Difference between revisions of "Field Guide/Birds/Falco peregrinus"

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| color = pink
 
| color = pink
 
| name = Peregrine Falcon
 
| name = Peregrine Falcon
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| status = {{StatusLeastConcern}}
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| image = PeregrineFalcon.jpg
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| image_width = 200px
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| status = LC
 
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
 
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
 
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
 
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
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| species = '''''F. peregrinus'''''
 
| species = '''''F. peregrinus'''''
 
| binomial = ''Falco peregrinus''
 
| binomial = ''Falco peregrinus''
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| binomial_authority = [[Marmaduke Tunstall|Tunstall]], [[1771]]
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| binomial_authority = [[Marmaduke Tunstall|Tunstall]], 1771
 
}}
 
}}
  
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The '''Peregrine Falcon''' or, formerly, in [[North America]], '''Duck Hawk''' (''Falco peregrinus'') is a medium-sized [[falcon]] about the size of a large [[crow]]: 38-53 [[Metre#SI_multiples|cm]] (15 to 21 [[inch]]es) long. It has a wingspan of about 1 [[metre]] (40 inches). Males weigh 570-710 [[gram]]s; the noticeably larger females weigh 910-1190 grams.
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The '''Peregrine Falcon''' (''Falco peregrinus''), sometimes formerly known in North America as '''Duck Hawk''', is a medium-sized [[falcon]] about the size of a large [[crow]]: 380-530 [[millimetre]]s (15-21 [[in]]) long. The [[English language|English]] and scientific species names mean "wandering falcon", and refer to the fact that some populations are [[bird migration|migratory]]. It has a wingspan of about 1 [[meter]] (40 in). Males weigh 570-710 [[gram]]s; the noticeably larger females weigh 910-1190 grams.  
  
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==Introduction==
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The Peregrine Falcon is the fastest creature on the planet in its hunting dive, the [[stoop]], in which it soars to a great height, then dives steeply at speeds in excess of 320 km/h (200mph)(which beats previous records set by the cheetah and the sail fish) into either wing of its prey, so as not to harm itself on impact. Although not self-propelled speeds, due to the fact that the falcon gathers the momentum and controls its dive, capture (if any) and landing in its own right, technically there is no faster animal. The fastest speed recorded is 390 km/h (242.3mph). At this speed, the air intake is powerful enough to burst the lungs of the bird but the curved cones around its nose divert enough air from the lungs to keep the bird from being injured.
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Adult Peregrine Falcons have [[slate]] [[blue]]-[[grey]] wings and backs barred with [[black]]. Their undersides are [[white]] with light [[brown]] stripes. They have white faces with a black malar stripe on each cheek and the head is blue-black. The subspecies vary in plumage; for instance immature males in the [[tundra]] have pale crowns, while birds of the northwestern coast of North America are darker than others. The younger birds are darker below, browner, and streaked rather than barred. All peregrines have large dark eyes. The call of this bird is a harsh repeated "cack".
 
  
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Peregrines eat mostly other birds such as [[dove]]s, [[wader]]s, [[starling]]s, other [[passerine]]s, [[parrot]]s, and [[duck]]s. They attack their prey by flying high and diving ("stooping") at the victims.  
+
The fledglings practice the roll and the pumping of the wings before they master the actual stoop.
  
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The Peregrine Falcon is the fastest animal on earth. Although its [[level]] [[flight]] is  little faster than that of many other largish birds, its [[terminal velocity|diving speed]] is significantly greater; a peregrine has been accurately measured attaining dive speeds of up to 350 [[km/h]] (217 mph) in a 45 degree stoop.
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== Range, habitat and subspecies==
 +
 
 +
Peregrine Falcons live mostly along [[mountain range]]s, river valleys, [[coastline]]s, and increasingly, in cities. They are widespread throughout the entire world and are found in all of the [[continents]] except [[Antarctica]].
  
