Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Species Account/Isurus oxyrinchus"

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{{Taxobox
 
{{Taxobox
 
| name = Shortfin mako shark
 
| name = Shortfin mako shark
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The '''shortfin mako shark''', ''Isurus oxyrinchus'' ("sharp nose"), is a large [[mackerel shark]]. Along with the closely related [[longfin mako]] (''Isurus paucus'') it is commonly referred to as "'''mako shark'''".
 
The '''shortfin mako shark''', ''Isurus oxyrinchus'' ("sharp nose"), is a large [[mackerel shark]]. Along with the closely related [[longfin mako]] (''Isurus paucus'') it is commonly referred to as "'''mako shark'''".
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==Etymology==
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In 1809, [[Constantine Rafinesque]] first described shortfin mako and coined the name Isurus oxyrinchus ([[Isurus]] means "the same tail", oxyrinchus means "pointy snout"). "Mako" comes from the [[Māori language]],<ref>{{
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cite web|url=http://www.maori.info/maori_language.htm|title=Maori language - a glossary of useful words from the language of the Maori New Zealand|accessdate=2006-08-11}}</ref> meaning either the shark or a shark tooth. It may have originated in a [[dialect]]al variation as it is similar to the common words for shark in a number of [[Polynesian languages]]&mdash;''makō'' in the [[Ngai Tahu|Kāi Tahu]] Māori dialect,<ref name="DMaori">{{
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cite book|title=Dictionary of the Maori Language|author=H.W.Williams|edition=7th|date=1971}}</ref> ''mangō'' in other Māori dialects,<ref name="DMaori"/> ''ma'o'' in [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]], and ''mano'' in [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]. The first written usage is in [[Samuel Lee (linguist)|Lee]] & [[Thomas Kendall|Kendall's]] ''Grammar and vocabulary of the language of New Zealand'' (1820), which simply states "Máko; A certain fish".<ref>{{
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cite book|title=Oxford: The Dictionary of New Zealand English: New Zealand words and their origins|date=1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mako|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=2008-03-08}}</ref> [[Richard Taylor (missionary)|Richard Taylor's]] ''A leaf from the natural history of New Zealand'' (1848) is more elaborate: "Mako, the shark which has the tooth so highly prized by the Maoris".<ref>{{
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cite book|title=A leaf from the natural history of New Zealand|author=Richard Taylor|date=1848|page=xiii|nopp=true}}</ref>
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<!-- the 1727 reference that appears in the Oxford English Dictionary and others is a misinterpretation of the Japanese word "makko" (sperm whale)-->
  
 
==Anatomy and appearance==
 
==Anatomy and appearance==
This species grows to an average full-grown length of 1.82&ndash;3.2&nbsp;m (6&ndash;10&nbsp;ft)<ref><http://www.sdnhm.org/kids/sharks/shore-to-sea/mako.html></ref><ref><http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Isurus_oxyrinchus.html></ref> and to a weight of approximately 60–400&nbsp;kg (135-880&nbsp;lb).<ref>http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/shortfinmako/shortfinmako.html</ref>  The largest reported shortfin mako was a male with a weight of 454&nbsp;kg (1,000&nbsp;lb) and measuring 4.02&nbsp;m (13.2&nbsp;ft), although a near record-sized female shortfin mako measuring 3.96&nbsp;m (13&nbsp;ft) had a weight of 794&nbsp;kg (1,750&nbsp;lb).<ref>[http://homepage.mac.com/mollet/Io/Io_large.html large shortfin makos<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> It is typically a bluish back color with a white underside. Although the sexes grow at about the same rate, females are thought to have a longer [[life expectancy|life span]], and generally grow larger and more rotund, there are cases when an angry mako will jump out of the water and into a boat after it has been caught on the hook. Mako sharks have a better hydrodynamic shape than all other sharks other than the salmon shark, and this, combined with the lamnidae's typical high aerobic muscle mass, reflects in the spectacular speed and agility of both the longfin and shortfin makos. Makos have placoid scales that covers the skin to reduce friction during swimming, which makes the skin very abrasive.
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Although both sexes grow at about the same rate, females are thought to have a longer [[life expectancy|life span]], and generally grow larger and more rotund. This species grows to an average length of {{convert|1.82|-|3.2|m}}<ref>
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<http://www.sdnhm.org/kids/sharks/shore-to-sea/mako.html></ref><ref>
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[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Isurus_oxyrinchus.html]</ref> and to a weight of approximately {{convert|60|-|400|kg}}.<ref>
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[http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/shortfinmako/shortfinmako.html]</ref>  The largest reported male specimen weighed {{kg to lb|454}} and measured {{m to ft|4.02}}, although a near record-sized female shortfin mako measuring {{m to ft|3.96}} weighted {{kg to lb|794}}.<ref>
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[http://homepage.mac.com/mollet/Io/Io_large.html Large shortfin makos<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>  
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The shortfin is sleek and spindle-shaped with a long conical snout. Mako sharks have a more hydrodynamic shape than any shark other than the [[salmon shark]]. Combined with the lamnidae's typical high aerobic muscle mass, this enables its spectacular speed and agility.
  
