Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Heredity/Answer Key/es"

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Giving the "hitchhikers thumb" the end section of the thumb where the thumbnail is located is not 90 degrees straight up and down with the rest of the thumb. It points farther backwards than 90 degrees. It is a commonly dominant trait.
 
  
 
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Holding your hand up in front of you, palm outwards, fingers extended you will notice that your pinky finger may or may not bend towards your ring finger. This is called Clinodactyly (from the Ancient Greek klinen meaning "to bend" and daktylos meaning "digit"). It could be seen in (a finger or toe) but is most commonly seen in the fifth finger (the "little finger") towards the adjacent fourth finger (the "ring finger"). It is a harmless anomily, but is associated with many genetic syndromes. Between 1%-19.5% of a given population will have Clinodactyly. [[Image:Sampleclinodactyly.jpg|left|200px]]. 
 
  
 
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Digits refer to your fingers and toes. Dominant traits possess hair (even if it is very fine hair) on the section of the digit closest to the body or foot. Recessive traits have no hair.
 
  
 
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It was once taught with certainty that the ability to roll one's tongue into the shape of a tube was a dominant trait, however; based on the research data kept by Genome Research, this may not be the case. In 1952 Matlock and again in 1975 Martin realized that identical twins are no more likely to be able to roll their tongues than are fraternal twins. From the evidence, it appears that the ability to roll one's tongue may not be a genetic trait after all.
 
  
 
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[[Image:Mortons toe.JPG|thumb|Mortons Toe]]
 
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Morton's toe is the common term for the second toe (second from innermost) extending further than the great toe (Hallux). Morton's toe is typically due to a lengthened second metatarsal. The Metatarsus is the five long bones of the foot. Although commonly described as a disorder, it is sufficiently common to be considered a normal variant of foot shape (around 10% of feet worldwide have this form). The main symptom experienced due to Morton's toe is discomfort and callusing of the second metatarsal head. Morton's toe is hereditary. If one of your parents has a second toe that is longer than big toe, you may have inherited your Morton’s toe from him or her.
 
  
 
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A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnett_square punnett square] (named for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Punnett Reginald Punnett], a British geneticist) is a genetic diagram used to determine the probability of an offspring expressing a particular genotype.  An allele can be dominant or recessive.  If a dominant allele (represented as a capital letter) is present, the trait will be expressed.  The recessive trait will be expressed only of both alleles are recessive (represented as a lower case letter). 
 
  
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In our example, tallness is the dominant allele and it is represented by the capital 'T'.  Shortness is the recessive allele, and it is represented as a lowercase 't' (not by an S). First we construct a table showing the alleles of the parents.  The mother (with alleles TT) is generally shown across the top, and the father (with alleles tt) is shown down the left column:
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Next we copy the alleles from the mother's row and the father's column, placing the dominant allele ahead of the recessive one (so we would always show Tt rather than tT).  In this case, all four outcomes are identical: Tt.
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Next we show a Tt mother and a Tt father.  In this case, the pair has produced one TT, two Tt's, and one tt. 
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Finally, we show the cross between a Tt and a tt.  In this case, we get two Tt's, and one tt.
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So what does all this mean?  A TT individual has two dominant alleles for tallness.  All of that individual's offspring will be tall, but all will not necessarily be TT.  A Tt individual will also be tall, but can have short offspring if crossed with either another Tt (75% tall, 25% short), or if crossed with a tt (50%-50%).  Only individuals with tt alleles will be short, but if crossed with a TT or a Tt, can still have tall offspring (though all offspring will be carriers for shortness).
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This is a graphical way to show Mendelian inheritance - inheritance of biological features that follows the laws proposed by Gregor Johann Mendel in 1865 and 1866 and re-discovered in 1900. It was initially very controversial. When Mendel's theories were integrated with the chromosome theory of inheritance by Thomas Hunt Morgan in 1915, they became the core of classical genetics.
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[[Image:Mitosis by Elspeth.jpg|thumb|center|600px|'''Mitosis.''' Click to enlarge.]]
 