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These birds are greatly prized in [[falconry]], where the hen is known as a ''falcon'' and the cock as a ''tiercel''.
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There are many subspecies of Peregrine Falcons, including:
 +
* ''Falco peregrinus'' — the nominate mainly non-migratory race, which breeds over much of western Eurasia
 +
* ''F.p. anatum'' — is mostly found in the [[Rocky Mountains]]. Although it used to be common throughout eastern North America, and is currently being re-introduced in the region, it remains uncommon in much of its former range. Most mature ''anatums'', except those that breed in more northern areas, winter in their breeding range. It is a rare vagrant to western Europe.
 +
* ''F. p. brookei'' — of southern Europe to the [[Caucasus]] is smaller and more rufous below that the nominate race.
 +
* ''F. p. calidus'' — breeds in the [[Arctic]] [[tundra]] of [[Eurasia]] and is completely [[bird migration|migratory]] and travels as far as sub-[[Sahara]]n Africa. It is larger and paler than the nominate race.
 +
* ''F. p. ernesti'' — is found in [[New Zealand]] and is non-migratory
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* ''F. p, macropus'' — is found in [[Australia]] and is non-migratory
 +
* ''F. p. madens'' — breeds in the [[Cape Verde Islands]] and has brown-washed upperparts.
 +
* ''F.p. pealei'' — or [[Peale's Falcon]], is found in the [[Pacific Northwest]] of North America, and is non-migratory. Starting from the Puget Sound it dwells along the coast on cliffs and seastacks up the British Columbia coast (including the [[Queen Charlotte Islands]]) around the Gulf of Alaska all the way out the [[Aleutian Islands]] towards Russia.  This subspecies is the largest in the world and preys mostly on [[Alcidae|Alcids]] and [[Merginae|seaducks]].
 +
* ''F. p. peregrinator'' — (also called the Shaheen Falcon) has rufous underparts and is a breeding resident in [[South Asia]].
 +
* ''F. p. tundrius'' — breeds in the [[Arctic]] [[tundra]] of North America but is migratory and travels as far as South America.
  
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The bird's [[Latin]] name, ''peregrinus'', means "foreigner" or "traveller" (later, "pilgrim"). This is because [[bird migration|wintering]] birds often wander far from their frequently bleak breeding areas.
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The [[Barbary Falcon]], ''Falco (peregrinus) pelegrinoides'', is often considered to be a subspecies of the Peregrine.
  
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== Range, habitat and subspecies==
+
Peregrines in mild-winter regions are usually permanent residents, and some birds, especially adult males, will remain on the breeding territory. However, the Arctic subspecies migrate; ''tundrius'' birds from [[Alaska]], northern [[Canada]] and [[Greenland]] migrate to [[Central America|Central]] and South America, and all ''calidus''  birds from northern Eurasia move further south or to coasts in winter.
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Peregrine Falcons live mostly along [[mountain range]]s, [[river]] [[valley]]s, and [[coastline]]s and increasingly, in cities. They are widespread throughout the entire world and are found on all [[continents]] except [[Antarctica]].
 
  
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There are many subspecies of Peregrine Falcons, including:
+
[[Australia]]n Peregrine Falcons are [[non-migratory]], and their breeding season is from July to November each year.
  
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* ''Falco peregrinus tundrius'' breeds in the [[Arctic]] [[tundra]] of [[North America]]  but is [[bird migration|migratory]] and travels as far as [[South America]].
+
==Behaviour==
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* ''F.p. pealei'' is  found in the [[Pacific Northwest]] of North America, and is non-migratory.
 
−
* ''F.p. anatum'' is mostly found in the [[Rocky Mountains]]. Although it used to be common throughout eastern North America, and is currently being re-introduced in the region, it remains uncommon in much of its former range. Most mature ''anatums'', except those that breed in more northern areas, winter in their breeding range.
 
  
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The [[Barbary Falcon]], ''Falco (peregrinus) pelegrinoides'',  is often considered to be a subspecies of the peregrine.
+
[[Image:Peregrine falcon chick.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Peregrine falcon chick]]
  
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Peregrines in mild winter regions are usually permanent residents. Other populations migrate; for instance, birds from [[Alaska]], northern [[Canada]] and [[Greenland]] migrate to [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]]. Similarly, many birds from northern Eurasia move further south or to coasts in winter, but in milder areas, some birds, especially adult males, will remain on the breeding territory. Migrating birds may travel far out over open ocean.
+
Peregrine Falcons feed almost exclusively on birds, such as [[dove]]s, [[waterfowl]] and [[songbird]]s, but occasionally they hunt small mammals, including bats, rats, voles and rabbits.  Insects and reptiles make up a relatively small proportion of their diet.  On the other hand, a growing number of city-dwelling Falcons find that [[feral pigeon]]s and [[Common Starling]]s provide plenty of food. Peregrine Falcon also eat their own chicks when starving.
  