The shortfin mako shark is a sleek spindle-shaped shark with a long conical snout. This shark has short [[pectoral fin]]s and a crescent shaped [[caudal fin|caudal (tail) fin]]. There is a distinct caudal keel on the caudal base. Its second [[dorsal fin]] is much smaller than the first. The apex of pectoral fin and first dorsal fin are rounded in younger makos. The teeth are slender and slightly curved with no lateral cusps and are visible even when the mouth is closed. There is marked countershading on this shark; dorsally it is a metallic indigo blue while ventrally it is white.<ref name="GG"/>
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It has a crescent shaped [[caudal fin|caudal (tail) fin]]. The caudal base has a distinct caudal keel. Its second [[dorsal fin]] is much smaller than the first. The apexes of pectoral fin and first dorsal fin are rounded in younger makos. Makos carry very abrasive [[placoid scales]] that cover the skin to reduce friction during swimming.
  
== Sustainable consumption ==
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===Distinguishing characteristics===
In 2010, Greenpeace International has added the [[shortfin mako shark]] ([[Isurus oxyrhinchus]] or [[mackerel shark]]) to its seafood red list. "The Greenpeace International seafood red list is a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries."<ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/seafood/red-list-of-species Greenpeace International Seafood Red list]</ref>
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* Teeth are visible even when the mouth is closed
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* Teeth are long and slender with smooth-edged cusps
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* Distinct [[countershading]], dorsally blue and ventrally white
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* Moderately short [[pectoral fin]]s<ref name="MK"/><ref name="GG"/>  
  
==Naming==
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==Ecology==
In 1809, Constantine Rafinesque was the first person who described shortfin mako in the scientific literature and coined the name Isurus oxyrinchus ([[Isurus]] means "the same tail", oxyrinchus means "pointy snout", both in Latin). The name "mako" comes from the [[Māori language]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maori.info/maori_language.htm|title=Maori language - a glossary of useful words from the language of the Maori New Zealand|accessdate=2006-08-11}}</ref> meaning either the mako shark or a shark tooth. It may simply have originated from a dialectal variation as it is similar to the common words for shark in a number of [[Polynesian languages]] - ''makō'' in the [[Ngai Tahu|Kāi Tahu]] Māori dialect,<ref name="DMaori">{{cite book|title=Dictionary of the Maori Language|author=H.W.Williams|edition=7th|date=1971}}</ref> ''mangō'' in other Māori dialects,<ref name="DMaori"/> ''ma'o'' in [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]], and ''mano'' in [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]. The first written usage is in [[Samuel Lee (linguist)|Lee]] & [[Thomas Kendall|Kendall's]] ''Grammar and vocabulary of the language of New Zealand'' (1820), which simply states "Máko; A certain fish".<ref>{{cite book|title=Oxford: The Dictionary of New Zealand English: New Zealand words and their origins|date=1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mako|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=2008-03-08}}</ref> [[Richard Taylor (missionary)|Richard Taylor's]] ''A leaf from the natural history of New Zealand'' (1848) is more elaborate: "Mako, the shark which has the tooth so highly prized by the Maoris".<ref>{{cite book|title=A leaf from the natural history of New Zealand|author=Richard Taylor|date=1848|page=xiii|nopp=true}}</ref>
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===Range and habitat===
<!-- the 1727 reference that appears in the Oxford English Dictionary and others is a misinterpretation of the Japanese word "makko" (sperm whale)-->
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[[Image:Isurus-oxyrinchus.jpg|right|thumb|]]
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The shortfin mako inhabits offshore [[temperate]] and [[tropical]] seas worldwide. The closely related [[longfin mako shark]], ''Isurus paucus'', is found in the [[Gulf Stream]] or warmer offshore waters.
  
==Diet==
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It is a [[pelagic]] species that can be found from the surface down to depths of {{m to ft|150}}, normally far from land though occasionally closer to shore, around islands or inlets.<ref name="SG"/> One of only four known [[Warm-blooded|endothermic]] sharks, it is seldom found in waters colder than {{C to F|16}}.<ref>{{
[[Image:Close up of mako shark head 005.jpg|thumb|left|The head of a mako shark.]]
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cite news | title= Shortfin Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) | date=05/08/29 | publisher=Shark Foundation / Hai-Stiftung | url =http://www.shark.ch/Database/Search/species.html?sh_id=1027 | accessdate = 2008-11-18 | language = }}</ref>
The shortfin mako feeds mainly upon [[cephalopods]], bony fishes including mackerels, tunas, bonitos, [[swordfish]], and [[sailfish]], but it may also eat other sharks, porpoises, sea turtles, and seabirds. They hunt by using their sheer speed, swimming vertically up and taking large bites on their preys' flanks and fins. Makos swim deeper than their prey, so they have a view of what is above and have a high probability of seeing and attacking the prey before they are seen themselves. Biting the [[caudal peduncle]] can immobilize the prey. In Ganzirri and Isola Lipari, [[Sicily]], shortfin makos have been found with amputated swordfish bills impaled into their head and gills, suggesting from the dangerous location of the wounds found on the Mako sharks, swordfish seriously injure and likely kill makos.  In addition, this location, off the coast of Sicily and the timing, late spring and early summer,  corresponding to the swordfish's spawning cycle suggests that these makos prey on swordfish while they are most vulnerable, typical of many predators.<ref name="SG">{{cite web |url=http://sharks-med.netfirms.com/med/mako.htm |title=The Shark Gallery - Shortfin Mako Shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) |publisher="The [[Shark Trust]]"|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref>
 
