligence, spirit, and stamina. With a distinctive head shape and high tail carriage, the Arabian is one of the most easily recognizable horse breeds in the world. |
| − | |group1= Arabian Horse Association (AHA) (United States)
| |
| − | |group2=The Arabian Horse Society of Australia
| |
| − | |group3=World Arabian Horse Organisation
| |
| − | |std1= http://www.arabianhorses.org
| |
| − | |std2= http://www.ahsa.asn.au/ | |
| − | |std3= http://www.waho.org/
| |
| − | |features = finely chisled bone structure, concave profile, arched neck, comparatively level croup, high-carried tail.
| |
| − | |}}
| |
| − | The '''Arabian horse''' is a breed of [[horse]] with a reputation for [[intelligence]], spirit, and stamina. With a distinctive head shape and high tail carriage, the Arabian is one of the most easily recognizable horse breeds in the world. It is one of the oldest [[List of horse breeds|horse breeds]], with [[archaeology|archaeological]] evidence of horses that resemble modern Arabians dating back 4,500 years. Throughout history, Arabian horses from the [[Middle East]] spread around the world by both war and trade, used to improve other breeds by adding speed, refinement, endurance, and good bone. Today, Arabian bloodlines are found in almost every modern breed of riding horse.<ref name="Origin">[http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_history_origin.asp "Origin of the Arabian Horse"], accessed [[November 17]], [[2006]]</ref> | |
| − | | |
| − | The Arabian developed in a [[desert]] climate and was prized by the nomadic [[Bedouin]] people, often being brought inside the family tent for shelter and protection.<ref>[http://www.usef.org/pressbox/images/magazine/pdf/9f17eb24658b529f7516f2d820dceb3b.pdf Schlofler, Patti. "Daughters of the Desert," ''Equestrian,'' November 2004.]</ref> This close relationship with humans has created a horse breed that is good-natured, quick to learn, and willing to please. But the Arabian also developed the high spirit and alertness needed in a horse used for raiding and [[war horse|war]]. This combination of willingness and sensitivity requires modern Arabian horse owners to handle their horses with competence and respect.<ref name="Versatile">[http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_versatile.asp "The Versatile Arabian"]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | "The Versatile Arabian" is a slogan of the breed. Arabians dominate the discipline of [[endurance riding]], and compete today in many other fields of [[equestrianism|equestrian]] activity.<ref name="Athletes">[http://www.arabianhorses.org/home/faq/AskExpert6.asp "Arabians are beautiful, but are they good athletes? - The Versatile Arabian"]</ref> They are one of the top ten most popular [[list of horse breeds|horse breeds]] in the world. Arabian horses are now found worldwide, including the [[United States]] and [[Canada]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]], continental [[Europe]], [[South America]] (especially [[Brazil]]), and its land of origin, the [[Middle East]].
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Breed characteristics==
| |
| − | [[Image:Julgamento Árabe REFON .jpg|thumb|200px|left|A yearling Arabian horse, showing "dished" profile, arched neck, level croup and high-carried tail.]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | Arabian horses have refined, wedge-shaped heads, a broad forehead, large eyes, large nostrils, and small muzzles. Most display a distinctive concave or "dished" profile. Many Arabians also have a slight forehead bulge between their eyes, called the "jibbah" by the [[Bedouin]], that adds additional sinus capacity, believed to have helped the Arabian horse in its native dry desert climate.<ref name="GBE"> Edwards, Gladys Brown. ''The Arabian: War Horse to Show Horse''. Arabian Horse Association of Southern California, Rich Publishing, Revised Collector's edition (1973).</ref><ref name="Upton">Amirsadeghi, Hossein (editor) and Peter Upton, Rik van Lent, photographer. ''Arabians.'' First Chronicle Books, 1998, 2006. ISBN 0811854019</ref> Another breed characteristic is an arched neck with a large, well-set windpipe set on a refined, clean [[Horse anatomy|throatlatch]]. This structure of the [[Horse anatomy|poll]] and throatlatch was called the ''mitbah'' or ''mitbeh'' by the Bedouin, and in the best Arabians is long, allowing flexibility in the [[bridle]] and room for the windpipe.<ref name="Upton"/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Other distinctive features are a relatively long, level [[Horse anatomy|croup]] and naturally high tail carriage. Well-bred Arabians have a deep, well-angled hip and well laid-back shoulder. Most have a compact body with a short back. Some, though not all, have 5 [[lumbar]] [[vertebrae]] instead of the usual 6, and 17 rather than 18 pairs of [[rib]]s.<ref name="GBE"/> Thus, even a small Arabian can carry a heavy rider with ease. Arabians usually have dense, strong bone, sound feet, and good [[hoof]] walls. They are especially noted for endurance.<ref name="Athletes">
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Size===
| |
| − | The breed standard for Arabian horses, as stated by the [[United States Equestrian Federation]], describes the Arabians as standing between 14.1 and 15.1 [[Hand (unit)|hand]]s (140-155 cm) tall, "with the occasional individual over or under."<ref>[http://www.usef.org United States Equestrian Federation Rule Book, Rule XVI, Article 1602] </ref> Thus, all Arabians, regardless of height, are classified as "horses," even though 14.2 hands is the traditional cutoff height between a [[horse]] and a [[pony]]. Because many horse owners in Europe and the Americas prefer taller animals, the Arabian has been bred for increased height, and many Arabians today are between 15 and 16 hands (60-64 inches at the [[withers]]).
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Temperament===
| |
| − | For centuries, Arabian horses lived in the desert in close association with humans.<ref>[http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_history_today.asp "The Arabian Horse Today"]</ref> For shelter and protection from theft, prized war [[Mare (horse)|mares]] were sometimes kept in their owner's tent, close to children and everyday family life.<ref name="GBE"/> Only horses with a naturally good disposition were allowed to reproduce. The result is that Arabians today are one of the few breeds which the [[United States Equestrian Federation]] allows children to exhibit [[Stallion (horse)|stallion]]s in show ring classes limited to riders under 18.<ref>[http://www.usef.org USEF rule book]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | On the other hand, the Arabian is also classified as a "hot-blooded" breed, a category that includes other refined, spirited horses bred for speed, such as the [[Thoroughbred]] and the [[Barb]]. Like other hot-bloods, Arabians' sensitivity and intelligence enable quick learning and greater communication with their riders.<ref name="Versatile"/> However, their intelligence also allows them to learn bad habits as quickly as good ones; they can quickly lose trust in a poor rider, and do not tolerate inept or abusive training practices.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Colors===
| |
| − | {{Main|Equine coat color|Equine coat color genetics}}
| |
| − | The Arabian Horse Association recognizes purebred horses with the coat colors [[Bay (horse)|bay]], [[Gray (horse)|gray]], [[Chestnut (coat)|chestnut]], [[black (horse)|black]], and [[Roan (color)|roan]].<ref>[http://www.arabianhorses.org/registration/Markings/Index.asp "Purebred Registration
| |
| − | How Do I... Determine Color & Markings?"]</ref> Bay is the most common color, followed by gray, and then chestnut. Black is somewhat rare. As noted below, true roan may not actually exist in Arabians; rather, roaning in the Arab could simply be a manifestation of the [[sabino horse|sabino]] or [[rabicano]] genes. All Arabians, no matter the [[equine coat color|coat color]], have black skin, except under white [[horse markings|markings]]. Black skin provided protection from the hot desert sun.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Although many Arabians appear "white," this is the natural action of the [[Gray (horse)|gray]] [[gene]]. Gray horses are born bay, black or chestnut, then get progressively lighter as they age, until their hair coat eventually turns pure white or becomes [[Gray (horse)#The "flea-bitten" gray|"flea-bitten" gray]]. Their skin is black and remains so throughout their life. Therefore, virtually all "white" Arabians are actually grays.<ref>[http://www.arabianhorses.org/registration/Markings/Color.asp "Purebred Registration: What Color Is My Horse?"]</ref> There is no such thing as a genetically "[[white (horse)|white]]" Arabian, although there is an extremely small number of Arabians registered as "white" for other reasons, including fewer than 20 Arabian horses in the world who appear to have "maximum [[sabino horse|sabino]]" traits that include a white coat from birth. (''see'' "Sabino in the Arabian," ''below'').
| |
| − | | |
| − | Black Arabians are not common. There are assorted and contradictory myths about black horses alleged to come from the Bedouin. Some areas considered black Arabians to be a bad omen, in other areas they were a valued treasure. One scientific reason that black is not common is that the black gene is genetically suppressed by the more dominant [[Agouti]] gene that creates the black points of a [[Bay (color)|bay]] horse. Some breeding farms now use [[DNA]] testing to increase the probability of producing black Arabians.