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==Breeding==
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Peregrine Falcons breed at approximately two or three years of age.  They mate for life and return to the same nesting spot annually.  Their courtship flight includes a mix of aerial acrobatics, precise spirals, and steep dives. The male passes prey it has caught to the female in midair. To make this possible, the female actually flies upside-down to receive the food from the male's talons.  Females lay an average clutch of three or four eggs in a scrape, normally on cliff edges or, increasingly, on tall buildings or bridges.  They occasionally nest in tree hollows or in the disused nest of other large birds.
  
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Courtship displays include spectacular [[aerobatic]] flight and dives by the male and aerial pursuits. A pair may mate for life. These birds aggressively defend the nesting area.
+
The laying date varies according to locality, but is generally:
 +
* from February to March (in the [[Northern Hemisphere]])
 +
* from July to August (in the [[Southern Hemisphere]])
 +
The females incubate the eggs for twenty-nine to thirty-two days at which point the eggs hatch. While the males also sometimes help with the incubation of the eggs, they only do so occasionally and for short periods.
  
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The nest is a scrape or depression dug in gravel on a cliff ledge. Sometimes if no cliff is available, peregrines will nest in a tree cavity, an old stick nest, or even a tussock of grass on the tundra. These birds also nest on tall buildings in cities, which resemble their natural nesting sites. The female usually lays 3 to 5 [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s; the color ranges from [[red]]dish white to mottled brown.
+
Thirty-five to forty-two days after hatching, the chicks will fledge, but they tend to remain dependent on their parents for a further two months. The tiercel, or male, provides most of the food for himself, the female, and the chicks; the falcon, or female, stays and watches the young.
  
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If a Peregrine Falcon lives through its first year, it can live up to 10 years or more. However, most young birds do not survive their first year, with an estimated first year mortality rate of 50-80%.
+
The average life span of a Peregrine Falcon is approximately eight to ten years, although some have been recorded to live until slightly more than twenty years of age.
  
 
==Threats==
 
==Threats==
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The Peregrine Falcon became [[endangered species|endangered]] because of the overuse of [[pesticide]]s, in particular [[DDT]], during the [[1950s]] and [[1960s]]. Pesticide build-up interfered with reproduction, thinning eggshells and severely restricting the ability of birds to reproduce. In several parts of the world, this species was wiped out by pesticides.
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The Peregrine Falcon became [[endangered species|endangered]] because of the overuse of [[pesticide]]s, during the 1950s and 1960s. Pesticide build-up interfered with reproduction, thinning eggshells and severely restricting the ability of birds to reproduce. The [[DDT]] buildup in the falcon's fat tissues would result in less calcium in the eggshells, leading to flimsier, more fragile eggs. In several parts of the world, this species was wiped out by pesticides.  
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Peregrine eggs and chicks are often targeted by thieves and collectors, so the location of their nest should not be revealed, unless they are protected.
 
  
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The Peregrine, (formerly known as the '''Duck Hawk''' in the US), along with the [[Red-tailed Hawk]] and the [[Barn Owl]], is considered an avian pest in many rural areas of the [[United States]].
+
Peregrine eggs and chicks are often targeted by thieves and collectors, so it is normal practice not to publicise unprotected nest locations.
  
 
===Recovery efforts===
 
===Recovery efforts===
 
[[Image:Peregrine_Falcon.jpg|thumb|250px|This Peregrine Falcon was found injured and survived in [[Olomouc]] Zoological Garden, the [[Czech Republic]]. One of activities of the [[zoo|zoological garden]] is a programme of helping injured [[birds of prey]].]]
 