  
Shortfin mako shark consumes 3% of the total body weight in a day and it takes about 1 1/2 days to 2 days to assimilate an average-sized meal. Due to their high metabolic energy and power. While an inactive species such as, [[sandbar shark]] consumes 0.6% of the total body weight a day and it took 3 to 4 days to absorb an average-sized meal. An analysis of the stomach contents of 399 male and female mako sharks ranging from 67 to 328&nbsp;cm suggest makos from Cape Hatteras to the Grand Banks prefer [[bluefish]] to any other food source. In the study, bluefish constituted 77.5% of the diet by volume. The average capacity of the stomach was 10% of the body weight. Shortfin makos consumed 4.3 to 14.5% of the available bluefish between Cape Hatteras and Georges Bank.<ref> {{cite journal|title=Food, Feeding Habits, and Estimates of Daily Ration of the Shortfin Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus ) in the Northwest Atlantic.|journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences|date=1982|first=|last=|coauthors=|volume= 39|issue= 3|pages=407–414.|id= |url=http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=226343&q=Shortfin+mako&uid=793124504&setcookie=yes|format=|accessdate=2008-11-04|doi=10.1139/f82-058|last1=Stillwell|first1=C.E. }}</ref>
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In the western [[Atlantic]] it can be found from [[Argentina]] and the [[Gulf of Mexico]] to [[Gulf of Maine#Geographic features and biological importance|Browns Bank]] off of [[Nova Scotia]]. In [[Canada|Canadian]] waters these sharks are neither abundant nor rare. Swordfish are a good indication of shortfin makos as the former is a source of food and prefers similar environmental conditions.<ref>{{
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cite news | first=Steven | last=Campana | coauthors= Warren Joyce,Zoey Zahorodny | title=Shortfin Mako | date=2 October 2008 | publisher=The Canadian Shark Research Laboratory | url =http://www.marinebiodiversity.ca/shark/english/skull6.htm | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-11-16 | language = }}</ref>
  
Shortfin makos over 3&nbsp;m (10&nbsp;ft.) have been found to have interior teeth considerably wider and flatter than smaller makos, which enables them to prey effectively upon dolphins, swordfish, and other sharks.<ref name="SS">{{cite news | first= Martin | last= R. Aidan. | coauthors= | title=Open Ocean: the Blue DesertShortfin Mako | date=2003 | publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research | url =http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/ecology/ocean-mako.htm | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-11-14 | language = }}</ref>
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Shortfin makos travel long distances to seek prey or mates.  In December 1998, a female tagged off [[California]] was captured in the central Pacific by a Japanese research vessel, meaning this fish traveled over {{mi to km|1725}}. Another swam {{mi to km|1322}} in 37 days, averages {{mi to km|36}} a day.<ref name="SS"/>
  
In recent years it has been suggested that adult makos infrequently attack free-swimming dolphinsThis hypothesis appeared validated when an amateur videotaper, taken in Pacific waters, emerged, showing a moribund spotted dolphin whose tail was almost completely severed, just after a shark attack. The video shows a very large shortfin mako circling the dying dolphin.  Makos also have the tendency to scavenge on long-lined and netted fish.<ref>{{cite news | first=Ian | last=Fergusson | coauthors= | title=Shortfin Mako Shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) | date= | publisher= | url =http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/sharktrust/mako.shtml | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-11-18 | language = }}</ref>
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===Feeding===
 
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[[Image:Close up of mako shark head 005.jpg|thumb|left|The head of a mako shark.]]
==Distribution==
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The shortfin mako feeds mainly upon [[cephalopods]], bony fishes including [[mackerel]]s, [[tuna]]s, [[bonito]]s, [[swordfish]], and [[sailfish]], but it may also eat other sharks, [[porpoise]]s, [[sea turtle]]s, and seabirds. They hunt by lunging vertically up and tearing off chunks of their preys' flanks and fins. Makos swim below than their prey, so they can see what is above and have a high probability of reaching prey before it notices. Biting the [[caudal peduncle]] can immobilize the prey. In Ganzirri and Isola Lipari, [[Sicily]], shortfin makos have been found with amputated swordfish bills impaled into their head and gills, suggesting that swordfish seriously injure and likely kill makos.  In addition, this location, and the late spring and early summer timing, corresponding to the swordfish's spawning cycle, suggests that these makos hunt while the swordfish are most vulnerable, typical of many predators.<ref name="SG">{{
[[Image:Isurus-oxyrinchus.jpg|right|thumb|]]
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cite web |url=http://sharks-med.netfirms.com/med/mako.htm |title=The Shark Gallery - Shortfin Mako Shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) |publisher="The [[Shark Trust]]"|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref>
The shortfin mako is particularly found in offshore [[temperate]] and [[tropical]] seas worldwide. The closely related [[longfin mako shark]], ''Isurus paucus'', is found in the [[Gulf Stream]] or warmer offshore waters.
 