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''Mitosis'' is the scientific term for ''cell division''.  Before mitosis begins, the cell will have already made two copies of its genetic material.  Mitosis is the separation of these two copies into two new cells.
 
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====Prophase====
 
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[[Image:Prophase.jpg|right|frame|'''Prophase:''' The two round objects above the nucleus are the centrosomes. Note the condensed chromatin.]]
 
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Normally, the genetic material in the nucleus is in a loosely bundled coil called chromatin. When prophase begins, chromatin condenses together into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome. Since the genetic material has already been duplicated earlier, the chromosomes have two sister chromatids, bound together at the centromere by a protein.  Just outside the nucleus are two centrosomes. The two centrosomes sprout ''microtubules'' (which may be thought of as cellular ropes or poles). By repulsive interaction of these microtubules with each other, the centrosomes push themselves to opposite ends of the cell.
 
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====Metaphase====
 
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[[Image:Metaphase.jpg|right|frame|'''Metaphase:''' The chromosomes have aligned at the metaphase plate.]]
 
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The nuclear envelope dissolves, the microtubules enter the nucleus, and attach to points on the chromatids.  As microtubules find and attach to these points, the centromeres of the chromosomes gather on an imaginary line called the ''metaphase plate'' that is equidistant from the two centrosome poles. This even alignment is due to the counterbalance of the pulling powers generated by the opposing kinetochores, analogous to a tug of war between equally strong people.
 
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====Anaphase====
 
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[[Image:Anaphase.jpg|right|frame|'''Anaphase:''' Microtubules shorten.]]
 
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During anaphase, two events occur in order:
 
  
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#The proteins that bind sister chromatids together are split, allowing them to separate. These sister chromatids turned sister chromosomes are pulled apart because the microtubules attached to the chromosomes become shorter, pulling them toward the centrosomes to which they are attached.
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#The unattached microtubules elongate, pushing the centrosomes (and the set of chromosomes to which they are attached) apart to opposite ends of the cell.
 
  
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At the end of anaphase, the cell has succeeded in separating identical copies of the genetic material into two distinct populations.
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====Telophase====
 
  
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Telophase is a reversal of the prophase events. It "cleans up" the aftereffects of mitosis. At telophase, the unattached microtubules continue to lengthen, elongating the cell even more. Corresponding sister chromosomes attach at opposite ends of the cell. A new nuclear envelope forms around each set of separated sister chromosomes. Both sets of chromosomes, now surrounded by new nuclei, unfold back into chromatin.
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The DNA is copied during transcription with the help of enzymes. The strands unwind, are copied, then are rewound back into the double helix shape.
 
  
 
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'''Meiosis''' is employed to create gametes (gametes are called sperm in males and egg cells or ova in females), and occurs ''only'' for the creation of sex cells, not body cells. The resulting nuclei have only 1/2 the genetic information and must be mated to another sex cell nuclei to grow. In humans this means a sperm fertilizes an egg and a new life begins.
 
  
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'''Mitosis''', used by all other body cells, is the process in which a cell duplicates its chromosomes to generate two, identical cells. It is generally followed by cytokinesis which divides the cytoplasm and cell membrane into two identical cells. This results in two identical cells with an equal distribution of organelles (cell parts).
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Every cell in your body has 46 identical chromosomes that are unique to you (commonly known as your DNA - what gets matched on a crime show). This is called a diploid number of chromosomes or 2n. However, when you make sex cells (egg or sperm) through meiosis, the cells will have half the normal body cell number, so in humans, 23. This is called haploid (hap and half sound alike, which helps us remember it.) This is represented by 1n.  23 chromosomes from the mother+23 from the father=46 total in the offspring.
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Other animals have different numbers of chromosomes but the process is the same - 50/50 from each parent.
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The Process of meiosis is actually split into two processes, meiosis I and meiosis II, each of which have a prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.  To see an illustration of meiosis, click on the diagram to enlarge.
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[[Image:Meiosis_Overview.svg|thumb|400px|center|Meiosis]]
 
  
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We suggest following [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijLc52LmFQg this video] closely as the narrator answers this question by drawing out the answer.
 