[[Image:Peregrine_Falcon.jpg|thumb|250px|This Peregrine Falcon was found injured and survived in [[Olomouc]] Zoological Garden, the [[Czech Republic]]. One of activities of the [[zoo|zoological garden]] is a programme of helping injured [[birds of prey]].]]
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Wildlife services around the world organized Peregrine Falcon recovery teams to breed them in captivity, at [[Cornell University]] and the renowned [[World Center for Birds of Prey]] located in [[Boise]], Idaho, among other places.
+
Wildlife services around the world organized Peregrine Falcon recovery teams to breed them in captivity.
 +
 
 +
The birds were fed through a chute, so they could not see the human trainers. Then, when they were old enough, the box was opened. This allowed the bird to test its wings. As the bird got stronger, the food was reduced because the bird could hunt its own food. This procedure is called [[hack (falconry)|hacking]]. To release a captive-bred falcon, the bird was placed in a special box at the top of a tower or cliff ledge.
 +
 
 +
Worldwide recovery efforts have been remarkably successful. In the [[United States]], the banning of DDT eventually allowed released birds to breed successfully. There are now dozens of breeding pairs of Peregrine Falcons in the northeastern USA and Canada.
 +
 
 +
Many have settled in large cities, including [[London, Ontario|London Ontario]] and [[Derby]], where they nest on cathedrals, [[skyscraper]] window ledges, and the towers of [[suspension bridge]]s.  About 18 pairs nested in [[New York City]] in 2005.<sup>[http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dfwmr/wildlife/endspec/2005pfsum.pdf]</sup> 
  
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The birds were fed through a chute so they could not see the human trainers. Then, when they were old enough, the box was opened. This allowed the bird to test its wings. As the bird got stronger, the food was reduced because the bird could hunt its own food. This procedure is called hacking. To release a captive-bred falcon, the bird was placed in a special box at the top of a tower or cliff ledge.
+
These structures typically closely resemble the natural cliff ledges that the species prefers for nesting locations. During daytime the falcons have been observed swooping down to catch common city birds such as [[Rock Dove|pigeon]]s and [[Common Starling]]s. In many cities, the Falcons have been credited with controlling the numbers of such birds, which have often become pests, without resort to more controversial methods such as poisoning or hunting.  
  
−
Worldwide recovery efforts have been remarkably successful. In the [[United States]], the banning of DDT, over time, made it possible for released birds to breed successfully. There are now dozens of breeding pairs of peregrine falcons in the northeastern USA. Many have settled in large cities, including [[London%2C_Ontario|London Ontario]], where they nest on [[skyscraper]] window ledges and the towers of [[suspension bridge]]s. These structures typically closely resemble the natural elevated cliff ledges which the species prefers for nesting locations. During daytime the falcons have been observed swooping down to catch common city birds such as [[pigeon]]s and [[starling]]s. In many cities, the falcons have been credited with controlling the numbers of such birds, which have often become pests, without resort to more controversial methods such as poisoning or hunting.
+
[[Image:Stamp-ctc-1990s-recovering-species.png|thumb|Successful efforts at saving endangered species like the Peregrine were recognized by a U.S. postal stamp.]]
  
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[[Image:Stamp-ctc-1990s-recovering-species.png|thumb|Successful efforts at saving endangered species like the Peregrine were recognised by a U.S. postal stamp.]]
+
In [[Virginia]], state officials working with students from the Center for Conservation Biology of the [[College of William and Mary]] in [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]] successfully established nesting boxes high atop the [[George P. Coleman Memorial Bridge]] on the [[York River]], the [[Benjamin Harrison Memorial Bridge]] and [[Varina-Enon Bridge]] on the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]], and at other similar locations. Thirteen new chicks were hatched in this Virginia program during a recent year. Over 250 falcons have been released through the Virginia program.  
  
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In [[Virginia]], state officials working with students from the Center for Conservation Biology of the [[College of William and Mary]] in [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]] successfully established nesting boxes high atop the [[George P. Coleman Memorial Bridge]] on the [[York River]], the [[Benjamin Harrison Memorial Bridge]] and [[Varina-Enon Bridge]] on the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]], and at other similar locations. 13 new chicks were hatched in this Virginia program during a recent year. Over 250 falcons have been released through the Virginia program.  
+
In the 53-mile long [[New River (Kanawha River)|New River Gorge]] of [[West Virginia]], another program is underway to re-establish populations by transferring "bridge chicks" from Virginia, Maryland, and New Jersey to special nesting boxes mounted on the high cliffs.  [http://www.nps.gov/neri/pphtml/newsdetail23591.html]. Chicago also started its habitat protection programs with a special recognition of Peregrine Falcon by making it the official bird of the city.[http://www.falconliving.com/chicago-real-estate-news/2006/07/peregrine-falcon-official-city-bird-of.html] 
  