| |
| − | | |
| − | The Bedouin had other assorted beliefs about color. It is also said that a particular type of [[Gray (horse)#The "flea-bitten" gray|"flea-bitten" gray]] with localized aggregations of pigment, known as a "bloody-shouldered" horse, was prized as a superior animal, particularly if a mare. Yet another myth is that the first "bloody shouldered" horse was a mare who mourned her rider, killed in war, and forever kept the stains left from the blood of her long-lost companion.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Colors that do not exist in purebreds====
| |
| − | Purebred Arabians never carry [[dilution gene]]s such as the [[dun gene]], nor the [[cream gene]].<ref name=Color98>{{cite book|author=Beaver, Bonnie V. G.; Sponenberg, D. Phillip|title=Horse color|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|location=College Station|year=1983|pages=98|isbn=0-89096-155-7}}</ref> Because they do not carry any dilution genes, purebred Arabians cannot be [[cremello]], [[perlino]], [[palomino]] or [[buckskin (color)|buckskin]].<ref name=Gower30>{{cite book |author=Jeanette Gower |title=Horse Color Explained |publisher=Trafalgar Square Publishing |location=North Pomfret, Vt |year= 2000|pages=30 |isbn=1-57076-162-0 }}</ref> Arabians also do not the have the "dominant white" (W) gene that produces a true [[White (horse)|white horse]] (with pink skin and blue or light-colored eyes).<ref>[http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/coatcolor.php "Introduction to Coat Color Genetics" Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, UC Davis.] Web site accessed [[January 11]], [[2008]].</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Purebred Arabians today do not have genes for most spotting patterns, such as [[pinto horse|pinto]] or [[Appaloosa]], except for [[Sabino horse|sabino]], discussed ''below''. Spotting or excess white was once thought by some to be a sign of "impure" blood, was disfavored by Arabian breeders, and believed by some to be a mark of impurity until [[DNA]] testing for verification of parentage became standard. For a time, horses with belly spots and other white markings deemed excessive could not even be registered, and even after the rule was softened, excess white was sometimes penalized in the show ring. Nonetheless, there is pictorial evidence from depictions of [[chariot]] horses in [[Ancient Egypt]] and some later artwork that suggests that some of these patterns may have existed in antiquity.<ref name="GBE"/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | To produce horses with Arabian type but coat colors not found in purebreds, Arabians are crossed with other breeds to produce half-Arabians with additional colors.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Thus, though the purebred Arabian produces a limited range of potential colors, there is also a positive side: because they never carry the [[overo|frame overo]] gene ("O"), a purebred Arabian can never produce foals with [[lethal white syndrome]]. In fact, Arabian mares were used as a non-affected population in some of the studies seeking the gene that caused the condition in other breeds.<ref>[http://www.apha.com/breed/lethalwhites01.html Walker, Dawn, "Lethal Whites: A Light at the End of the Tunnel." ''Paint Horse Journal'', February 1997.] Web page accessed [[January 11]] , 2008</ref> However, a partbred Arabian can, in some cases, carry these genes if the non-Arabian parent was a carrier.<ref>[http://www.vetgen.com/equine-xc-overo.html Nicola M.A. Parry, BSc, MSc, BVSc, DACVP. "xc overo/lethal white" Excerpted from: ''Compendium,'' Vol 27(12) December 2005 p. 945 -950.] Web page accessed [[January 11]], [[2008]]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Sabino in the Arabian====
| |
| − | {{Main|Sabino horse}}
| |
| − | One spotting pattern, [[sabino horse|sabino]], does exist in purebred Arabians. The sabino gene (or gene-complex), produces white [[horse markings|markings]] such as "high white" on the legs (above the knees and hocks), irregular spotting on the legs, belly and face, white markings that extend beyond the eyes or under the chin and jaw, and occasionally, roaning.<ref>[http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/coatcolorhorse.php "Sabino 1", accessed January 11, 2008]</ref> While, many Arabians meet the definition of having minimal to moderately expressed sabino characteristics,<ref name="SAHR">[http://www.sahr.homestead.com/rulesregs.html Sabino Arabian Horse Registry; "Rules and Regulations," accessed April 1, 2007]</ref> Sabino Arabians, particularly those that appear to be nearly white, are controversial.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Today, some researchers call "Sabino-white" horses - those that are over 90% white (with pink skin) - "maximum" sabinos.<ref>[http://www.mfthba.com/ColorPanel/CPArticle7.htm "Why Color Your Horse?"]</ref> "Sabino-white" is exceedingly uncommon, possibly exhibited by as few as eleven Arabians worldwide.<ref>http://www.esplendour.com/sabino.html </ref><ref>[http://www.mapleridgefarm.homestead.com/rkhasper.html A maximum sabino Arabian]</ref> Some groups consider a "Maximum" Sabino to be a horse that is over 50% white.<ref name="SAHR"/> In either case, studies at the [[University of California, Davis]] indicate that the gene (or genes) which produces sabino in Arabians does not appear to be the [[autosome|autosomal]] [[dominant gene]] "SB1" or "Sabino1," that often produces completely [[white (horse)|white]] horses in other breeds. To date Arabians do not appear to carry it.<ref>[http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/coatcolorhorse.php "Sabino 1", accessed January 11, 2008]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Rabicano or roan?====
| |
| − | {{Main|rabicano}}
| |
| − | [[Image:Dancingcolors.jpg|thumb|right|An extensively expressed rabicano Arabian horse]]
| |
| − | Another unusual color pattern seen on rare occasions in Arabians is [[rabicano]]. This is a partial [[Roan (color)|roan]]-like pattern, often slight, usually limited to the belly, flanks, legs, tailhead, or any combination of these areas. Unlike a true roan, a rabicano horse's body does not have intermingled white and solid hairs over the entire body, nor are the legs or head significantly darker.<ref>[http://www.mustangs4us.com/Horse%20Colors/rabicano.htm "Rabicano,"] Web site accessed [[February 9]], [[2007]].]</ref><ref>[http://equine-ranch.com/colorchart.php "DNA Guide." Web site accessed January 4, 2007]</ref> There is debate over whether [[Roan (color)|roan]] Arabians actually exists. Some [[geneticist]]s suggest that roaning in purebred Arabians is actually the action of the [[rabicano]] or [[sabino horse|sabino]] genes.<ref>[http://greenfield.fortunecity.com/dreams/799/hc/rabicano.htm "Rabicano." Web page accessed January 4, 2007]</ref> There are very few Arabians registered as "roan," and fewer, if any, have been DNA tested for the roan gene. Another area of confusion is that some people confuse a young grey horse with a roan because of the intermixed hair colors common to both. However, a roan does not change color with age, while a gray does.<ref>[http://www.horse-genetics.com/roan-horses.html "Roan horses"]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Influence on other horse breeds==
| |
| − | Because of the genetic strength of the desert-bred Arabian horse, Arabian bloodlines have played a part in the development of nearly every modern light horse breed, including the [[Thoroughbred]], [[American Quarter Horse]], [[Morgan horse|Morgan]], [[American Saddlebred]], [[Appaloosa]] and [[Warmblood]] breeds such as the [[Oldenburg]] and the [[Trakehner]]. Arabian bloodlines have also influenced the development of the [[Welsh Pony]], the [[Marwari]] and the [[Percheron]] [[draft horse]].
| |
| − | | |
| − | Today, people cross Arabians with other breeds to add refinement, endurance and soundness. In the USA, Half-Arabians have their own registry within the Arabian Horse Association, which includes a special section for [[Anglo-Arabian]]s, an Arabian-Thoroughbred cross. Some crosses originally registered only as Half-Arabians became popular enough to have their own breed registry, including the [[National Show Horse]], an Arabian-Saddlebred cross; the [[Quarab]] (Arabian-Quarter Horse); the [[Welara]] (Arabian-Welsh Pony); and the [[Morab]] (Arabian-Morgan). In addition, some Arabians and Half Arabians have been approved for registration by some [[Warmblood]] registries, particularly the Trakehner registry.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Mythology==
| |
| − | Arabian horses are the topic of many romantic legends. The most popular are those told about their origins.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | One creation myth tells how [[Muhammad]] chose his foundation mares by a test of their courage and loyalty. While there are several variants on the tale, one common version states that after a long journey through the desert, Muhammad turned his herd of horses loose to race to an oasis for a desperately-needed drink of water. Before the herd reached the water, he blew his war horn, summoning the animals to return to him. Only five mares responded. Because they faithfully returned to their master, even though desperate with thirst, these mares became his favorites and were called ''[[Al Khamsa]],'' meaning, ''the five.'' These mares thus became the legendary founders of the five choice "strains" of the Arabian horse.<ref>[http://www.datadubai.com/horse2.htm "The Five Favourite horses of the Prophet Mohammed (PBUH)"]</ref> Although the ''Al Khamsa'' are probably fictional horses of legend,<ref name="Upton"/> some breeders today claim the modern Bedouin Arabian actually descended from these mares.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Another tale claims that King [[Solomon]] of [[Ancient Israel]] was said to have been given a pure Arabian-type mare named Safanad ("the pure") by the [[Queen of Sheba]].<ref name="Upton"/> Another version says that Solomon gave his renowned stallion, Zad el-Raheb or Zad-el-Rakib ("Gift to the Rider") to the Banu Azd people when they came to pay tribute to the king. This legendary stallion was said to be faster than the zebra and the gazelle, and every hunt with him was successful, thus the Arabs put him to stud and he became a founding sire of legend.<ref name="Upton"/><ref name="Chamberlin">Chamberlin, J. Edward. ''Horse: How the Horse Has Shaped Civilizations.'' Bluebridge, 2006, p. 166-167 ISBN 0-9742405-9-1</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Yet another creation myth puts the origin of the Arabian in the time of [[Ishmael]], the son of [[Abraham]]. In this story, the Angel [[Gabriel#Gabriel in Islam|Jibril]] (also known as [[Gabriel]]) descended from Heaven and awakened Ishmael with a "wind-spout" that whirled toward him. The Angel then commanded the thundercloud to stop scattering dust and rain, and so it gathered itself into a prancing, handsome creature--a horse--that seemed to swallow up the ground. Hence, the Bedouins bestowed the title "Drinker of the Wind" to the first Arabian horse, a stallion named ''Kuhaylah.''<ref>[http://www.wiwfarm.com/kuhaylan.htm "The Legend of the Kuhaylan Strain,"] originally published in "The Kuhaylat," Volume 1, 1990</ref>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Another [[Bedouin]] story states that [[Allah]] created the Arabian horse from the four winds; spirit from the North, strength from the South, speed from the East, and intelligence from the West. While doing so, he exclaimed, "I create thee, Oh Arabian. To thy forelock, I bind Victory in battle. On thy back, I set a rich spoil and a Treasure in thy loins. I establish thee as one of the Glories of the Earth... I give thee flight without wings."<ref>[http://nabataea.net/horse.html "The Arabian Horse and the Nabataeans," attributing source to an Ancient Bedouin Legend citing Byford, et al. ''Origination of the Arabian Breed'']</ref> Other versions of the story claim [[Allah]] said to the South Wind: "I want to make a creature out of you. Condense." Then from the material condensed from the wind, he made a ''kamayt''-colored animal (a [[bay (horse)|bay]] or burnt [[chestnut (coat)|chestnut]]) and said: "I call you Horse; I make you Arabian and I give you the chestnut color of the ant; I have hung happiness from the forelock which hangs between your eyes; you shall be the Lord of the other animals. Men shall follow you wherever you go; you shall be as good for flight as for pursuit; you shall fly without wings; riches shall be on your back and fortune shall come through your meditation."<ref>[http://books.google.com/ Sumi, Akiko Motoyoshi. ''Description in Classical Arabic Poetry: Waṣf, Ekphrasis, and Interarts ''] "Contest as ceremony: A pre-Islamic Poetic Contest in horse description of Imru' Al-Qays vs 'Alqaman Al-Fahl" ''Quoting'' Letter of the Emir Abd-el-Kader to General E. Daumas in Daumas, ''The Horses of the Sahara.'', Brill: 2003 p. 19, ISBN 9004129227</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Origins==
| |
| − | [[Image:Antoine-Jean Gros 003.jpg|thumb|An Arabian horse in the desert. Antoine-Jean Gros, c. 1810]]
| |
| − | Arabians are one of the oldest human-developed breeds in the world. The original wild [[progenitor]]s, the [[Evolution of the horse#The Four Foundations theory|Oriental subtype]] or "Proto-Arabian" was a horse with ''oriental'' characteristics similar to the modern Arabian. These horses appeared in rock paintings and inscriptions in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] as far back as 2,500 B.C.<ref> [http://www.saudiembassy.net/Publications/MagSpring97/horse.htm "Preserving the Arabian Horse in its Ancestral Land"] ''Saudi Arabia Magazine'' Spring, 1997</ref> In [[ancient history]], throughout the [[Ancient Near East]], horses with refined heads and high-carried tails were depicted in artwork, particularly that of [[Ancient Egypt]]. Proto-Arabians may have been brought to Egypt by the [[Hyksos]] invaders.<ref name="GBE"/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Desert roots===
| |
| − | There are different theories about where the wild ancestor of the Arabian originally lived. Most evidence suggests the "proto Arabian" or "Oriental" horse came from the area along the northern edge of the Fertile Crescent.<ref name="Bennett">Bennett, Deb. ''Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship''. Amigo Publications Inc; 1st edition 1998. ISBN 0-9658533-0-6</ref> Others argue for the southwestern corner of the Arabian peninsula, in modern-day [[Yemen]], where three now-dry riverbeds suggest good natural pastures existed long ago, though perhaps as far back as the [[Ice Age]].<ref name="GBE"/><ref name="Origin"/><ref>[http://www.imh.org/imh/bw/arabian.html#hist "Arabian"] Web Page, accessed [[May 15]], [[2006]].</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Some scholars of the Arabian horse theorized that the Arabian came from a separate subspecies of horse, called ''Equus agilus''.<ref name="GBE"/> However, Gladys Brown Edwards, a noted Arabian researcher, as well as other scholars, believe that the "dry" oriental horse of the desert, from which the modern Arabian developed, was more likely one of the [[Horse#The .22Four Foundations.22 theory|four foundation]] subtypes of ''[[Equus caballus]]'' that had specific characteristics based on the environments in which they lived, rather than being a separate subspecies.<ref name="Domestication"/><ref name="Bennett"/><ref name="GBE"/> Horses with similar, though not identical, physical characteristics include the now-extinct [[Turkoman Horse]], the [[Barb (horse)|Barb]] of North Africa and the [[Akhal-Teke]] of western Asia.