  
It is a [[pelagic]] species that can be found from the surface down to depths of 150&nbsp;m (490&nbsp;ft.).  The shortfin mako is found in blue waters, normally far from land though occasionally closer to shore, around islands or inlets.<ref name="SG"/>  One of only four known [[Warm-blooded|endothermic]] sharks, it is seldom found in waters colder than 16° [[Celsius|C]] (61° [[Fahrenheit|F]]).<ref>{{cite news | title= Shortfin Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) | date=05/08/29 | publisher=Shark Foundation / Hai-Stiftung | url =http://www.shark.ch/Database/Search/species.html?sh_id=1027 | accessdate = 2008-11-18 | language = }}</ref>
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Shortfin consume 3% of its weight each day and takes about 1.5&ndash;2 days to digest an average-sized meal. By comparison, an inactive species such as the [[sandbar shark]] consumes 0.6% of its  weight a day and takes 3 to 4 days to digest  it. An analysis of the stomach contents of 399 male and female mako sharks ranging from {{convert|67|-|328|cm}} suggest makos from [[Cape Hatteras]] to the [[Grand Banks]] prefer [[bluefish]], constituting 77.5% of the diet by volume. The average capacity of the stomach was 10% of weight. Shortfin makos consumed 4.3 to 14.5% of the available bluefish between Cape Hatteras and [[Georges Bank]].<ref> {{
 +
cite journal|title=Food, Feeding Habits, and Estimates of Daily Ration of the Shortfin Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus ) in the Northwest Atlantic.|journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences|date=1982|first=|last=|coauthors=|volume= 39|issue=  3|pages=407–414.|id= |url=http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=226343&q=Shortfin+mako&uid=793124504&setcookie=yes|format=|accessdate=2008-11-04|doi=10.1139/f82-058|last1=Stillwell|first1=C.E. }}</ref>
  
In the western [[Atlantic]] it can be found from [[Argentina]] and the [[Gulf of Mexico]] to [[Gulf of Maine#Geographic features and biological importance|Browns Bank]] off of [[Nova Scotia]]. In [[Canada|Canadian]] waters these sharks are not abundant as they prefer warm waters, but neither are they rare. Shortfin makos are often found in the same waters as swordfish as they are a source of food and both fish prefer similar environmental conditions.<ref>{{cite news | first=Steven | last=Campana | coauthors= Warren Joyce,Zoey Zahorodny | title=Shortfin Mako | date=2 October 2008 | publisher=The Canadian Shark Research Laboratory | url =http://www.marinebiodiversity.ca/shark/english/skull6.htm | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-11-16 | language = }}</ref>
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Shortfin over {{m to ft|3}} have interior teeth considerably wider and flatter than smaller makos, which enables them to prey effectively upon [[dolphin]]s, swordfish, and other sharks.<ref name="SS">{{
 +
cite news | first= Martin | last= R. Aidan. | coauthors= | title=Open Ocean: the Blue DesertShortfin Mako | date=2003 | publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research | url =http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/ecology/ocean-mako.htm | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-11-14 | language = }}</ref> An amateur videotape, taken in Pacific waters, shows a moribund spotted dolphin whose tail was almost completely severed, with a very large shortfin mako circling the dying dolphin. Makos also have the tendency to scavenge long-lined and netted fish.<ref>{{
 +
cite news | first=Ian | last=Fergusson | coauthors= | title=Shortfin Mako Shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) | date= | publisher= | url =http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/sharktrust/mako.shtml | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-11-18 | language = }}</ref>
  
It is suggested shortfin makos travel long distances to seek adequate prey or fitting mates.  In December 1998, a female shortfin mako tagged off California was captured in the central Pacific by a Japanese research vessel, meaning this fish traveled over 1,725 miles (2,780 kilometers). One mako is known to swim 1,322 miles (2,128 km) in 37 days, averages 36 miles (58 km) a day.<ref name="SS"/>
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Its endothermic constitution partly accounts for its relatively great speed.<ref name="MK">{{
 +
cite news | first=Nancy | last=Passarelli | coauthors= Craig Knickle and Kristy DiVittorio | title=SHORTFIN MAKO | date= | publisher=Florida Museum of Natural History | url =http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/ShortfinMako/Shortfinmako.html | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-10-06 | language = }}</ref>
  