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The peregrine falcon was removed from the [[United States|U.S.]] Threatened and [[Endangered Species]] list on [[August 25]], [[1999]]. Although still on the [[North Carolina]] Endangered Species list, the falcon seems to be making a comeback in western Northern Carolina, namely the [[Chimney Rock Park]], which huge rock faces serve as ideal nesting ledges for the peregrine falcon. Attempts to set up nests for the birds have proved successful, but the birds always seemed to disappear or move further west. But in April 2005, bird watchers and a local [[ornithologist]] spotted a peregrine falcon defending its nest site.  
+
The Peregrine Falcon was removed from the [[United States|U.S.]] Threatened and [[Endangered Species]] list on [[August 25]], [[1999]]. In 2003, some states began issuing limited numbers of [[falconry]] permits for Peregrines, due to the success of the recovery program.
  
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In the [[United Kingdom|UK]], there has been a good recovery of populations since the crash of the [[1960]]s. This has been greatly assisted by conservation and protection work led by the [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds|RSPB]]. Peregrines now breed in many mountainous and coastal area especially in the west and north. They are also using some city buildings for nesting, capitalizing on the urban pigeon populations for food.
+
In the [[United Kingdom|UK]], there has been a good recovery of populations since the crash of the [[1960]]s. This has been greatly assisted by conservation and protection work led by the [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds|RSPB]]. Peregrines now breed in many mountainous and coastal areas, especially in the west and north. They are also using some city buildings for nesting, capitalizing on the urban pigeon populations for food
  