| |
| − | | |
| − | The Arabian horse prototype may have been [[Domestication of the horse|domesticated]] by the people of the [[Arabian peninsula]] known today as the [[Bedouin]], sometime after they learned to use the [[camel]], approximately 4,000-5,000 years ago.<ref name="Domestication">[http://www.equiworld.net/uk/horsecare/evolution/domestication.htm "Domestication"] </ref><ref name="Origin"/><ref>Lumpkin, Susan [http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/1999/5/camelservicesurvival.cfm "Camels: Of Service and Survival"]''Zoogoer'' September/October 1999.</ref> However, other scholars, noting that horses were common in the [[Fertile Crescent]] but rare in the Arabian peninsula prior to the rise of [[Islam]], theorize that the breed as it is known today only developed in large numbers when the conversion of the [[Persian people|Persians]] to Islam in the 7th century A.D. brought knowledge of horse breeding and horsemanship to the Bedouin.<ref>[http://www.frankhopkins.com/mustangsA.html Bennett, Deb. "The Spanish Mustang: The Origin and Relationships of the Mustang, Barb, and Arabian Horse"]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Regardless of origins, climate and culture ultimately created the Arabian. The desert environment required a domesticated horse to cooperate with humans to survive. Humans were the only providers of food and water in certain areas, and even hardy Arabian horses needed far more water than camels in order to survive (most horses can only live about 72 hours without water). Where there was no pasture or water, the Bedouin fed their horses [[dates]] and camel's milk.<ref name="GBE"/> The desert horse needed to thrive on very little food, and have anatomical traits to compensate for life in a dry climate with wide temperature extremes from day to night. Weak individuals were weeded out of the breeding pool, and the animals that remained were honed by centuries of human warfare.
| |
| − | | |
| − | In return, the Bedouin way of life depended on camels and horses: Arabians were bred to be [[horses in warfare|war horses]] with speed, endurance, soundness, and intelligence.<ref name="Expert4">[http://www.arabianhorses.org/home/faq/AskExpert4.asp "What is "type" and how can I identify good conformation for an Arabian?" Arabian Horse FAQ]</ref> Because many raids required stealth, mares were preferred over stallions because they were quieter and would not give away the position of the fighters. A good disposition was critical; prized war mares were often brought inside family tents to prevent theft and for protection from weather and predators. Though appearance was not necessarily a survival factor, the Bedouin bred for refinement and beauty in their horses as well as for more practical features.<ref name="Expert4"/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Strains and pedigrees===
| |
| − | For centuries, the Bedouin tracked the ancestry of each horse through an [[oral tradition]]. Horses of the purest blood were known as ''[[Asil]]'' and crossbreeding with non-''Asil'' horses was forbidden. [[Mare (horse)|Mares]] were the most valued, both for riding and breeding, and pedigree families were traced through the female line. The Bedouin did not believe in [[gelding]] male horses, and considered [[Stallion (horse)|stallions]] too intractable to be good war horses, thus they kept very few male [[foal]]s ([[colt (horse)|colts]]), selling most, and culling those of poor quality.<ref name="GBE"/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Over time, the Bedouin developed several sub-types or ''strains'' of Arabian horse, each with unique characteristics. According to the [[Arabian Horse Association]], the five primary strains were known as the Keheilan, Seglawi, Abeyan, Hamdani and Hadban.<ref>[http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_history_bedouin.asp Arabian Horse Association. "Horse of the Desert Bedouin"]. Retrieved [[April 25]], [[2006]].</ref> There were also lesser strains, sub-strains, and regional variations in strain names.<ref>[http://www.ecyberstable.com/PDF/IranianAsilHorse.pdf "Iranian Asil Horse" Web page accessed January 15, 2008.]</ref> Thus, many Arabian horses were not only ''Asil'', of pure blood, but also bred to be pure in strain as well, with crossbreeding between strains discouraged, though not forbidden, by some tribes. Purity of bloodline was very important to the Bedouin, and they also believed in [[Telegony (pregnancy)|telegony]], believing if a mare was ever bred to a stallion of "impure" blood, the mare herself and all future offspring would be "contaminated" by the stallion and hence no longer ''Asil.''<ref name="GBE"/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | This complex web of bloodline and strain was an integral part of Bedouin culture. The Bedouin knew the pedigrees and history of their best war mares in detail, via an oral tradition that also tracked the breeding of their camels, [[Saluki]] dogs, and their own family or tribal history.<ref name="WAHO">[http://www.waho.org/History.html "Is Purity the Issue?" Section: 'General Introduction,' ''WAHO Publication Number 21,'' January 1998]</ref> Eventually, written records began to be kept; the first written pedigrees in the middle east that specifically used the term "Arabian" date to 1330 A.D.<ref name="Pyramid Society"> Lewis, Barbara S. [http://www.pyramidarabians.com/news/articles/arabianmystique.html "Egyptian Arabians: The Mystique Unfolded"] The Pyramid Society, web page, accessed [[May 10]], [[2006]]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Important as strain was to the Bedouin, studies of [[mitochondrial DNA]] suggest that modern Arabian horses recorded to be of a given strain may not necessarily share a common maternal ancestry.<ref>Bowling, A. T., A. Del Valle, M. Bowling. "A pedigree-based study of mitochondrial d-loop DNA sequence variation among Arabian horses." ''Animal Genetics,'' Volume 31 Issue 1, January 2000, p. 1</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Historical development==
| |
| − | ===Role in the ancient world===
| |
| − | [[Image:Hittite Chariot.jpg|thumb|[[Hittites|Hittite]] chariot (drawing of an [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] relief)]]
| |
| − | Fiery [[war horse]]s with dished faces and high-carried tails were popular artistic subjects in [[Ancient Egypt]] and [[Mesopotamia]], often depicted pulling chariots in war or for hunting. Horses with oriental characteristics appear in artwork as far north as that of [[Ancient Greece]] and the [[Roman Empire]]. While the horse wasn't called an "Arabian" in the [[Ancient Near East]] until later, (the word "Arabia" itself only first appeared in writings by the ancient [[Persian people|Persian]]s, circa 500 B.C.,<ref name="GBE"/>) these "proto-Arabian" or "Oriental" horses shared many characteristics with the modern Arabian, including speed, endurance, and refinement. For example, a horse skeleton unearthed in the [[Sinai]] peninsula, dated to 1700 B.C., is considered the earliest physical evidence of the horse in [[Ancient Egypt]]. It was probably brought by the [[Hyksos]] invaders. This horse had a wedge-shaped head, large eye socket and small muzzle, all characteristics of the Arabian horse.<ref name="Upton"/>
| |
| − | ===Arabian horses in Islamic history===
| |
| − | [[Image:Higueruela.jpg|thumb|right|[[Battle of Higueruela]], 1431. Spanish fighting the Moorish forces of [[Nasrid dynasty|Sultan Muhammed IX]] of [[Granada]]. Note the differences in tail carriage of the various horses in the painting. The Arabian's high-carried tail is a distinctive trait that is seen even in part-blooded offspring.]]
| |
| − | Following the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] in A.D. 622 (also sometimes spelled Hegira), the Arabian horse spread across the known world of the time, became recognized as a distinct, named breed, and played a significant role in the [[History of the Middle East]] and of [[Islam]].<ref name="Bennett"/> By A.D. 630, [[Muslim]] influence expanded across the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]]. By A.D. 711, Muslim warriors had reached [[Spain]], and controlled most of the [[Iberian]] peninsula by 720. Their mounts were of various oriental types, including both Arabians and the [[Barb]] horse of North Africa.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Muslim invaders reached as far north as [[France]], where they were stopped by [[Charles Martel]] at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732. Arabians and other oriental breeds captured in the wake of this defeat were crossed with local horses, adding agility to the heavier animals, influencing the development of the [[Percheron]].<ref>[http://www.percheron.org.uk/about/ British Percheron Horse Society]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===From the Middle East to Europe===
| |
| − | Muslim invasions were not the only way Arabians reached [[Europe]]. During the [[Crusades]], beginning in 1095, European armies invaded [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and many [[knight]]s returned home with Arabian horses as spoils of war. As the [[knight]]s and the heavy, armored [[horses in warfare|war horse]]s who carried them obsolete, Arabian horses and their descendants were used to develop faster, agile light [[cavalry]] horses that were used in warfare into the 20th century.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Another way Arabian horses spread to the rest of the world was through the [[Ottoman Empire]], which rose in 1299, and came to control much of the [[Middle East]]. Though it never fully dominated the heart of the [[Arabian Peninsula]], this [[Turkish people|Turkish]] empire obtained many Arabian horses through trade, diplomacy and war. Ottoman nobility, such as [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]] also collected pure, desert-bred Arabian horses. These horses often were sold, traded, or given as diplomatic gifts to Europeans and, later, to Americans.
| |
| − | | |
| − | One major infusion of Arabian horses into Europe occurred when the [[Ottoman Turks]] sent 300,000 horsemen into [[Hungary]] in A.D. 1522. Many Turks were mounted on pure-blooded Arabians, captured during raids into Arabia. By 1529, the Ottomans reached [[Vienna]], where they were stopped by the Polish and Hungarian armies, who captured Arabians from the defeated Ottoman cavalry. Some of these horses provided foundation stock for the major studs of eastern Europe.<ref name="Harrigan"> Harrigan, Peter. [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200106/the.polish.quest.for.arabian.horses.htm "The Polish Quest For Arabian Horses"] ''Saudi Aramco World'' November/December 2001</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Polish and Russian breeding programs===
| |
| − | [[Image:Evstafy Sangushka.jpg|thumb|Several noble families of [[Poland]] became major breeders of Arabian horses. Eustachy Sanguszko (1768-1844), painted by Juliusz Kossak]] With the rise of [[light cavalry]], the stamina and agility of horses with Arabian blood gave an enormous military advantage to any army who possessed them. Thus, many European monarchs began to support large breeding establishments that crossed Arabians on local stock. One example was the Imperial Russian Stud of [[Peter the Great]], and another was Knyszyna, the royal stud of Polish king [[Zygmunt II August]].<ref name="Harrigan"/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | European horse breeders also obtained Arabian stock directly from the desert or via trade with the Ottomans. For example, Count Alexey [[Orlov#Alexey Grigoryevich Orlov|Orlov]] of [[Russia]] obtained many Arabians, including [[Smetanka]], an Arabian stallion who was a foundation sire of the [[Orlov trotter]].<ref name="Russian"> [http://www.horses.ru/arabian/hist_main.htm "History of the Russian Arabian"], accessed [[May 9]], [[2006]]</ref> Orlov provided Arabian horses to [[Catherine the Great]], who in 1772 owned 12 pure Arabian stallions and 10 mares. Eventually, to meet the need to breed purebred Arabians as a source of pure bloodstock, the renowned [[stud farm]] that came to be known as the [[Tersk]] Stud of Russia was established in 1889.<ref name="Russian"/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Notable imports from Arabia to [[Poland]] included those of Prince Hieronymous [[Sanguszko]] (1743-1812), who founded the Slawuta stud. Poland's first state-run Arabian stud farm, [[Janow Podlaski]], was established by the decree of [[Alexander I of Russia]] in 1817.<ref>[http://www.angelfire.com/mi4/polcrt/Arab.html Odrowaz-Sypniewska, Margaret. "Polish Arabian Horses," accessed January 6, 2007]</ref>By 1850, the great stud farms of Poland were well-established, including Antoniny, owned by the Polish Count [[Potocki]] (who had married into the Sanguszko family); later notable as the farm that produced the stallion [[Skowronek]].