The shortfin Mako shark is one of the only things in the ocean that can hunt and kill a swordfish. But the swordfish could kill the Mako by a stab in the lungs or gills.
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Like other [[Lamnidae|lamnid]] sharks, the shortfin mako has a heat exchange circulatory system that allows the shark to be 7-10°F (4-7°C) warmer than the surrounding water. This system enables it to maintain a high level of activity,<ref name="GG">{{
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cite news | first=M. McGrouther |  title=Shortfin Mako | date=May 2007 | publisher=Australian Museum | url =http://www.australianmuseum.net.au/fishes/fishfacts/fish/ioxyrinchus.htm | accessdate = 2008-11-15  }}</ref> giving it an advantage over its cold-blooded prey.<ref>{{
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cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Shortfin Mako Shark | date=Tuesday, October 30, 2007 | publisher=2008 Discovery Communications, LLC | url =http://dsc.discovery.com/sharks/shortfin-mako-shark.html | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-11-04 | language = }}</ref>
  
 
==Behavior==
 
==Behavior==
The shortfin mako's speed has been recorded at 50&nbsp;km/h (31&nbsp;mph), and there are reports that it can achieve bursts of up to 74&nbsp;km/h (46&nbsp;mph).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/i_oxyrinchus.htm|title=Biology of the Shortfin Mako|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research|accessdate=2006-08-12|author=R. Aidan Martin}}</ref> It can jump up to 9&nbsp;m (28&nbsp;ft.) in the air. Due to its speed and agility, this high-leaping fish is sought as [[Game (food)|game]] worldwide. This shark is highly migratory. Its endothermic constitution partly accounts for its relatively great speed.<ref name="MK">{{cite news | first=Nancy | last=Passarelli | coauthors= Craig Knickle and Kristy DiVittorio | title=SHORTFIN MAKO | date= | publisher=Florida Museum of Natural History | url =http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/ShortfinMako/Shortfinmako.html | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-10-06 | language = }}</ref>
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The shortfin mako's speed has been recorded at {{km/h to mph|50}} with bursts of up to {{km/h to mph|74}}.<ref>{{
 +
cite web|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/i_oxyrinchus.htm|title=Biology of the Shortfin Mako|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research|accessdate=2006-08-12|author=R. Aidan Martin}}</ref> It can jump {{m to ft|9}} in the air. This high-leaping fish is sought as [[Game (food)|game]] worldwide. There are cases when an angry mako jumped into a boat after having been hooked.
  
There is still some uncertainty about its lifespan, but it is suspected to reach ages of between 12 to 24 years.
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This shark is highly migratory.
  
Like other [[Lamnidae|lamnid]] sharks, the shortfin mako has a heat exchange circulatory system that allows the shark to be seven to ten degrees warmer than the surrounding water. This system enables the shortfin to maintain a high level of activity.<ref name="GG">{{cite news | first=M. McGrouther |  title=Shortfin Mako | date=May 2007 | publisher=Australian Museum | url =http://www.australianmuseum.net.au/fishes/fishfacts/fish/ioxyrinchus.htm | accessdate = 2008-11-15  }}</ref>  This could be the reason for their great hunting abilities. The higher body temperature give the sharks an advantage over its cold-blooded prey.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Shortfin Mako Shark | date=Tuesday, October 30, 2007 | publisher=2008 Discovery Communications, LLC | url =http://dsc.discovery.com/sharks/shortfin-mako-shark.html | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-11-04 | language = }}</ref>
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==Life history==
 +
===Reproduction===
 +
The shortfin mako shark is a yolk-sac [[Ovoviviparity|ovoviviparous]] shark, giving birth to live young. Developing embryos feed on unfertilized eggs [[in utero]] during the 15 to 18 month gestation period. This is called ([[oophagy]]) (i.e. egg-eating). Shortfins do not engage in sibling cannibalism unlike the sand tiger shark (''[[Carcharias taurus]]''). The 4 to 18 surviving young are born live in the late winter and early spring at a length of about {{convert|70|cm}}. It is believed that females may rest for 18 months after birth before mating again. Makos are thought to grow much faster than many species. The [[sandbar shark]] needs 12 to 14 years to reach {{convert|40|-|45|kg}} when mature, while a male shortfin mako needs only 4 1/2 to 5 years to reach {{kg to lb|136}}mdash;{m to ft|2}} and females reach {{kg to lb|227}}&mdash;{{convert|2.7|-|2.9|m}} in 7 years. However, some biologist think makos grow very slowly. The oldest ever found, "Caroline", is at the Walka aquarium.
  