 
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====Meiosis I====
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This is the process by which a diploid cell divides into two haploid cells.  These two haploid cells still have duplicated chromosomes, however, so the two cells must enter Meiosis II following.
 
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=====Prophase I=====
 
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During Prophase I, the chromosomes cross over and the centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell and begin to form the mitotic spindle.
 
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=====Metaphase I=====
 
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The chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate, and the microtubules from each centriole grab one chromosome from each homologous pair.
 
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=====Anaphase I=====
 
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The microtubules pull the chromosome pairs apart, so that each centriole gets one chromosome from each pair.
 
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=====Telophase I=====
 
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The cell membrane constricts in order to cut off the two cells, and nuclei begin to form around the chromosomes.  <u>The chromosomes are still duplicated</u>, so now the cells undergo Meiosis II.
 
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====Meiosis II====
 
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This is the process by which the two haploid cells (with duplicated chromosomes; produced during Meiosis I) split into two more cells, so that the final product of Meiosis is four haploid cells.
 
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=====Prophase II=====
 
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The centrioles duplicate again and move to opposite ends of the cells, and the spindles begin to form.
 
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=====Metaphase II=====
 
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The chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate and the spindles from the centrioles attach to each chromosome.
 
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=====Anaphase II=====
 
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The centrioles pull the chromosomes apart, much like in mitosis, and each centriole gets one half of each chromosome.
 
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=====Telophase II=====
 
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The cell membranes constrict and a nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes.  The end result of meiosis is four cells with only one chromosome from each homologous pair.  These are called gametes.
 
  
 
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Yes. Haploid cells (23 chromosomes in humans) are gametes (sex cells - sperm or egg) and must remain haploid (think half the chromosomes) to produce viable offspring.
 
  
 
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<!-- 7. Describe how DNA encodes the specific proteins that result in genetic traits. Demonstrate your knowledge of this process by using diagrams or paper models. -->
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See [[W:protein biosynthesis|Protein Synthesis]] for more information on this. It is much easier to understand an [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHM4UUVHPQM animation like this one].
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In transcription DNA copies codes of thymine, adenine, cytosine and guanine into sequences that result in the formation of genes. An example of a sequence is AT-CG-AT-TA-TA-CG-GC-GC-AT representing base pairs of adenine/thymine and guanine cytosine.
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Thymine (T) will bond with adenine (A) and only adenine (TA or AT). Cytosine (C) will bond with guanine (G) and only guanine (CG or GC).
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Ideas for demonstrating this process include using the candy "dots" or "Mike and Ike's." You can use them with a toothpick to hold them together representing the sideways bonds and place them end to end to make a double helix around a dowel. Cytosine - red / Adenine - yellow / Thymine - orange / Guanine - green.
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<!-- 8. What is mutation? Using diagrams or models created in question 7,  illustrate the effect of a mutation on the genetic trait. -->
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<!-- 8. ¿Qué es una mutación? Usar de los esquemas o modelos creados en la pregunta #7 para ilustrar el efecto de una mutación en los rasgos genéticos. -->
  
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Mutation is any change in an organism's genetic material (DNA) caused by a [[w:Mutagen|mutagen]], which is any material that drives this change.
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Mutation can cause changes both big and small in a gene, either by [[w:Point mutation|point mutations]] and insertion/deletion of nucleotides on the small end of the scale or by mutations that have larger effects such as the duplication of a certain gene, the [[w:Chromosomal translocation|translocation]] of a certain chromosome, or the inversion of a chromosomal segment.
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Many mutations are meaningless and inneffective as there are up to four triplet codes that each code for the same amino acid, and so if one base is changed, the overall result is unchanged, and the protein will be as if the mutation never happened.  However, if multiple mutations occur on the same DNA or RNA strand, this can result in improperly built RNA which translates into improperly formed proteins and even malformed body structures and uncontrolled cell growth (cancer).  See [[W:protein biosynthesis|Protein Synthesis]] for more information on this.
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A mutation is a shift in base pairs (which is the CG / AT) during transcription. It can be a deletion, subtraction or translocation.
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<!-- 9. Know at least five genetic disorders and tell a story about a famous person or someone that you know who has had one of these disorders. -->
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<!-- 9. Saber por lo menos cinco alteraciones genéticas y contar una historia sobre una persona famosa o alguien que sabe que ha tenido alguna de estas alteraciones. -->
  