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Western Europe===
| |
| − | [[Image:Darley Arabian.jpg|thumb|The Darley Arabian, a foundation sire of the [[Thoroughbred]].]]
| |
| − | The 18th century marked the establishment of most of the great Arabian studs of Europe, dedicated to preserving "pure" Arabian bloodstock. One example was the Babolna Stud of [[Hungary]], set up in 1789, and the Weil stud in [[Germany]] (now known as Weil-Marbach or [[Marbach stud]]), founded in 1817 by King [[Wilhelm I]] of [[Wurttemberg]].<ref>[http://vzap-server.de/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26&Itemid=28 "Marbach"]</ref> Arabians were also introduced into European racehorse breeding, especially in [[England]] via the [[Darley Arabian]], [[Byerly Turk]], and [[Godolphin Arabian]], the three foundation stallions of the modern [[Thoroughbred]] breed, who were each brought to England in the 1700s. Other monarchs obtained Arabian horses, often as personal mounts. One of the most famous Arabian stallions in Europe was [[Marengo (horse)|Marengo]], the [[horses in warfare|war horse]] ridden by [[Napoleon Bonaparte]].
| |
| − | [[Image:Wilhelm I - Pferd.jpg|left|thumb|King Wilhelm I on a horse of Arabian type]]
| |
| − | During the mid-1800s, the need for Arabian blood to improve the breeding stock for [[light cavalry]] horses in Europe resulted in more excursions to the Middle East. [[Queen Isabel II]] of [[Spain]] sent representatives of the crown to the desert to purchase Arabian horses and by 1847 had established a stud book. Her successor, [[King Alfonso XII]] imported additional bloodstock from other European nations. By 1893, the state military stud farm, [[Yeguada Militar]] was established in [[Cordoba, Spain]] for breeding both Arabian and [[Iberian horse]]s. The military remained heavily involved in the importation and breeding of Arabians in Spain well into the early 20th century, and the Yeguada Militar is still in existence today.<ref name="Campiglio">[http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_bloodlines_spanish.asp Elizabeth G. Campiglio. "Spanish Bloodlines." web site accessed [[October 2]], [[2007]]]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | This period also marked a period of considerable travel to the [[Middle East]] by European civilians and minor nobility, and in the process, some travelers noticed that the Arabian horse as a pure breed of horse was under threat due to modern forms of [[war]]fare, crossbreeding and other problems that were reducing the horse population of the Bedouin tribes at a rapid rate.<ref name="GBE"/> By the late 1800s, the most farsighted began in earnest to collect the finest Arabian horses they could find in order to preserve the blood of the pure desert horse for future generations. The most famous example was [[Lady Anne Blunt]], the daughter of [[Ada Lovelace]] and granddaughter of [[Lord Byron]].<ref name="Wentworth">Wentworth, Judith Anne Dorothea Blunt-Lytton. ''The Authentic Arabian Horse,'' 3rd ed. George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1979.</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===The rise of the Crabbet Park Stud===
| |
| − | {{Main|Crabbet Arabian Stud}}
| |
| − | {{See also|Judith Blunt-Lytton, 16th Baroness Wentworth|Lady Anne Blunt|Wilfred Scawen Blunt}}
| |
| − | [[Image:LadyAnneBlunt and Kasida.jpg|thumb|Lady Anne Blunt with her favorite Arabian mare, Kasida]]
| |
| − | Perhaps the most famous of all Arabian breeding operations founded in Europe was the [[Crabbet Arabian Stud|Crabbet Park Stud]] of [[England]], founded 1878.<ref>[http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_bloodlines_crabbet.asp "Crabbet Arabians"]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Starting in 1877, [[Wilfrid Scawen Blunt]] and [[Lady Anne Blunt]] made repeated journeys to the Middle East, including visits to the stud of [[Ali Pasha Sherif]] in [[Egypt]] and to Bedouin tribes in the [[Najd|Nejd]], bringing the best Arabians they could find to England. Lady Anne also purchased and maintained the [[Sheykh Obeyd]] stud farm in [[Egypt]], near [[Cairo]]. Upon Lady Anne's death in 1917, the Blunts' daughter, [[Judith Blunt-Lytton, 16th Baroness Wentworth|Judith, Lady Wentworth]], inherited the Wentworth title and Lady Anne's portion of the estate. She obtained the remainder of the Crabbet Stud following a protracted legal battle with her father, Wilfrid.<ref name="Wentworth"/> Lady Wentworth expanded the stud, added new bloodstock, and exported Arabian horses worldwide. Upon Lady Wentworth's death in 1957, the stud passed to her manager, Cecil Covey, who ran Crabbet until 1971, when a freeway was cut through the property, forcing the sale of the land and dispersal of the horses.<ref>Archer, Rosemary, Colin Pearson and Cecil Covey. ''The Crabbet Arabian Stud: Its History and Influence''. Crabbet Organisation, 1978. ISBN 0-906382-13-0</ref><ref name="GBE"/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Egypt===
| |
| − | Historically, Egypt was known for importing horses bred in the deserts of [[Palestine]] and the [[Arabian peninsula]] rather than as a source of native bloodstock.<ref name="Wentworth"/> However, the Egyptians had been doing so for millennia, dating at least as far back as the refined, high-tailed, dish-faced [[chariot]] horses of the [[Hyksos]] invaders.<ref name="GBE"/> By the time that the [[Ottoman Empire]] dominated Egypt, the political elites of the region still recognized the need for quality bloodstock for both war and for [[horse racing]], and some continued to return to the deserts to obtain pure-blooded Arabians. One of the most famous was [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]], also known as Muhammad Ali Pasha, who established an extensive stud farm in the 19th century.<ref name="GBE"/> After his death, some of his stock was bred on by [[Abbas I of Egypt]], also known as Abbas Pasha. When Abbas Pasha was assassinated in 1854, his heirs sold most of his horses, often for crossbreeding, and gave away many others as diplomatic gifts.<ref name="Wentworth"/> A remnant was obtained by [[Ali Pasha Sherif]], who then went back to the desert to bring in new bloodstock. At its peak, the stud of Ali Pasha Sherif had over 400 purebred Arabians.<ref>[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/717/feature.htm "Straight Down the Line", ''Al-Ahram Weekly Online,'' 18 - 24 November 2004, Issue No. 717. Web site accessed January 20, 2007]</ref> Unfortunately, an epidemic of [[African horse sickness]] in the 1870s that killed thousands of horses throughout Egypt decimated much of his herd and wiped out several irreplaceable bloodlines.<ref name="Wentworth"/> Late in his life, he sold several horses to [[Wilfrid Scawen Blunt|Wilfred]] and [[Lady Anne Blunt]], who exported them to [[Crabbet Arabian Stud|Crabbet Park Stud]] in [[England]]. After his death, Lady Anne was able to gather many remaining horses at her [[Sheykh Obeyd]] stud.<ref name="Wentworth"/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Meanwhile, the passion brought by the Blunts to saving the pure horse of the desert helped Egyptian horse breeders convince their government of the need to preserve the best of their own remaining pure Arabian bloodstock that descended from the horses collected over the past century by [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]], [[Abbas I of Egypt|Abbas Pasha]] and [[Ali Pasha Sherif]]. Therefore, the government of [[Egypt]] formed the Royal Agricultural Society (RAS) in 1908. Today, the RAS is known as the Egyptian Agricultural Organization (EAO).<ref>[http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_bloodlines_egyptian.asp "Egyptian Arabians"]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | To rebuild some bloodlines that had been lost, RAS representatives traveled to England during the 1920s and purchased eighteen pure-blooded descendants of the original Blunt exports from [[Lady Wentworth]] at Crabbet Park and returned these bloodlines to Egypt.<ref name="Wentworth"/> Other than several horses purchased by [[Henry Babson]] for importation to the United States in the 1930s, and one other small group exported to the USA in 1947, relatively few Egyptian-bred Arabian horses were exported until the overthrow of [[King Farouk I]] in 1952. After that, as oil development brought more foreign investors to Egypt, some of whom were horse fanciers, Arabians were exported to Germany and the United States, as well as to the former [[Soviet Union]], then an ally of Egyptian president [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. Following the death of Nasser in 1970 and the rise of a less Soviet-oriented government, even more Egyptian-bred Arabians were exported. Today, the designation "Straight Egyptian" or "Egyptian Arabian" is popular with some Arabian breeders, and the distinct "dry" look of the modern Egyptian-bred Arabian is an [[Outcrossing|outcross]] used to add refinement in some breeding programs.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Early 20th century===
| |
| − | In the early 20th century, the military was involved in the breeding of Arabian horses throughout Europe, particularly in Poland, Spain, Germany, and Russia. In addition, private breeders developed a number of breeding programs. Significant among the private [[horse breeding|breeders]] in continental Europe was Spain's Cristobal Colon de Aguilera, XV [[Duchy of Veragua|Duque de Veragua]], a direct descendant of [[Christopher Columbus]], who founded the Veragua Stud in the 1920s.<ref name="Campiglio"/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Modern warfare and its impact on European studs===
| |
| − | Following the end of [[World War I]] and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the historic European stud farms that survived the war re-established their breeding operations and added to their studs with new imports of desert-bred Arabian horses from the Middle East. Notable among the survivors was the Janow Podlaski Stud of Poland and the Tersk Stud of the then-[[Soviet Union]]. However, not all European studs thrived. The Weil stud of [[Germany]], founded by [[King Wilhelm I]] went into considerable decline and by the time the Weil herd was transferred to the [[Marbach stud|Marbach State Stud]] in 1932, only 17 purebred Arabians remained.<ref>[http://www.landwirtschaft-bw.info/servlet/PB/menu/1196171_l1/index1154079742120.html Cowell, Christine. "History of the Stud" ''Haupt- und Landgestüt Marbach''], web site accessed [[October 2]], [[2007]].</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | The [[Spanish Civil War]] and [[World War II]] had a devastating impact on horse breeding throughout Europe. The Veragua stud was destroyed, though studs such as Crabbet Park, Tersk, and Janow Podlaski survived. Both the Soviet Union and the United States obtained valuable Arabian bloodlines as spoils of war, which they used to strengthen their breeding programs; the Soviets at Tersk, and the Americans at Kellogg U.S. Army Remount station, the former [[Will Keith Kellogg|W.K. Kellogg]] Ranch in California.<ref name="Upton"/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | In the postwar era, nations such as [[Poland]], [[Spain]], [[The Netherlands]], [[Sweden]] and [[Germany]] developed or re-established many well-respected Arabian stud farms. The studs of [[Poland]] in particular were decimated by both the [[Nazi]]s and the Soviets, but were able to reclaim some of their breeding stock and became particularly world-renowned for their quality Arabian horses, tested rigorously by racing and other performance standards.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===After the Cold War===
| |
| − | While only a few Arabians were exported from behind the [[Iron Curtain]] during the [[Cold War]], those who did come to the west caught the eye of breeders worldwide. Improving relations between eastern Europe and the west led to major imports of Polish and Russian-bred Arabian horses to western Europe and the United States in the 1970s and 1980s. The collapse of the former Soviet Union in 1989, greater political stability in Egypt, and the rise of the [[European Union]] all increased international trade in Arabian horses. Organizations such as the World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO) created consistent standards for transferring the registration of Arabian horses between different nations. Today, Arabian horses are traded all over the world.<ref>[http://www.waho.org World Arabian Horse Organization]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==The Arabian horse in America==
| |
| − | [[Image:Coronado-Remington.jpg|thumb|Coronado Sets out to the North. Frederic Remington, 1861-1909.]] The first horses on the American mainland since the end of the [[Ice Age]] arrived with the Spanish [[Conquistadors]]. [[Hernán Cortés]] brought 16 horses of assorted [[Andalusian horse|Andalusian]], [[Barb]], and Arabian ancestry with him to [[Mexico]] in 1519. Others followed, such as [[Francisco Vásquez de Coronado]], who brought 250 horses of similar breeding to America in 1540.<ref name="Green">[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198602/the.arabian.horse-in.america.htm Green, Betty Patchin and Susann Heidrich. "The Arabian Horse in America" ''Saudi Aramco World'', March/April 1986.]</ref> More horses followed with each new arrival of Conquistadors, [[missionary|missionaries]], and settlers. Many horses escaped or were stolen, becoming the foundation stock of the American [[Mustang (horse)|Mustang]].<ref>J. Frank Dobie, ''The Mustangs,'' Boston:Little, Brown and Company, seventh printing, 1952. LC no. 52-6802</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Early imports===
| |
| − | American colonists from [[England]] also brought horses of Arabian breeding to the eastern seaboard. One example was Nathaniel Harrison, who imported a horse of Arabian, Barb and Turkish ancestry to America in 1747.<ref name="Green"/>
| |
| − | [[Image:GeorgeWashington1775.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Washington Taking Control of the American Army, at Cambridge, Mass. July 1775. Copy of lithograph by Currier & Ives, 1876.]]