 
==Trivia==
 
==Trivia==
 +
* The Mediterranean Peregrine Falcon, in this context known as the [[Maltese Falcon]], was the annual rent required by Holy Roman Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] when he donated the Island of [[Malta]] to the [[Knights Hospitaller]] in 1530.
 +
* The Peregrine Falcon appears on the left hand side of the [[Coat of arms of the Isle of Man]].  The Peregrine is used owing to the historical importance of the bird in the [[Isle of Man]].  When [[Henry IV of England]] gave the Isle of Man to [[Sir John Stanley]] he made the condition that Sir John give two Peregrine Falcons to him, and furthermore to every future monarch of England on his or her [[Coronation]] Day. This tradition was carried out up to the Coronation of [[George IV]] in 1821. 
 +
* The air pressure from the Peregrine's bullet-like attack plunge might burst an ordinary bird’s lungs. It’s thought that the series of baffles in a Peregrine’s nostrils slow the wind velocity, enabling the bird to breathe while diving [http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/ORG/land/er/factsheets/birds/Falcon.htm]. This feature of the Perigrine's nostrils, once its use was found, was mimicked in fighter jets.
 +
* A Peregrine Falcon, ''Lucy'', was filmed in the movie ''[[The Falcon and the Snowman]]''.
 +
* A Peregrine Falcon will be prominently featured on the [[Idaho]] quarter to be issued in 2007 as part of the [[United States Mint|United States Mint's]] [[50 State Quarters]] program. [http://www.idahostatesman.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060725/NEWS01/607250374]
 +
* The Peregrine Falcon was declared [[Chicago]]'s official city bird in 1999 after it began nesting on the city's skyscrapers.
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* The [[Suzuki GSX1300R]] super-sport motorcycle, aka the Hayabusa (隼), is named after the Japanese word for the Peregrine Falcon. Like the bird, the motorcycle can reach speeds of 300km/h.
 +
 +
==References==
 +
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=49518|title=Falco peregrinus|downloaded=12 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
 +
* Tucker VA. Gliding flight: speed and acceleration of ideal falcons during diving and pull out. ''J. Exp. Biol.'' '''201'''(Pt 3):403-14 (1998).
 +
 +
== Peregrine Falcon webcams ==
 +
===United States===
 +
* [http://wildlife.utah.gov/peregrine/ Utah Peregrine Falcon webcam] - real time video of nesting Peregrine Falcons on the Joseph Smith Building in Salt Lake City Utah.
 +
*[http://www.woodmen.org/falcons/falconcam/index.cfm Woodmen of the World Peregrine Falcon Webcam] Webcam for the falcon nest at the Woodmen Tower in downtown Omaha, NE.
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* [http://www.scpbrg.org/ Santa Cruz Predatory Bird Research Group]
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* [http://www.pge.com/peregrinenestcam/ San Francisco Peregrine Falcon webcam] - Peregrine Falcon webcam on 33rd floor of Pacific Gas and Electric Company building in San Francisco, a SCPBRG site
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* [http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/falcon/ Pennsylvania Peregrine Falcon webcam] - DEP Falcon Cam shows a nesting pair in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
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* [http://www.falcons.boonshoftmuseum.org/ Ohio Peregrine Falcon webcam] - Falcon Cam showing 16-year-old tiercel "Mercury" and his mate Snowball in Dayton Ohio
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* [http://www.kodak.com/go/birdcam Kodak Birdcam] Kodak Birdcam - Kodak Corporate website. Nesting site located at Eastman Kodak Company in Rochester, NY, USA. Five camera views, photo galleries, videos, educational materials for educators and teachers. Tracking falcons Mariah and her mates since 1998
 +
*[http://www.paconserve.org/rc/peregrine.html WPC Peregrine Recovery Program] Webcams for the falcon nests at the Gulf Tower and Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, PA.
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*[http://www.macombcountymi.gov/peregrine/index.asp Macomb County Peregrine webcam] Webcams for the falcon nest at the Macomb County Building in Mount Clemens, MI.
 +
*[http://www.indystar.com/falconcam Indianapolis Star Peregrine Webcam] Webcams for the falcon nest at the Key Bank Building in downtown Indianapolis, IN.
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*[http://www.raptorresource.org Raptor Resource Project] Eight falcon cams, an osprey cam, an owl cam, and an eagle cam. Also includes photo forum, video clips, educational materials, and links.
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*[http://134.156.98.1/falconcam/ Boswell Energy Center Falconcam]  Webcam for the falcon nest at Minnesota Power's Boswell Energy Center near Cohasset, MN.
 +
 +
===Canada===
 +
* [http://www.peregrine-foundation.ca/webcams.html Peregrine Foundation live cams]
 +
* [http://www.hamiltonnature.org/hamfalcam.html Hamilton Nature] Falcon Cam shows chicks in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Website also features galleries from previous years.
 +
 +
===Australia===
 +
* [http://thecouriermail.com.au/extras/frodocam/default.htm FrodoCam] Live Peregrine Falcon webcam located in [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]].  The webcam shows nesting pair, Frodo and his mate Frieda. The website can be accessed all year round, and there is continuous live cam coverage (both day and night) during the Australian breeding season (which lasts from July to November&ndash;December each year). There are also photo galleries and video footage from the 2006 breeding season, as well as from previous years, and also a "Frodocam Forum" page.    The Australian Peregrine Falcon subspecies is ''Falco peregrinus macropus'', and the nearby [[New Guinea]] Peregrine Falcon subspecies is ''Falco peregrinus ernesti''.  Both subspecies are non-migratory.
 +
 +
===The Netherlands===
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* [http://www.werkgroepslechtvalk.nl/ccms.104.Werkgroepslechtvalk.LIVE-BEELDEN.html Homepage from the Dutch Peregrine Workgroup with timed picture-updates from 13 live cams]
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* [http://www.planet.nl/planet/show/id=2219210/sc=19b33e Planet.nl, live video coverage of falcon nest at communication tower in De Mortel, Netherlands]
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 +
===Italy===
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* [http://www.provincia.bologna.it/polizia/webcam/ Live Peregrine webcam at Bologna, Italy]
  
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The Mediterranean peregrine falcon, in this context known as the Maltese Falcon, was the annual rent required by Roman Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] when he donated the Island of [[Malta]] to the [[Knights Hospitaller]] in [[1530]].
+
===World cams===
 +
* [http://www.beakspeak.com/birdcams/ a listing of Bird cams from around the world] - site includes direct links to nests with chicks
  