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Here is a list of genetic disorders and famous people who had/have them.  You can easily search for more examples, or just pick one and find a story about the person you chose.  You can tell the story to the others working on the honor (which will make an interesting exchange), or maybe type it up as a blog post if you are working on this honor independently.
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* Color-blindness
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** Bill Clinton, former President of the United States, and Bob Dole, Former Majority Leader of the U.S. Senate.  These two ran against each other in the 1996 Presidential election, and during their debates, the colors normally used had to be changed to accommodate them both.
 
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* Cystic fibrosis
 
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**Grégory Lemarchal, French pop singer, died from the illness in 2007
 
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**Frankie Abernathy, actress in ''Real World: San Diego'', died in 2007
 
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**Lisa Bentley, Triathlete
 
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* Down syndrome
 
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** Stephane Ginnsz, actor (Duo (film)) First actor with Down syndrome in the lead part of a motion picture.
 
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** Chris Burke, actor (Life Goes On) and autobiographer
 
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** Andrea Friedman, actor (Life Goes On), guest appearances on many other shows
 
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** Pascal Duquenne, actor (Le Huitième Jour aka The Eighth Day, Toto le héros aka Toto the Hero)
 
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** Anne de Gaulle (1928-1948), daughter of Charles de Gaulle
 
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* Hemophilia
 
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**Ryan White, famous for his struggle against AIDS. Ryan had hemophilia and got AIDS from the blood-clotting medicine he took.
 
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**Queen Victoria was a carrier of Hemophilia B. Two of her five daughters were also carriers and married into other royal families in Europe. They passed Hemophilia through various royal families such as Spain, Germany, and Russia. This is why Hemophilia is known as the Royal Disease. Her son Leopold died from a fall made fatal by Hemophillia.
 
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**[http://missingfactor.weebly.com/famous-people-with-hemophilia.html An extensive list] of famous hemophilics.
 
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*Parkinson's Syndrome (formerly referred to as Parkinson's Disease)
 
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**Michael J. Fox - Actor
 
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**Cassius Clay (aka Muhammad Ali) - Former heavyweight boxing champion and Olympic gold medalist.
 
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**Janet Reno, former Attorney General of the United States
 
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* Huntington's Disease
 
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** Woody Guthrie
 
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* Sickle Cell Anemia
 
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** Tiki Barber - American Football Player
 
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* Spina bifida
 
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**Olympian and eight-time Boston Marathon winner Jean Driscoll[http://www.jeandriscoll.com]
 
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** 1980s rock star, John Mellencamp
 
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** Welsh Paralympian, Tanni Grey-Thompson
 
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** U.S. country music singer, Hank Williams
 
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* Tay-Sachs disease
 
  
 
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<!-- 10. Is Biological Heredity the only factor contributing to your character, i.e., what makes you who you are? -->
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Biological Heredity is not the only factor contributing to your character- it is proven in studies that a personality of a person, and who they are, is determined by not only their genes, but also by their environment (way they are brought up).
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As Adventists and Pathfinders our character should be shaped by our parents, our faith, our good deeds and by the temptation and sin, all of which can change our character.
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<!-- 11. Find 3 statements from Ellen White's writings that relate to the previous question. -->
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<!-- 11. Encontrar tres declaraciones de los escritos de Elena G. de White que se refieren a la pregunta anterior. -->
  
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*'''[http://www.whiteestate.org/books/da/da31.html Desire of Ages, p. 307]''' Inside of us by faith
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*'''[https://text.egwwritings.org/publication.php?pubtype=Book&bookCode=DTG&lang=es&section=all&pagenumber=273 El deseado de todas las gentes, pág. 273]''' Dentro de nosotros por la fe.
  