| |
| − | [[George Washington]] used two horses as his primary mounts during the [[Revolutionary War]]. One was a gray half-Arabian horse named "Blueskin." The horse was sired by the stallion "Ranger," also known as "Lindsay's Arabian," said to have been obtained from the Sultan of [[Morocco]].<ref>[http://www.wiwfarm.com/BHWashingtonsRanger.html "Washington's Best Saddle Horse", originally published in ''Western Horseman,'' Jan/Feb 1946]</ref><ref>[http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/project/faq/govern.html "Frequently Asked Questions," ''The Papers of George Washington,'' accessed November 21, 2006]</ref> Other Presidents are linked to ownership of Arabian horses. In 1840, President [[Martin Van Buren]] received two Arabians from the Sultan of [[Oman]],<ref name="Green"/> and in 1877, President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] obtained two Arabian stallions, Leopard and Linden Tree, as diplomatic gifts from the "Sultan of [[Turkey]]."<ref name="North America">[http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_history_north.asp "Introduction of Arabian Horses to North America"]</ref> Both of these stallions were crossed on horses of other breeds. For example, they appear today in the pedigrees of [[Appaloosa]] horses.<ref>[http://www.appaloosa-crossing.com/history101.htm "History of the Spotted Horse." --Contains a discussion of Arabian influences on the Appaloosa.]</ref> Leopard is also a foundation sire of the [[Colorado Ranger]] Horse.<ref>[http://www.coloradoranger.com/History.html Colorado Ranger Horse Association</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Leopard is the only stallion among the early imports who left known purebred descendants in America.<ref name="Bell">[http://www.equinepost.com/resources/eps/epsViewArchive.asp?Archive=147 Bell, Becky. "Arabian horses in America: *Leopard." ''Arabian Horse History'', accessed May 15, 2006]</ref> This was because Randolph Huntington imported the desert-bred Arabian mare *Naomi in 1888, and bred her to Leopard, producing Leopard's only purebred Arabian son, Anazeh. Anazeh then sired eight purebred Arabian foals, four of whom still appear in pedigrees today.<ref name="Bell"/><ref name="GBE"/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | A. Keene Richard was the first American known to have specifically bred Arabian horses. He traveled to the desert in 1853 and 1856 to obtain breeding stock, which he used both to cross on [[Thoroughbreds]] and to breed purebred Arabians. Unfortunately, his horses were lost during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] and have no known purebred Arabian descendants today.<ref name="GBE"/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Development of purebred Arabian breeding in America===
| |
| − | [[Image:Urfacostime.JPG|thumb|Exhibitor from [[Syria]] holding an Arabian horse at the Hamidie Society exhibition, [[World's Columbian Exposition]], 1893.]]
| |
| − | In 1893, the Hamidie Society exhibited 45 Arabian horses from what today is [[Syria]] at the [[World's Columbian Exposition|World Fair]] in [[Chicago]], some of whom remained in the United States and caught the interest of several American breeders, who traveled abroad to obtain more.<ref name="North America"/> As a result, by 1908, the Arabian Horse Registry of America was established, recording 71 animals.<ref name="North America"/> By 1994, the number had reached half a million. Today there are more Arabians registered in [[North America]] than in the rest of the world put together.<ref>[http://www.arabdatasource.com/FactDisplay.asp?id=4 "Arabian horse registry statistics."]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Major Arabian importations to the United States in the 20th century were made by breeders such as [[Homer Davenport]] and Peter Bradley of the Hingham Stock Farm, who purchased several stallions and mares directly from the desert Bedouin in 1906.<ref>Davenport, Homer. ''My Quest of the Arab Horse.'' Republished by The Arabian Horse Club of America, 1949 ASIN: B0007EYORE</ref> Davenport was not alone; Spencer Borden of the Interlachen Stud made several importations between 1898 and 1911;<ref name="North America"/> and W.R. Brown of the Maynesboro Stud, who had a particular interest in the Arabian as a cavalry mount, imported many Arabians over a period of years, starting in 1918.<ref>Brown, William Robinson. ''The Horse of the Desert''MacMillian Publishing, 1948 ASIN: B000HVVXVC</ref><ref name="North America"/> Another wave of imports came in the 1920s and 30s when breeders such as [[Will Keith Kellogg|W.K. Kellogg]], [[Henry Babson]], Roger Selby, James Draper, and others imported Arabian bloodstock from Crabbet Park Stud in England, as well as from Poland, Spain and Egypt.<ref name="North America"/> Several Arabians, mostly of Polish breeding, were captured from [[Nazi Germany]] and imported to the U.S.A. following [[World War II]].<ref name="GBE"/> As the tensions of the [[Cold War]] eased, more Arabians were imported to America from [[Poland]] and [[Egypt]]. In the late 1970s, as political issues surrounding import regulations and the recognition of stud books were resolved, Arabian horses were also imported in greater numbers from [[Spain]] and [[Russia]].<ref name="WAHO"/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Modern breeding===
| |
| − | By the 1980s, popularity of the Arabian horse had risen to unsustainable heights. Arabians became a popular status symbol for celebrities and other wealthy people, many of whom were inexperienced with horses and considered them "living art." Prices skyrocketed, especially in the United States, with a record-setting public auction price for a mare named NH Love Potion, who sold for $2.55 million in 1984, and the largest syndication in history for an Arabian stallion, [[Padron (horse)|Padron]], at $11,000,000.<ref>[http://www.midwestarabian.com/whats-new/2005/index.html Midwest Arabian Center News]</ref> The potential for profit led to over-breeding of the Arabian. When the Tax Reform Act of 1986 closed the tax-sheltering "passive investment" loophole, limiting the use of horse farms as tax shelters,<ref name="Slaughter">[http://equineprotectionnetwork.com/saveamericashorses/faqs.htm Frequently Asked Questions on Horse Slaughter, accessed November 24, 2006]</ref><ref>[http://www.utexas.edu/law/faculty/calvinjohnson/68tn879.htm Johnson, Calvin H. "What's a Tax Shelter?" 68 Tax Notes 879, 1995]</ref> the Arabian market was particularly vulnerable due to over-saturation and artificially inflated prices, and thus it collapsed, forcing many breeders into bankruptcy and sending many purebred Arabians to slaughter.<ref>[http://www.albany.edu/talkinghistory/arch2002jan-june.html Radio program: "Reaganomics on the Hoof: The Arabian Horse Industry in the 1980s." May 9, 2002]</ref><ref name="Slaughter"/> Prices recovered slowly, with many breeders moving away from producing "living art" and towards a horse more suitable for amateur owners in many different riding disciplines. Today, the vast majority of Arabian horses in America are owned for recreational riding purposes.<ref>[http://www.wiwfarm.com/Survey_of_Arabian_Horse_Owners.html AHA Arabian horse owner's survey results, 2003. Originally published in ''Arabian Horse'', October/November 2003]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==The Arabian horse in Australia==
| |
| − | ===Early imports===
| |
| − | [[Image:Hector.jpg|thumb|left|The Arabian stallion Hector, or "Old Hector" was an early import to Australia whose bloodlines are still found today in the [[pedigree]]s of many Australian [[Thoroughbred]]s.]]