 
== External links ==
 
== External links ==
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* [http://www.peregrine-foundation.ca Canadian Peregrine Foundation]
+
* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Peregrine_Falcon.html Cornell Lab of Ornithology: Peregrine Falcon]
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* * [http://www.kodak.com/go/birdcam Kodak Birdcam] Kodak Birdcam - Kodak Corporate website. Nesting site located at Eastman Kodak Company in Rochester, NY, USA. Five camera views, photo galleries, videos, educational materials for educators and teachers. Tracking falcons Mariah and her mates since 1998
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* [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3622&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet]
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*[http://thecouriermail.com.au/extras/frodocam/default.htm FrodoCam] Peregrine Falcon webcam located in [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]], shows nesting pair, Frodo and his mate Frieda, during the Australian breeding season (which lasts between July and November each year).  The website, which is active all year round, features photo galleries and video footage from previous years.
+
* [http://endangered.fws.gov/facts2.html US FWS site]
 +
* [http://peregrinefund.org/ Peregrine Falcon conservation]
 +
* [http://www.peregrine-foundation.ca/ Peregrine Foundation, Canada]
 +
*[http://www.birdwatching-bliss.com/falcon-photos.html picture 20-22 day old Peregrine chicks]
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*[http://www.morrorockperegrines.com/ Peregrine Falcons of Morro Rock California]
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*[http://www.sdakotabirds.com/species/peregrine_falcon_info.htm South Dakota Birds: Peregrine Falcon]
  
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[[Category:Cosmopolitan species]]
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[[Category:Falco]]
 
[[Category:Falcons]]
 
[[Category:Falcons]]
 
[[Category:Falconry]]
 
[[Category:Falconry]]
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[[Category:Fauna of Pakistan]]
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[[Category:Arctic birds]]
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[[Category:African raptors]]
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[[Category:Fauna of Italy]]
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[[Category:Fauna of Lombardy]]
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[[Category:Fauna of Scotland]]
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[[Category:Birds of Australia]]
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Latest revision as of 19:12, 5 July 2012

Template:Taxobox

The Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), sometimes formerly known in North America as Duck Hawk, is a medium-sized falcon about the size of a large crow: 380-530 millimetres (15-21 in) long. The English and scientific species names mean "wandering falcon", and refer to the fact that some populations are migratory. It has a wingspan of about 1 meter (40 in). Males weigh 570-710 grams; the noticeably larger females weigh 910-1190 grams.

The Peregrine Falcon is the fastest creature on the planet in its hunting dive, the stoop, in which it soars to a great height, then dives steeply at speeds in excess of 320 km/h (200mph)(which beats previous records set by the cheetah and the sail fish) into either wing of its prey, so as not to harm itself on impact. Although not self-propelled speeds, due to the fact that the falcon gathers the momentum and controls its dive, capture (if any) and landing in its own right, technically there is no faster animal. The fastest speed recorded is 390 km/h (242.3mph). At this speed, the air intake is powerful enough to burst the lungs of the bird but the curved cones around its nose divert enough air from the lungs to keep the bird from being injured.

The fledglings practice the roll and the pumping of the wings before they master the actual stoop.

Range, habitat and subspecies

Peregrine Falcons live mostly along mountain ranges, river valleys, coastlines, and increasingly, in cities. They are widespread throughout the entire world and are found in all of the continents except Antarctica.

There are many subspecies of Peregrine Falcons, including:

  • Falco peregrinus — the nominate mainly non-migratory race, which breeds over much of western Eurasia
  • F.p. anatum — is mostly found in the Rocky Mountains. Although it used to be common throughout eastern North America, and is currently being re-introduced in the region, it remains uncommon in much of its former range. Most mature anatums, except those that breed in more northern areas, winter in their breeding range. It is a rare vagrant to western Europe.
  • F. p. brookei — of southern Europe to the Caucasus is smaller and more rufous below that the nominate race.
  • F. p. calidus — breeds in the Arctic tundra of Eurasia and is completely migratory and travels as far as sub-Saharan Africa. It is larger and paler than the nominate race.
  • F. p. ernesti — is found in New Zealand and is non-migratory
  • F. p, macropus — is found in Australia and is non-migratory
  • F. p. madens — breeds in the Cape Verde Islands and has brown-washed upperparts.
  • F.p. pealei — or Peale's Falcon, is found in the Pacific Northwest of North America, and is non-migratory. Starting from the Puget Sound it dwells along the coast on cliffs and seastacks up the British Columbia coast (including the Queen Charlotte Islands) around the Gulf of Alaska all the way out the Aleutian Islands towards Russia. This subspecies is the largest in the world and preys mostly on Alcids and seaducks.
  • F. p. peregrinator — (also called the Shaheen Falcon) has rufous underparts and is a breeding resident in South Asia.
  • F. p. tundrius — breeds in the Arctic tundra of North America but is migratory and travels as far as South America.