==Reproduction==
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===Lifespan===
The shortfin mako shark is a yolk-sac [[Ovoviviparity|ovoviviparous]] shark, meaning it gives birth to live young. Developing embryos feed on unfertilized eggs produced by the mother in the uterus during the gestation period of 15 to 18 months. This is called ([[oophagy]]) (i.e. egg-eating). In fact, there is no evidence of sibling cannibalism in short-fin mako as there is in the sand tiger shark (''Carcharias taurus''). The 4 to 18 surviving young are born live in the late winter and early spring at a length of about 70&nbsp;cm. It is believed that females may rest for 18 months after birth before the next batch of eggs are fertilized.
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There is still some uncertainty about its lifespan, but it is suspected to reach ages of between 12 to 24 years. One 1997 [[NOAA]] study revealed one mako recaptured 12.8 years after it was first identified, the longest time at liberty for any mako. Along with the shark itself a piece of the backbone was collected to confirm the age estimates. The recapture of this shark proved that shortfin makos can live at least 13 years.<ref name='WW'>{{
 +
cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=1997 OVERVIEW | date=December 9, 2004 | publisher=Apex Predators Program | url =http://na.nefsc.noaa.gov/sharks/newsletter/97/97overview.html | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-11-16 | language = }}</ref>
  
Shortfin mako shark has more metabolic energy and muscular power for its active lifestyle. This suggest makos are thought to grow much faster than many species. For [[sandbar shark]] needs 12 to 14 years to reach 40-45 kg when mature, while an male shortfin mako need 4 1/2 to 5 years to reach 136 kg (2 m) and female reaches 227 kg (2.7 to 2.9 m) in 7 years, when matured. However, this may still be in question and some biologist think makos grow very slowly.
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==Relation to humans==
The oldest ever found "Caroline" is at the walka aquarium.
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=== Sustainable consumption ===
 
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In 2010, [[Greenpeace International]] added the [[shortfin mako shark]] (Surus oxyrhinchus or [[mackerel shark]]) to its seafood red list. "The Greenpeace International seafood red list is a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries."<ref>
One study conducted by NOAA in 1997, showed times at liberty ranged from 13 days to 12.8 years.  This phenomenal 12.8 year recapture was in 1997 the longest time at liberty for any mako.  Along with the shark itself a piece of the backbone was collected to confirm the age estimates.  The recapture of this shark proved that shortfin makos can in fact live at least 13 years.  This information can in turn be used to better manage the species.<ref name='WW'>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=1997 OVERVIEW | date=December 9, 2004 | publisher=Apex Predators Program | url =http://na.nefsc.noaa.gov/sharks/newsletter/97/97overview.html | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-11-16 | language = }}</ref>
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[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/seafood/red-list-of-species Greenpeace International Seafood Red list]</ref>
 
 
==Distinguishing characteristics==
 
* Teeth are visible even when the mouth is closed
 
* Teeth are long and slender with smooth-edged cusps
 
* Distinct countershading, dorsally blue and ventrally white
 
* Moderately short pectoral fins
 
* Underside of the snout is white<ref name="MK"/>
 
  
==Captivity==
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===Captivity===
 
Of all recorded attempts to keep [[pelagic]] shark species in captivity, the short-fin mako has fared the poorest; even more so than the [[oceanic whitetip shark]], the [[blue shark]] and the [[great white shark]]. The current record is held by a specimen that, in 2001, was kept at the New Jersey Aquarium for only five days. Like past attempts at keeping ''Isurus'' in captivity, the animal appeared strong upon arrival but had trouble negotiating the walls of the aquarium, refused to feed, quickly weakened and expired.<ref>[http://homepage.mac.com/mollet/ Elasmobranch Research around Monterey Bay<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
Of all recorded attempts to keep [[pelagic]] shark species in captivity, the short-fin mako has fared the poorest; even more so than the [[oceanic whitetip shark]], the [[blue shark]] and the [[great white shark]]. The current record is held by a specimen that, in 2001, was kept at the New Jersey Aquarium for only five days. Like past attempts at keeping ''Isurus'' in captivity, the animal appeared strong upon arrival but had trouble negotiating the walls of the aquarium, refused to feed, quickly weakened and expired.<ref>[http://homepage.mac.com/mollet/ Elasmobranch Research around Monterey Bay<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
  
==Attacks on humans==
+
===Attacks on humans===
The shortfin mako has a formidable and foreboding appearance. The [[International Shark Attack File|ISAF]] statistics on attacking species of sharks purports that between 1580 and 2007, the shortfin mako has had eight recorded unprovoked [[Shark attack|attacks]] on humans with two ending in fatality and twenty [[boat]] attacks.<ref>[http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/statistics/species2.htm ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
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The shortfin mako has a formidable and foreboding appearance. [[International Shark Attack File|ISAF]] statistics records eight unprovoked shortfin [[Shark attack|attacks]] between in 1580 and 2007, on humans, two fatal, along with twenty [[boat]] attacks.<ref>
In New Zealand Mako sharks are often encountered in the waters of the North Island.  Sharks can be attracted to caught fish with accounts of spear fishermen being approached by curious sharks and even being "slapped" with [[cavitation]] bubbles from a swift tail flick.
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[http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/statistics/species2.htm ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Sharks can be attracted to spear fishermen carrying a stuck fish, and may slap them with [[cavitation]] bubbles from a swift tail flick.
  