| |
| − | Arabian horses were introduced to [[Australia]] in the earliest days of European Settlement. Early horse imports included both purebred Arabians as well as light Spanish “[[jennet]]s” from [[Andalusia]]. Many Arabians also came from India. Based on records describing stallions "of Arabic and Persian blood," the first Arabian horses were probably imported to Australia in several groups between 1788 and 1802.<ref name="Upton"/> In c. 1803, a merchant named Robert Campbell imported a bay Arabian stallion, Hector, from [[India]].<ref name="Upton"/> Hector was said to have been owned by [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]], who later became known as the [[Duke of Wellington]].<ref name=Barrie">Barrie, Douglas M. ''The Australian Bloodhorse,'' Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1956; p. 96</ref> In 1804 two additional Arabians, also from India, arrived in [[Tasmania]] one of whom, White William, sired the first purebred Arabian foal born in Australia, a stallion named Derwent.<ref name="Upton"/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Purebred Arabians were used to improve racehorses and some of them became quite famous as such. About 100 Arabian sires are included in the Australian Stud Book (for [[Thoroughbred]] [[Racehorse]]s).<ref name=Barrie">Barrie, Douglas M. ''The Australian Bloodhorse,'' Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1956; p. 96</ref> They were part of the foundation of several breeds considered uniquely Australian, including the [[Australian Pony]], the [[Waler]] and the [[Australian Stock Horse]].<ref>[http://www.arabianlines.com/online_mag/index.htm "A Condensed History," Coralie Gordon, April, 2006]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Throughout the 19th century, many more Arabians came to Australia, though most were used to produce [[crossbred]] horses and left no recorded [[purebred]] descendants. The first significant imports to be permanently recorded with offspring still appearing in modern purebred Arabian pedigrees were those of James Boucaut, who in 1888 imported several Arabians from [[Wilfrid Scawen Blunt|Wilfred]] and [[Lady Anne Blunt]]'s [[Crabbet Arabian Stud]] in England.<ref name="Upton"/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Australian Arabians in the 20th and 21st centuries===
| |
| − | In the early 20th century, more Arabian horses, mostly of Crabbet bloodlines, arrived in Australia. The first Arabians of Polish breeding arrived in 1966, and Egyptian lines were first imported in 1970. Arabian horses from the rest of the world followed, and today the Australian Arabian horse registry is the second largest in the world, next to that of the United States.<ref name="Upton"/><ref>[http://www.ahsa.asn.au/ The Arabian Horse Society of Australia]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Arabians today==
| |
| − | Arabian horses today are found all over the world. They are no longer classified by Bedouin strain, but are informally classified by the nation of origin of famed horses in a given pedigree. Popular types of Arabians are labeled "Polish," "Spanish," "Crabbet," "Russian," "Egyptian", and "Domestic" (describing horses whose ancestors were imported to the United States prior to 1944, including those from programs such as Kellogg, Davenport, Maynesboro, Babson, Dickenson and Selby). In the USA, a specific mixture of Crabbet, Maynesboro and Kellogg bloodlines has acquired the copyrighted designation "CMK."<ref name="Bloodlines"/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Each set of bloodlines has its own devoted followers, with the virtues of each hotly debated. Most debates are between those who value the Arabian most for its refined beauty and those who value the horse for its stamina and athleticism. There are also various controversies over the relative "purity" of certain bloodlines. (See "Controversies" section, below)
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Uses==
| |
| − | [[Image:Saddleseat Power Trot.jpg|thumb|Arabian horses showing at a [[trot]] in a [[Saddle seat]] style [[English pleasure]] class at a [[horse show]].]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | Arabians are versatile horses that compete in many [[equestrianism|equestrian]] fields, including [[Horse racing]], the [[horse show]] disciplines of [[Saddle seat|Saddle Seat]], [[Western Pleasure]], and [[Hunt seat]], as well as [[Dressage]], [[Cutting]], [[Reining]], [[Endurance riding]], [[Show jumping]], [[Eventing]], youth events such as [[equitation]], and others. They make reliable pleasure, [[trail riding]], and working [[ranch]] horses for those who are not interested in competition.<ref name="Athletes"/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Competition===
| |
| − | {{Seealso|Arabian Horse Association|Endurance riding}}
| |
| − | Arabians dominate the sport of [[Endurance riding]] because of their stamina, where they are the leading breed in competitions such as the [[Tevis Cup]] that can cover up to {{convert|100|mi|km}} in a day.<ref>[http://www.arabianhorses.org/competitions/distance/distance_rides.asp "Distance Riding"]</ref> They also participate in [[FEI]]-sanctioned endurance events worldwide, including the [[World Equestrian Games]].
| |
| − | | |
| − | "[[Sport horse]]" events for Arabian horses are a new trend in the USA, though Arabians have participated in this type of competition for a long time in Europe and Australia. The [[Arabian Horse Association]] began hosting an Arabian and Half Arabian Sport Horse National Championship in 2003 that within two years grew to draw over 1900 entries competing in [[Show hunter|Hunter]], [[Show jumping|Jumper]], Sport Horse Under Saddle, Sport Horse In Hand, [[Dressage]], and [[Combined driving]] competition.
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Image:Jumping Arabian2.jpg|thumb|left|A purebred Arabian in jumping competition.]]
| |
| − | <!-- FAIR USE of Image:Jumping Arabian2.jpg: see image description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jumping Arabian2.jpg for rationale -->
| |
| − | | |
| − | There is an extensive series of [[horse show]]s around the United States for Arabian, Half-Arabian, and [[Anglo-Arabian]] Horses, sanctioned by the [[United States Equestrian Federation|USEF]] and [[Arabian Horse Association]]. Classes offered include [[Western pleasure]], [[reining]], [[hunt seat]] and [[saddle seat]] [[English pleasure]], and [[Halter (horse show)|Halter]], plus the very popular "Native" costume class.<ref>[http://www.arabianhorses.org/home/faq/AskExpert7.asp "What types of classes are seen at Arabian horse shows?"]</ref> Other nations also sponsor major shows strictly for the Arabian breed, though most have a focus on [[halter (horse show)|breeding classes]] and offer fewer performance events.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Purebred Arabians have excelled in open events against other breeds. One of the most famous examples in the field of [[western riding]] competition was the Arabian [[mare (horse)|mare]] Ronteza, who defeated 50 horses of all breeds to win the 1961 [[working cow horse|Reined Cow Horse]] championship at the Cow Palace in San Francisco, CA.<ref>Varian, Sheila (2006). [http://www.varianarabians.com/history/ronteza.asp Ronteza at the Cow Palace]. Retrieved [[April 25]], [[2006]].</ref> Another Arabian competitive against all breeds was the [[stallion (horse)|stallion]] Aaraf who won an all-breed [[Cutting (sport)|cutting horse]] competition at the Quarter Horse Congress in the 1950s.<ref>"America's First Lady of Arabs: Bazy Tankersley and the Horses of Al-Marah." ''Women and Horses,'' volume 1, issue 3, September 2005. pp. 21-25</ref> In [[show jumping]], the 14.2 [[hand (measurement)|hand]] purebred [[gelding]] Russian Roulett won multiple amateur jumping classes against horses of all breeds on the Southern California open jumping "A" circuit, despite not starting his jumping career until he was in his teens.<ref>Strides and Tides Horse Show results, 2006 [http://www.ridepebblebeach.com/2006/Strides/results.txt]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Arabians and part-Arabians have also appeared at open sport horse events and even [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|Olympic]] level competition. At the [[Equestrian at the 1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Olympics]], the French, with two [[Anglo-Arabian]]s on their team, won the Silver team medal in [[Dressage]]. Another Anglo-Arabian, [[Tamarillo (horse)|Tamarillo]], ridden by [[William Fox-Pitt]], represents the [[United Kingdom]] in [[FEI]] and [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|Olympic]] competition, winning many awards, including first place at the 2004 [[Badminton Horse Trials]]. Most recently a gelding named [[Theodore O'Connor]], nicknamed "Teddy," a 14.1 (or 14.2, sources vary) hand [[pony]] of [[Thoroughbred]], Arabian, and [[Shetland pony]] breeding, won two gold medals at the 2007 [[Pan American Games]] and was third at the 2007 [[Rolex Kentucky Three Day]] CCI competition.<ref>"Karen O'Connor and 'The Pony' Theodore O'Connor Wow The Crowd, Finishing Third" Accessed [[June 21]], [[2007]] at http://www.horsesdaily.com/news/eventing/2007/07rolex/04-29-oconnor.html</ref><ref>"Little Teddy O’Connor Wows Them with His Jump" Web page accessed [[August 30]], [[2007]] at http://www.horsesdaily.com/news/tour/2007/07panam/derosa/07-22-dd1.html</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Other activities===
| |
| − | [[Image:ValentinoandJadaan.gif|thumb|250px|Rudolph Valentino and Jadaan. Publicity shot for ''The Son of the Sheik'']]
| |
| − | <!-- FAIR USE of Image:ValentinoandJadaan.gif: see image description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:ValentinoandJadaan.gif for rationale -->
| |
| − | Arabians are involved in a wide variety of activities, including fairs, movies, parades, circuses and other places where horses are showcased. Arabians have been popular in movies, dating back to the silent film era when [[Rudolph Valentino]] rode the Kellogg Arabian stallion Jadaan in 1926's ''Son of the Sheik''.<ref> Roeder, Walter H. [http://www.csupomona.edu/~library/LibraryInfo/special/historydocs/Jadaan.html "Jadaan, The Sheik, and the Cereal Baron" Originally published in ''The Cal Poly Scholar,'' vol.1, (fall 1988) p.99-103]</ref> Other Arabian horse film stars include the stallions [[Cass Ole]] in ''[[The Black Stallion (film)|The Black Stallion]]'' and [[El Mokhtar]] in ''[[The Black Stallion Returns]]''. Arabian horses also appeared in ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]'', ''[[The 13th Warrior]]'', ''[[Hidalgo (film)|Hidalgo]]'', and other films.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Arabians are mascots for football teams, performing crowd-pleasing activities on the field and sidelines. One of the horses who serves as [[Traveler (mascot)|"Traveler"]], the mascot for the [[University of Southern California]] [[USC Trojans football|Trojans]], has been a purebred Arabian. "Thunder", a [[stage name]] for the purebred Arabian stallion J B Kobask, was mascot for the [[Denver Broncos]] from 1993 until his retirement in 2004, when the Arabian gelding Winter Solstyce took over as "Thunder II".<ref>{{cite journal |last = Train |first = Amy |title = Thundering Down the Field |journal = Arabian Horse Magazine |volume = 28 |issue = 6 |pages = 94–101 |publisher = Arabian Horse Association |date=December 2006 |id = ISSN 1543-8597 }}</ref> [[Cal Poly]] Pomona's W.K. Kellogg Arabian Horse Center Equestrian Unit and many other Arabian organizations have made Arabian horses a regular sight at the annual [[Tournament of Roses Parade]] held each New Year's day in Pasadena, California.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Arabians also are used on [[search and rescue]] teams and occasionally for police work. Some Arabians are also used in [[polo]] in the USA and Europe, in the Turkish equestrian sport of Cirit (pronounced Jee-rit), as well as [[circus]]es, [[therapeutic horseback riding]] programs, and on [[guest ranch]]es.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Controversies==
| |
| − | [[Image:Arabe.jpg|right|thumb|Firm but gentle and patient handling is especially important for hot-blooded horses who have a low tolerance for abuse.]]