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"True character is not shaped from without, and put on; it radiates from within. If we wish to direct others in the path of righteousness, the principles of righteousness must be enshrined in our own hearts. Our profession of faith may proclaim the theory of religion, but it is our practical piety that holds forth the word of truth. The consistent life, the holy conversation, the unswerving integrity, the active, benevolent spirit, the godly example,--these are the mediums through which light is conveyed to the world."
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«El verdadero carácter no se forma desde el exterior, para revestirse uno con él; irradia desde adentro. Si queremos conducir a otros por la senda de la justicia, los principios de la justicia deben ser engarzados en nuestro propio corazón. Nuestra profesión de fe puede proclamar la teoría de la religión, pero es nuestra piedad práctica la que pone de relieve la palabra de verdad. La vida consecuente, la santa conversación, la integridad inquebrantable, el espíritu activo y benévolo, el ejemplo piadoso, tales son los medios por los cuales la luz es comunicada al mundo.»
  
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*'''[http://www.whiteestate.org/books/da/da12.html Desire of Ages, p. 122/123]''' Christ's character in you will see you through the end times.
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*'''[https://text.egwwritings.org/publication.php?pubtype=Book&bookCode=DTG&lang=es&section=all&pagenumber=98 El deseado de todas las gentes, pág. 98]''' El carácter de Cristo en usted le llevará a través del fin de los tiempos.
  
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"In our own strength it is impossible for us to deny the clamors of our fallen nature. Through this channel Satan will bring temptation upon us. Christ knew that the enemy would come to every human being, to take advantage of hereditary weakness, and by his false insinuations to ensnare all whose trust is not in God. And by passing over the ground which man must travel, our Lord has prepared the way for us to overcome. It is not His will that we should be placed at a disadvantage in the conflict with Satan. He would not have us intimidated and discouraged by the assaults of the serpent. "Be of good cheer," He says; "I have overcome the world." John 16:33."
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«En nuestra propia fortaleza, nos es imposible negarnos a los clamores de nuestra naturaleza caída. Por su medio, Satanás nos presentará tentaciones. Cristo sabía que el enemigo se acercaría a todo ser humano para aprovecharse de las debilidades hereditarias y entrampar, mediante sus falsas insinuaciones, a todos aquellos que no confían en Dios. Y recorriendo el terreno que el hombre debe recorrer, nuestro Señor ha preparado el camino para que venzamos. No es su voluntad que seamos puestos en desventaja en el conflicto con Satanás. No quiere que nos intimiden ni desalienten los asaltos de la serpiente. “Tened buen ánimo—dice;—yo he vencido al mundo.” Juan 16:33»
  
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*'''[http://www.gilead.net/egw/books/testimonies/Testimonies_for_the_Church_Volume_Four/ Testimonies Vol. 4, p. 439]''' Character traits are transmitted to us from our parents.
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*'''[https://text.egwwritings.org/publication.php?pubtype=Book&bookCode=4TI&lang=es&collection=56&section=236&pagenumber=431 Testimonios para la iglesia, tomo 4, pág. 431]''' Los rasgos de carácter nos son transmitidos por nuestros padres.
  
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"It will be well to remember that tendencies of character are transmitted from parents to children. Meditate seriously upon these things, and then in the fear of God gird on the armor for a life conflict with hereditary tendencies, imitating none but the divine Pattern."
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«Será bueno que recuerde qué tendencias de carácter transmiten los padres a los hijo. Medite profundamente sobre estas cosas y, con temor de Dios, revístase de la armadura pronto a enfrentarse a una vida de conflictos con las tendencias hereditarias e imite únicamente al Modelo divino.»
  
 
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==Referencias==
 
==Referencias==
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Latest revision as of 02:20, 4 January 2023

Other languages:
English • ‎español • ‎français
Herencia

Nivel de destreza

3

Año

2004

Version

16.11.2024

Autoridad de aprobación

Asociación General

Heredity AY Honor.png
Herencia
Salud y ciencia
Nivel de destreza
123
Autoridad de aprobación
Asociación General
Año de introducción
2004


1

¿Qué entiende por el término «herencia»?