==Short fin mako sharks in popular culture==
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===In popular culture===
* A mako shark appeared in Ernest Hemingway's novella, ''[[The Old Man and the Sea]]''.
+
* A mako shark appeared in [[Ernest Hemingway]]'s novella, ''[[The Old Man and the Sea]]''.
* Three short-fin mako sharks appear as the antagonists of the film ''[[Deep Blue Sea]]''. Shown using animatronics and CGI, the three sharks are genetically engineered to be super smart, and in one case, extremely large. They proceed to destroy the facility they are housed in, and eat most of the scientists studying them, before they are eventually killed (each is killed as an homage to the deaths of the sharks in the Jaws series). There is also a '[[tiger shark]]' seen early in the film, but its appearance is really that of a mako shark with stripes.
+
* Three short-fin mako sharks appear as the antagonists in the film ''[[Deep Blue Sea]]''. Shown using animatronics and [[CGI]], the three sharks are genetically engineered to be intelligent, and in one case, extremely large. They destroy the facility they are housed in and eat most of the scientists studying them, before they are eventually killed (each is killed as an homage to the death of a shark in the [[Jaws]] movies.)A '[[tiger shark]]' is seen early in the film, but it is really a mako shark with fanciful stripes.
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==

Revision as of 20:50, 22 April 2010

Template:Taxobox Template:Sharksportal

The shortfin mako shark, Isurus oxyrinchus ("sharp nose"), is a large mackerel shark. Along with the closely related longfin mako (Isurus paucus) it is commonly referred to as "mako shark".

Etymology

In 1809, Constantine Rafinesque first described shortfin mako and coined the name Isurus oxyrinchus (Isurus means "the same tail", oxyrinchus means "pointy snout"). "Mako" comes from the Māori language,& meaning either the shark or a shark tooth. It may have originated in a dialectal variation as it is similar to the common words for shark in a number of Polynesian languagesmakō in the Kāi Tahu Māori dialect,& mangō in other Māori dialects,& ma'o in Tahitian, and mano in Hawaiian. The first written usage is in Lee & Kendall's Grammar and vocabulary of the language of New Zealand (1820), which simply states "Máko; A certain fish".&& Richard Taylor's A leaf from the natural history of New Zealand (1848) is more elaborate: "Mako, the shark which has the tooth so highly prized by the Maoris".&

Anatomy and appearance

Although both sexes grow at about the same rate, females are thought to have a longer life span, and generally grow larger and more rotund. This species grows to an average length of Template:Convert&& and to a weight of approximately Template:Convert.& The largest reported male specimen weighed Template:Kg to lb and measured Template:M to ft, although a near record-sized female shortfin mako measuring Template:M to ft weighted Template:Kg to lb.& The shortfin is sleek and spindle-shaped with a long conical snout. Mako sharks have a more hydrodynamic shape than any shark other than the salmon shark. Combined with the lamnidae's typical high aerobic muscle mass, this enables its spectacular speed and agility.

It has a crescent shaped caudal (tail) fin. The caudal base has a distinct caudal keel. Its second dorsal fin is much smaller than the first. The apexes of pectoral fin and first dorsal fin are rounded in younger makos. Makos carry very abrasive placoid scales that cover the skin to reduce friction during swimming.

Distinguishing characteristics

  • Teeth are visible even when the mouth is closed
  • Teeth are long and slender with smooth-edged cusps
  • Distinct countershading, dorsally blue and ventrally white
  • Moderately short pectoral fins&&

Ecology

Range and habitat

Isurus-oxyrinchus.jpg

The shortfin mako inhabits offshore temperate and tropical seas worldwide. The closely related longfin mako shark, Isurus paucus, is found in the Gulf Stream or warmer offshore waters.

It is a pelagic species that can be found from the surface down to depths of Template:M to ft, normally far from land though occasionally closer to shore, around islands or inlets.& One of only four known endothermic sharks, it is seldom found in waters colder than Template:C to F.&

In the western Atlantic it can be found from Argentina and the Gulf of Mexico to Browns Bank off of Nova Scotia. In Canadian waters these sharks are neither abundant nor rare. Swordfish are a good indication of shortfin makos as the former is a source of food and prefers similar environmental conditions.&

Shortfin makos travel long distances to seek prey or mates. In December 1998, a female tagged off California was captured in the central Pacific by a Japanese research vessel, meaning this fish traveled over Template:Mi to km. Another swam Template:Mi to km in 37 days, averages Template:Mi to km a day.&

Feeding

The head of a mako shark.