| |
| − | Misunderstandings and myths plague the Arabian breed. Through, as noted ''above,'' purebred Arabians are competitive against other breeds, Arabians are relatively uncommon at some high-level all-breed competitions. There are many reasons, some justifiable, others due to misunderstandings and inaccurate information.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==="Hot blooded" controversy===
| |
| − | | |
| − | Some people believe that it is more difficult to train a "hot-blooded" horse such as the Arabian, [[Thoroughbred]], [[Barb (horse)|Barb]] and [[Akhal-Teke]]. However, most Arabians have a natural tendency to cooperate with humans, but when treated badly, like any horse, can become excessively nervous or anxious, though seldom become vicious unless seriously spoiled or subjected to extreme abuse. With proper handling, Arabians are suitable riding horses for riders at all levels.<ref>Rashid, Mark. ''A Good Horse Is Never a Bad Color,'' Johnson Printing: 1996., p. 50</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==="Weakness" controversies===
| |
| − | Some people confuse the refinement of Arabians with having weak or too-light bone.<ref>[[Equine conformation#The Horse's Overall Balance and Bone]]</ref> However, the USEF breed standard requires Arabians have solid bone and correct conformation,<ref>[http://www.usef.org Arabian Breed standard, Rule XIV, Article 1602]</ref> and the superiority of the breed in [[Endurance riding|endurance]] competition clearly demonstrates that well-bred Arabians are strong, sound horses with good bone and superior stamina. At international levels of [[FEI]]-sponsored endurance events, Arabians and half-Arabians are the dominant performers in distance competition worldwide.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Physical size====
| |
| − | Another myth is that Arabians are not strong because of their size. However, the smaller size of the Arabian is not a physical liability. The Arabian horse is noted for dense, strong bone, short [[horse anatomy|cannons]], sound feet, and a broad, short back; all of which give the breed physical strength comparable to many taller animals. Clearly, for tasks where the sheer weight of the horse matters, such as farm work done by a [[draft horse]], or [[team roping]], any lighter-weight horse is at a disadvantage, but for most purposes, the Arabian is a strong and hardy breed of light horse able to carry any type of rider in most [[equestrianism|equestrian]] pursuits.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Hip angle====
| |
| − | Another misconception confuses the skeletal structure of the [[back (horse)|sacrum]] with the angle of the "hip" (the pelvis or [[ilium]]), leading some to assert that the comparatively horizontal [[Horse anatomy|croup]] and high-carried tail of Arabians correlates to a flat pelvis and thus they cannot use their hindquarters properly. However, the croup is formed by the [[sacrum|sacral]] vertebrae. The hip angle is determined by the attachment of the [[Ilium (bone)|ilium]] to the spine, the structure and length of the [[femur]], and other aspects of hindquarter anatomy, not necessarily the angle of the sacrum. Thus, the Arabian has [[equine conformation|conformation]] typical of other horse breeds built for speed and distance, such as the [[Thoroughbred]], which properly includes the angle of the [[ilium]] being more oblique than that of the croup, the hip at approximately 35 degrees to a croup angle of 25 degrees.<ref name="Brown Anatomy chapter 6">Edwards, Gladys Brown. "The Croup." ''Anatomy and Conformation of the Horse'', Dreenan Press, Ltd., 1973, copyright 1966, 1967, The California Thoroughbred Breeder's Association. pp. 83-98. ISBN 0-88376-025-8</ref> The proper comparison of sacrum and hip is in length, not angle. All horses bred to gallop need a good length of croup and good length of hip for proper attachment of muscles, and the two do go together as a rule. The hip angle, on the other hand, is not necessarily correlated to the line of the croup.<ref name="Brown Anatomy chapter 6"/> Thus, a good-quality Arabian has both a relatively horizontal croup and a properly angled [[pelvis]] with good length of croup and depth of hip (length of pelvis) to allow agility and impulsion. Within the breed, there are variations. Some individuals have wider, more powerfully muscled hindquarters suitable for intense bursts of activity in events such as [[reining]], while others have longer, leaner muscling better suited for long stretches of flat work such as [[endurance riding]] or [[horse racing]].
| |
| − | :''see also [[Horse anatomy]]''
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==="Arabians are magic" beliefs===
| |
| − | Arabians are sometimes plagued by excessively romantic myths that give them near-human intelligence, mystical or psychic powers, telepathy, and other miraculous abilities. Though well-intentioned, such myths sometimes lead people who know little about horses to purchase an Arabian and expect them not to act like ordinary horses. However, like any horse, Arabians have natural [[horse behavior]]s and [[instinct]]s, so people must never forget the basic rules of horse safety when handling them.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Ancestry in other breeds===
| |
| − | There is intense debate over the role the Arabian played in the development of other light horse breeds. While the complete tale will cannot be verified until more [[genetic]] studies are performed, it is thought that all modern domesticated horse breeds descended from one of four [[Horse#Domestication of the horse and surviving wild species|Wild prototypes]], one of which was the light, "dry," oriental horse adapted to the desert climate, the prototype of the modern Arabian.<ref name="Bennett"/> Because of the location of the Middle East as a crossroads of the ancient world, as well as one of the earliest locations of [[domestication of the horse]], oriental horses spread throughout Europe and Asia both in ancient and modern times.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Thus, there is little doubt that "oriental" blood was crossed on that of other wild prototypes to create light riding horses; the only actual controversy is at what point the "oriental" prototype could be called an "Arabian," how much Arabian blood was mixed with local animals, and at what point in history. For some breeds, such as the [[Thoroughbred]], Arabian influence of specific animals is documented in written stud books. For older breeds, dating the influx of Arabian ancestry is more difficult.
| |
| − | | |
| − | For example, [[mitochondrial DNA]] studies of the modern [[Andalusian horse]] of the [[Iberian peninsula]] and [[Barb]] horse of [[North Africa]], present convincing evidence that both breeds crossed the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] and influenced one another.<ref>[http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/96/6/663 L. J. Royo, ''et. al.'' "The Origins of Iberian Horses Assessed via Mitochondrial DNA" ''Journal of Heredity'' 2005 96(6):663-669; doi:10.1093/jhered/esi116]</ref> While outside cultures, and the horses they brought with them, influenced the predecessor to the [[Iberian horse]] in both the time of [[Ancient Rome]] and again with the [[Islamic]] invasions of the 8th century, it is difficult to precisely trace the details of the journeys taken by waves of conquerors and their horses as they traveled from the Middle East to North Africa and across Gibraltar to southern Europe. Though the studies did not compare Andalusian and Barb mDNA to that of Arabian horses, there is evidence that horses resembling Arabians, whether before or after the breed was called an "Arabian," were part of this genetic mix. Arabians and Barbs, though related to one another, are quite different in appearance, particularly in tail carriage,<ref name="Wentworth"/> and the historical record illustrates horses of both Arabian and Barb type fighting against the armies of [[Europe]].<ref>[http://www.horse-country.com/faqs/andalusians.html "re:Andalusians" (citing multiple sources)] web page accessed [[October 2]], [[2007]]</ref> There is also historical documentation that Islamic invaders raised Arabian horses in Spain prior to the [[Reconquista]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-70379 "Spain." (2007). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica.'' Retrieved January 8, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online]</ref> Furthermore, the Spanish documented imports of Arabian horses in 1850, 1884 and 1885 that were used in Andalusian breeding.<ref>[http://www.eponahispano-arabe.co.uk/The%20Horses%20of%20Spain.html Anabel Jay. "The Horses of Spain,"] web site accessed [[October 2]], [[2007]]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==="Purity" question===
| |
| − | One set of hot debates within the Arabian industry are about bloodlines. In particular, breeders argue about the genetic "purity" of various pedigrees, discussing whether some horses descend from "impure" animals that cannot be traced to the desert Bedouin. The major factions are as follows:
| |
| − | *The Arabian Horse Association (AHA) states, "The origin of the purebred Arabian horse was the Arabian desert, and all Arabians ultimately trace their lineage to this source." In essence, all horses accepted for registration in the United States are deemed to be "purebred" Arabians by AHA.<ref name="Bloodlines">[http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_bloodlines_overview.asp Arabian Horse Bloodlines]</ref>
| |
| − | *The World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO) has the broadest definition of a purebred Arabian. WAHO states, "A Purebred Arabian horse is one which appears in any purebred Arabian Stud Book or Register listed by WAHO as acceptable." By this definition, over 95% of the known purebred Arabian horses in the world are registered in stud books acceptable to WAHO.<ref>[http://www.waho.org/Definition.html "Arabian Horse definition 1999"]</ref> WAHO also researched the purity question in general, and its findings are on its web site, describing both the research and the political issues surrounding Arabian horse bloodlines, particularly in America.<ref name="WAHO"/>
| |
| − | *At the other end of the spectrum, the [[Al Khamsa]] organization takes the position that "The horses of primary interest to Al Khamsa, which are called “Al Khamsa Arabian Horses,” are those horses in North America that can reasonably be assumed to descend entirely from bedouin Arabian horses bred by horse-breeding bedouin tribes of the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula without admixture from sources unacceptable to Al Khamsa."<ref>[http://www.alkhamsa.org/site/roster/roster.html Al Khamsa Bylaws]</ref> By this rigorous definition, only about 2% of all registered Arabian horses qualify as "Al Khamsa Arabian Horses."
| |
| − | * "Blue Star" designation is the most rigid, accepting only horses who qualify as [[Al Khamsa]], but also as having no lines to the "Mu'niqi" strain, which some claim was "contaminated" by crossbreeding with [[Turkoman Horse]]s about 300 years ago. Horses who otherwise meet this standard except for Mu'niqi blood are sometimes referred to as "Blue List."<ref>[http://www.wiwfarm.com/September_2003_Arabian_Preservation_Breeding.html ''Arabian Preservation Breeding.'' September, 2003]</ref><ref>[http://members.aol.com/NadaraDefs/WebPage/blueListStar.html#anchorBlueStar "Why Pick on the Mu'niqi Strain?"]</ref>
| |
| − | *There are also a number of breeders who specialize in [[preservation breeding]] of various bloodlines. However, these breeders generally do not assert that their horses are the only "pure" Arabians.