2

Hacer un dibujo de una célula animal y etiquetar los siguientes nombres de estructuras: membrana celular, citoplasma, núcleo, membrana nuclear, ribosomas.



3

Explicar lo siguiente:



3a

¿Qué es un cromosoma y dónde están ubicados?



3b

¿Qué es un gen y dónde se encuentra?






4

Explicar lo siguiente:



4a

¿Qué entiende por el término «alelo»?



4b

¿Cómo difiere un alelo dominante de un alelo recesivo?



4c

Determinar qué alelo tiene usted de los siguientes rasgos genéticos:


4ci

Pico de la viuda



4cii

Lóbulo de la oreja separado



4ciii

Hoyuelos



4civ

Pulgar curvo



4cv

Meñique curvo



4cvi

Pelo de la falange media



4cvii

Enrollado de la lengua



4cviii

Segundo dedo del pie más largo




4d

Utilizando un cuadro de Punnett, predecir la proporción de descendientes producidos a partir de estos monohíbridos: TT (alto) cruzado con tt (bajo), Tt (alto) cruzado con Tt (alto), Tt (alto) cruzado con tt (bajo).




5

Explicar lo siguiente:



5a

¿Qué logra el proceso de la mitosis?



5b

Dibujar una secuencia de células que muestren el proceso de la mitosis, incluyendo: profase, metafase, anafase y telofase.



5c

Explicar brevemente la forma en que el ADN en los cromosomas se copia durante el proceso.




6

Explicar lo siguiente:


6a

¿Qué logra el proceso de la meiosis y en qué se diferencia de la mitosis?



6b

Dibujar una secuencia de células que muestran el proceso de la meiosis, incluyendo: profase I y II, metafase I y II, anafase I y II, y telofase I y II.



6c

¿Las células resultantes de la meiosis permanecen haploides? Explicar.




7

Describir cómo el ADN codifica las proteínas específicas que dan lugar a los rasgos genéticos. Demostrar su conocimiento de este proceso mediante el uso de esquemas o modelos en papel.



8

¿Qué es una mutación? Usar de los esquemas o modelos creados en la pregunta #7 para ilustrar el efecto de una mutación en los rasgos genéticos.



9

Saber por lo menos cinco alteraciones genéticas y contar una historia sobre una persona famosa o alguien que sabe que ha tenido alguna de estas alteraciones.



10

¿Es la herencia biológica el único factor que contribuye al carácter, es decir, lo que hace quién eres?



11

Encontrar tres declaraciones de los escritos de Elena G. de White que se refieren a la pregunta anterior.


«El verdadero carácter no se forma desde el exterior, para revestirse uno con él; irradia desde adentro. Si queremos conducir a otros por la senda de la justicia, los principios de la justicia deben ser engarzados en nuestro propio corazón. Nuestra profesión de fe puede proclamar la teoría de la religión, pero es nuestra piedad práctica la que pone de relieve la palabra de verdad. La vida consecuente, la santa conversación, la integridad inquebrantable, el espíritu activo y benévolo, el ejemplo piadoso, tales son los medios por los cuales la luz es comunicada al mundo.»

«En nuestra propia fortaleza, nos es imposible negarnos a los clamores de nuestra naturaleza caída. Por su medio, Satanás nos presentará tentaciones. Cristo sabía que el enemigo se acercaría a todo ser humano para aprovecharse de las debilidades hereditarias y entrampar, mediante sus falsas insinuaciones, a todos aquellos que no confían en Dios. Y recorriendo el terreno que el hombre debe recorrer, nuestro Señor ha preparado el camino para que venzamos. No es su voluntad que seamos puestos en desventaja en el conflicto con Satanás. No quiere que nos intimiden ni desalienten los asaltos de la serpiente. “Tened buen ánimo—dice;—yo he vencido al mundo.” Juan 16:33»

«Será bueno que recuerde qué tendencias de carácter transmiten los padres a los hijo. Medite profundamente sobre estas cosas y, con temor de Dios, revístase de la armadura pronto a enfrentarse a una vida de conflictos con las tendencias hereditarias e imite únicamente al Modelo divino.»



Referencias

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