The shortfin mako feeds mainly upon cephalopods, bony fishes including mackerels, tunas, bonitos, swordfish, and sailfish, but it may also eat other sharks, porpoises, sea turtles, and seabirds. They hunt by lunging vertically up and tearing off chunks of their preys' flanks and fins. Makos swim below than their prey, so they can see what is above and have a high probability of reaching prey before it notices. Biting the caudal peduncle can immobilize the prey. In Ganzirri and Isola Lipari, Sicily, shortfin makos have been found with amputated swordfish bills impaled into their head and gills, suggesting that swordfish seriously injure and likely kill makos. In addition, this location, and the late spring and early summer timing, corresponding to the swordfish's spawning cycle, suggests that these makos hunt while the swordfish are most vulnerable, typical of many predators.&

Shortfin consume 3% of its weight each day and takes about 1.5–2 days to digest an average-sized meal. By comparison, an inactive species such as the sandbar shark consumes 0.6% of its weight a day and takes 3 to 4 days to digest it. An analysis of the stomach contents of 399 male and female mako sharks ranging from Template:Convert suggest makos from Cape Hatteras to the Grand Banks prefer bluefish, constituting 77.5% of the diet by volume. The average capacity of the stomach was 10% of weight. Shortfin makos consumed 4.3 to 14.5% of the available bluefish between Cape Hatteras and Georges Bank.&

Shortfin over Template:M to ft have interior teeth considerably wider and flatter than smaller makos, which enables them to prey effectively upon dolphins, swordfish, and other sharks.& An amateur videotape, taken in Pacific waters, shows a moribund spotted dolphin whose tail was almost completely severed, with a very large shortfin mako circling the dying dolphin. Makos also have the tendency to scavenge long-lined and netted fish.&

Its endothermic constitution partly accounts for its relatively great speed.&

Like other lamnid sharks, the shortfin mako has a heat exchange circulatory system that allows the shark to be 7-10°F (4-7°C) warmer than the surrounding water. This system enables it to maintain a high level of activity,& giving it an advantage over its cold-blooded prey.&

Behavior

The shortfin mako's speed has been recorded at Template:Km/h to mph with bursts of up to Template:Km/h to mph.& It can jump Template:M to ft in the air. This high-leaping fish is sought as game worldwide. There are cases when an angry mako jumped into a boat after having been hooked.

This shark is highly migratory.

Life history

Reproduction

The shortfin mako shark is a yolk-sac ovoviviparous shark, giving birth to live young. Developing embryos feed on unfertilized eggs in utero during the 15 to 18 month gestation period. This is called (oophagy) (i.e. egg-eating). Shortfins do not engage in sibling cannibalism unlike the sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus). The 4 to 18 surviving young are born live in the late winter and early spring at a length of about Template:Convert. It is believed that females may rest for 18 months after birth before mating again. Makos are thought to grow much faster than many species. The sandbar shark needs 12 to 14 years to reach Template:Convert when mature, while a male shortfin mako needs only 4 1/2 to 5 years to reach Template:Kg to lbmdash;{m to ft|2}} and females reach Template:Kg to lbTemplate:Convert in 7 years. However, some biologist think makos grow very slowly. The oldest ever found, "Caroline", is at the Walka aquarium.

Lifespan

There is still some uncertainty about its lifespan, but it is suspected to reach ages of between 12 to 24 years. One 1997 NOAA study revealed one mako recaptured 12.8 years after it was first identified, the longest time at liberty for any mako. Along with the shark itself a piece of the backbone was collected to confirm the age estimates. The recapture of this shark proved that shortfin makos can live at least 13 years.&

Relation to humans

Sustainable consumption

In 2010, Greenpeace International added the shortfin mako shark (Surus oxyrhinchus or mackerel shark) to its seafood red list. "The Greenpeace International seafood red list is a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries."&

Captivity

Of all recorded attempts to keep pelagic shark species in captivity, the short-fin mako has fared the poorest; even more so than the oceanic whitetip shark, the blue shark and the great white shark. The current record is held by a specimen that, in 2001, was kept at the New Jersey Aquarium for only five days. Like past attempts at keeping Isurus in captivity, the animal appeared strong upon arrival but had trouble negotiating the walls of the aquarium, refused to feed, quickly weakened and expired.&

Attacks on humans

The shortfin mako has a formidable and foreboding appearance. ISAF statistics records eight unprovoked shortfin attacks between in 1580 and 2007, on humans, two fatal, along with twenty boat attacks.& Sharks can be attracted to spear fishermen carrying a stuck fish, and may slap them with cavitation bubbles from a swift tail flick.

In popular culture

  • A mako shark appeared in Ernest Hemingway's novella, The Old Man and the Sea.
  • Three short-fin mako sharks appear as the antagonists in the film Deep Blue Sea. Shown using animatronics and CGI, the three sharks are genetically engineered to be intelligent, and in one case, extremely large. They destroy the facility they are housed in and eat most of the scientists studying them, before they are eventually killed (each is killed as an homage to the death of a shark in the Jaws movies.)A 'tiger shark' is seen early in the film, but it is really a mako shark with fanciful stripes.

See also

Notes

References

Template:Wikispecies

Template:Taxon

External links

bg:Акула мако ca:Solraig de:Kurzflossen-Mako es:Isurus oxyrinchus fr:Requin mako ko:청상아리 it:Isurus oxyrinchus nl:Kortvinmakreelhaai ja:アオザメ no:Makrellhai pl:Ostronos atlantycki pt:Tubarão-mako ru:Акула-мако sk:Mako rýchly fi:Makrillihai sv:Makohaj tr:Sivriburun camgöz vi:Cá mập mako vây ngắn zh:尖吻鲭鲨