| |
| − | *Ironically, some pure-blooded desert-bred Arabians in [[Syria]] had enormous difficulties being accepted as registerable purebred Arabians because many of the Bedouin who owned them saw no need to obtain a piece of paper to verify the purity of their horses.<ref>[http://www.syria-net.com/horses/index.html Jens Sannek, Bernd Loewenherz. "In Search of Syria´s Arabian Horses." ''Desert Legacy''. Zenurt, 1997]</ref> However, eventually the Syrians developed a [[breed registry|stud book]] for their animals that was finally accepted by the World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO) in 2007.<ref> [http://www.arabhorsesa.co.za/wahoconf.html 2007 WAHO Conference - Damascus – SYRIA]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Genetic diseases===
| |
| − | There are four known genetic conditions in Arabian horses which usually result in euthanasia of the affected animal. All four are thought to be [[autosomal]] [[recessive]] conditions, which means that the flawed gene is not sex-linked and has to come from both parents for an affected foal to be born. There are two other genetic conditions that are not inevitably fatal, but can be disabling or fatal if not treated.<ref name="Caution">AHA Equine Stress, Research and Education Committee. "Caution: Knowledge." ''Modern Arabian Horse,'' August/September 2007, pp 100-105. Hardcopy edition. Online version at http:/www.arabianhorses.org</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Arabians are not the only breed of horse to have problems with inherited diseases; fatal or disabling genetic conditions also exist in many other [[list of horse breeds|breeds]].<ref name="Caution"/><ref>Some other breeds known to have some individuals with genetic conditions include the [[American Quarter Horse]], [[American Paint Horse]], [[American Saddlebred]], [[Appaloosa]], [[Miniature horse]], and [[Belgian (horse)|Belgian]].</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | :The "genetic lethal" conditions (so called, though two of the four are not invariably lethal) in Arabian horses are:
| |
| − | * [[Severe combined immunodeficiency (non-human)|Severe Combined Immunodeficiency]] (SCID). Similar to the "[[Severe combined immunodeficiency|bubble boy]]" condition in humans, an affected foal is born with no immune system, and thus generally dies of an opportunistic infection, usually before the age of five months. There is a [[DNA]] test that can detect healthy horses who are carriers of the gene causing SCID, thus testing and careful, planned matings can now eliminate the possibility of an affected [[foal]] ever being born.<ref>[http://www.vetgen.com/scidbre.html "SCID in Arabian Horses"]</ref><ref>[http://www.vetgen.com/scid.html Parkinson, Mary Jane. "SCID: An Update." from ''Arabian Horse World,'' March, 1998] </ref><ref>[http://www.vetgen.com/scidref1.html "The New DNA Test for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) in Arabian Horses"]</ref>
| |
| − | * [[Cerebellar abiotrophy]] (CA). An affected foal is usually born without symptoms, but at some point, usually after six weeks of age, develops severe incoordination, a head tremor, wide-legged stance and other symptoms related to the death of the [[purkinje cell]]s in the [[cerebellum]]. Such foals are frequently diagnosed only after they have crashed into a fence or fallen over backwards, and sometimes their symptoms are misdiagnosed as a head injury caused by the accident. The only way to confirm a diagnosis of CA is to examine the brain after [[euthanasia]]. The degree of severity varies, with some foals having fast onset of severe coordination problems, others showing milder symptoms. In theory, mildly affected horses could live a full lifespan, but in practice most are euthanized before adulthood because they are so accident-prone as to be a danger to themselves and others. There is currently no genetic test for CA.<ref>[http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/genomic/cerebellar/ "Cerebellar Abiotrophy"]</ref>
| |
| − | * [[Lavender Foal Syndrome]] (LFS), also called Coat Color Dilution Lethal (CCDL). The condition gets it name because most affected foals are born with a coat color dilution that lightens the tips of the coat hairs, or even the entire hair shaft. Foals with LFS are unable to stand at birth, often have seizures, and are usually euthanized within a few days of birth. There is currently no genetic test for LFS.<ref>[http://www.arabians-international.com/LFS.html "Lavender Foal Syndrome Fact Sheet." James A Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University.]</ref><ref name="Fanelli">[http://www.evj.co.uk/archive/downloads/EVE05_17_260_263.pdf Fanelli, H.H. "Coat Color Dilution Lethal ("lavender foal syndrome"): A Tetany Condition of Arabian Foals" ''Equine Veterinary Education,'' 2005 17 (5) 260-263.]</ref>
| |
| − | * Occipital Atlanto-Axial Malformation (OAAM). This is a condition where the cervical vertebrae fuse together in the neck and at the base of the skull. Symptoms range from mild incoordination to the paralysis of both front and rear legs. Some affected foals cannot stand to nurse, in others the symptoms may not be seen for several weeks. This is the only cervical spinal cord disease seen in horses less than 1 month of age, and a radiograph can diagnose the condition. There is no genetic test for OAAM, and the hereditary component of this condition is not well researched at present.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3750063&dopt=Abstract Watson AG, Mayhew IG. "Familial congenital occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (OAAM) in the Arabian horse." ''Spine'' 1986 May;11(4):334-9]</ref>
| |
| − | * Equine juvenile [[epilepsy]], sometimes referred to as "benign" epilepsy or "idiopathic" epilepsy, is not usually fatal. Foals are born normal and appear normal between epileptic [[seizure]]s, usually outgrowing the condition between 12 and 18 months.<ref name="Fanelli"/> Affected foals may show signs of epilepsy anywhere from two days to six months from birth.<ref name="Aleman">"Good news about recovery from foal epilepsy." ''Equus,'' Issue no 335, April 2007, ''reporting on'' Research of Monica Aleman, DVM, ''citing'' "Juvenile idiopathic epilepsy in Egyptian Arabian foals: 22 cases (1988-2005," ''Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine,'' November/December 2006</ref> Symptoms of the condition can be treated with traditional anti-seizure medications, which may reduce the severity of symptoms.<ref>[http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=2276 "Lavender Foal Syndrome". ''Texas Vet News'' November 23, 2005], web site accessed [[November 24]], [[2006]]</ref> Though the condition has been studied since 1985 at the [[University of California, Davis]], the genetic mode of inheritance is unclear, though the cases studied were all of one general bloodline group.<ref name="Aleman"/> Some researchers have suggested that epilepsy may be linked in some fashion to Lavender Foal Syndrome due to the fact that it occurs in similar bloodlines and some horses have produced foals with both conditions.<ref name="Fanelli"/>
| |
| − | *Guttural Pouch Tympany (GPT) occurs in horses ranging from birth to 1 yr of age and is more common in fillies than in colts. It is thought to be genetic in Arabians, possibly [[polygenic]] in inheritance, but more study is needed.<ref>[http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=967171865&dok_nam=abstract&dok_ext=htm&filename=967171865.htm "Populationsgenetische Analyse der Luftsacktympanie beim Fohlen"] (En: "Population genetic analysis of guttural pouch tympany in foals"), Blazyczek, Ingild Astrid. Hannover, Tierärztliche Hochschule, Dissertation, 2002.] Accessed online [[December 3]], [[2007]].</ref> Foals are born with a defect that causes the [[pharyngeal]] opening of the [[Eustachian tube]] to act like a one-way valve. Air can get in, but it cannot get out. The affected guttural pouch is distended with air and forms a characteristic nonpainful swelling. Breathing is noisy in severely affected animals.<ref>[http://www.thoroughbredtimes.com/horse-health/2006/January/30/The-mysterious-guttural-pouch.aspx Marcella, Kenneth L., D.V.M. "The mysterious guttural pouch." ''Thoroughbred Times,'' January 30, 2006.] Accessed [[December 3]], [[2007]]</ref> Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and radiographic examination of the skull. Medical management with NSAID and antimicrobial therapy can treat upper respiratory tract inflammation. Surgical intervention is needed to correct the malformation of the guttural pouch opening to provides a route for air in the abnormal guttural pouch to pass to the normal side and be expelled into the pharynx. Foals that are successfully treated may grow up to have fully useful lives.<ref>[http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/95/3/195#F01P01 I. Blazyczek, H. Hamann, B. Ohnesorge, E. Deegen, and O. Distl "Inheritance of Guttural Pouch Tympany in the Arabian Horse." ''Journal of Heredity'' 2004:95(3):195-199.] Accessed online [[December 3]], [[2007]].</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | The [[Arabian Horse Association]] in the United States has created a foundation that supports research efforts to uncover the roots of genetic diseases.<ref>[http://secure.arabianhorses.org/enews/pres_bulletin_200712.html AHA President's Bulletin, December 2007. Accessed January 21, 2008]</ref> The organization F.O.A.L. (Fight Off Arabian Lethals) is a clearinghouse for information on these conditions.<ref>[http://www.foal.org/ F.O.A.L. Organization home page]</ref> Additional information is available from the World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO)<ref>[http://www.waho.org/History/GeneticResearch.html WAHO. "GENETIC DISORDERS IN ARABIAN HORSES: CURRENT RESEARCH PROJECTS." ''World Arabian Horse Association'', accessed online [[October 23]], [[2007]]]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Notes==
| |
| − | {{reflist|2}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Additional resources==
| |
| − | {{commonscat|Arabian Horse}}
| |
| − | * Archer, Rosemary, Colin Pearson and Cecil Covey. ''The Crabbet Arabian Stud: Its History and Influence''. Crabbet Organisation, 1978. ISBN 0-906382-13-0
| |
| − | * Budiansky, Stephen. ''The Nature of Horses''. Free Press, 1997. ISBN 0-684-82768-9
| |
| − | * Edwards, Gladys Brown. ''The Arabian: War Horse to Show Horse''. Arabian Horse Trust of America; 3rd rev. edition, 1980. ISBN 0-938276-00-X
| |
| − | * Wentworth, Judith Anne Dorothea Blunt-Lytton. ''The Authentic Arabian Horse,'' 3rd ed. George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1979.
| |
| − | * Upton, Peter and Amirsadeghi, Hossein (editor), Rik van Lent, photographer. ''Arabians'' First Chronicle Books, 1998, 2006. ISBN 0811854019
| |
| | | | |
| − | ==External links==
| + | <!--T:4--> |
| − | ===Registries and related organizations===
| + | The Arabian is good-natured, quick to learn, and willing to please. |
| − | *[http://www.arabianhorses.org/ Arabian Horse Association (USA)]
| |
| − | *[http://www.arabianhorsebreeders.org/ Arabian Horse Breeders Alliance (USA)]
| |
| − | *[http://www.ahsa.asn.au/ Arabian Horse Society of Australia]
| |
| − | *[http://www.aacca.com.ar/ Argentine Arabian Horse Association]
| |
| − | *[http://www.weatherbys.co.uk/ Weatherbys (UK) Maintainer of the General Stud Book]
| |
| − | *[http://www.waho.org/ World Arabian Horse Organisation]
| |
| | | | |
| − | ===Educational organizations and articles===
| + | <!--T:5--> |
| − | *[http://www.alkhamsa.org/ Al Khamsa Organization]
| + | Arabian horses have refined, wedge-shaped heads, a broad forehead, large eyes, large nostrils, and small muzzles. Most display a distinctive concave or "dished" profile. Another breed characteristic is an arched neck with a large, well-set windpipe set on a refined, clean throatlatch. |
| − | *[http://cmkarabians.com/articles/ CMK Arabians - historical articles]
| |
| − | *[http://www.arabianhorses.org/home/faq/AskExpert4.asp Frequently asked questions about Arabian horses]
| |
| − | *[http://www.hyksosarabians.com/index.php?pr=Original_Colonials "History of the Australian Colonial Arabian"]
| |
| − | *[http://www.pyramidsociety.org/history.htm "History of the Egyptian Arabian," The Pyramid Society]
| |
| − | *[http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_history_bedouin.asp "Horse of the Desert Bedouin"]
| |
| − | *[http://korona.com/ Korona Polish Arabian Breeders society]
| |
| − | *[http://www.spanisharabianhorsesociety.org/ Spanish Arabian Horse Society]
| |
| − | *[http://www.csupomona.edu/~wkkahl/ W.K.Kellogg Arabian Horse Library]
| |
| | | | |
| − | {{Equidae}}
| + | <!--T:6--> |
| | + | The breed standard for Arabian horses describes the Arabians as standing between 14.1 and 15.1 hands (140-155 cm) tall. |
| | | | |
| − | [[Category:Horse breeds]]
| + | <!--T:7--> |
| − | [[Category:Arabian and part-Arabian horses]]
| + | The Arabian Horse Association recognizes purebred horses with the coat colors bay, gray, chestnut, black, and roan. Bay is the most common color, followed by gray, and then chestnut. Black is somewhat rare. |
| | | | |
| − | [[ar:حصان عربي]]
| + | <!--T:8--> |
| − | [[cs:Arabský plnokrevník]]
| + | }} |
| − | [[da:Fuldblodsaraber]]
| + | <noinclude></translate></noinclude> |
| − | [[de:Araber (Pferd)]]
| |
| − | [[et:Araabia hobune]]
| |
| − | [[es:Caballo árabe]]
| |
| − | [[eo:Araba ĉevalo]]
| |
| − | [[fr:Pur-sang arabe]]
| |
| − | [[it:Arabo (cavallo)]]
| |
| − | [[lt:Arabų arkliai]]
| |
| − | [[nl:Arabier (paard)]]
| |
| − | [[ja:アラブ種]]
| |
| − | [[no:Araberhest]]
| |
| − | [[pl:Koń czystej krwi arabskiej]]
| |
| − | [[pt:Árabe (cavalo)]]
| |
| − | [[ro:Arab (cal)]]
| |
| − | [[ru:Арабская лошадь]]
| |
| − | [[simple:Arabian horse]]
| |
| − | [[fi:Arabianhevonen]]
| |
| − | [[sv:Arabiskt fullblod]]
| |
| − | [[tr:Arap atı]]
| |