The Barbary Falcon, Falco (peregrinus) pelegrinoides, is often considered to be a subspecies of the Peregrine.

Peregrines in mild-winter regions are usually permanent residents, and some birds, especially adult males, will remain on the breeding territory. However, the Arctic subspecies migrate; tundrius birds from Alaska, northern Canada and Greenland migrate to Central and South America, and all calidus birds from northern Eurasia move further south or to coasts in winter.

Australian Peregrine Falcons are non-migratory, and their breeding season is from July to November each year.

Behaviour

File:Peregrine falcon chick.jpg
Peregrine falcon chick

Peregrine Falcons feed almost exclusively on birds, such as doves, waterfowl and songbirds, but occasionally they hunt small mammals, including bats, rats, voles and rabbits. Insects and reptiles make up a relatively small proportion of their diet. On the other hand, a growing number of city-dwelling Falcons find that feral pigeons and Common Starlings provide plenty of food. Peregrine Falcon also eat their own chicks when starving.

Peregrine Falcons breed at approximately two or three years of age. They mate for life and return to the same nesting spot annually. Their courtship flight includes a mix of aerial acrobatics, precise spirals, and steep dives. The male passes prey it has caught to the female in midair. To make this possible, the female actually flies upside-down to receive the food from the male's talons. Females lay an average clutch of three or four eggs in a scrape, normally on cliff edges or, increasingly, on tall buildings or bridges. They occasionally nest in tree hollows or in the disused nest of other large birds.

The laying date varies according to locality, but is generally:

The females incubate the eggs for twenty-nine to thirty-two days at which point the eggs hatch. While the males also sometimes help with the incubation of the eggs, they only do so occasionally and for short periods.

Thirty-five to forty-two days after hatching, the chicks will fledge, but they tend to remain dependent on their parents for a further two months. The tiercel, or male, provides most of the food for himself, the female, and the chicks; the falcon, or female, stays and watches the young.

The average life span of a Peregrine Falcon is approximately eight to ten years, although some have been recorded to live until slightly more than twenty years of age.

Threats

The Peregrine Falcon became endangered because of the overuse of pesticides, during the 1950s and 1960s. Pesticide build-up interfered with reproduction, thinning eggshells and severely restricting the ability of birds to reproduce. The DDT buildup in the falcon's fat tissues would result in less calcium in the eggshells, leading to flimsier, more fragile eggs. In several parts of the world, this species was wiped out by pesticides.

Peregrine eggs and chicks are often targeted by thieves and collectors, so it is normal practice not to publicise unprotected nest locations.

Recovery efforts

This Peregrine Falcon was found injured and survived in Olomouc Zoological Garden, the Czech Republic. One of activities of the zoological garden is a programme of helping injured birds of prey.

Wildlife services around the world organized Peregrine Falcon recovery teams to breed them in captivity.

The birds were fed through a chute, so they could not see the human trainers. Then, when they were old enough, the box was opened. This allowed the bird to test its wings. As the bird got stronger, the food was reduced because the bird could hunt its own food. This procedure is called hacking. To release a captive-bred falcon, the bird was placed in a special box at the top of a tower or cliff ledge.

Worldwide recovery efforts have been remarkably successful. In the United States, the banning of DDT eventually allowed released birds to breed successfully. There are now dozens of breeding pairs of Peregrine Falcons in the northeastern USA and Canada.

Many have settled in large cities, including London Ontario and Derby, where they nest on cathedrals, skyscraper window ledges, and the towers of suspension bridges. About 18 pairs nested in New York City in 2005.[1]

These structures typically closely resemble the natural cliff ledges that the species prefers for nesting locations. During daytime the falcons have been observed swooping down to catch common city birds such as pigeons and Common Starlings. In many cities, the Falcons have been credited with controlling the numbers of such birds, which have often become pests, without resort to more controversial methods such as poisoning or hunting.

File:Stamp-ctc-1990s-recovering-species.png
Successful efforts at saving endangered species like the Peregrine were recognized by a U.S. postal stamp.

In Virginia, state officials working with students from the Center for Conservation Biology of the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg successfully established nesting boxes high atop the George P. Coleman Memorial Bridge on the York River, the Benjamin Harrison Memorial Bridge and Varina-Enon Bridge on the James River, and at other similar locations. Thirteen new chicks were hatched in this Virginia program during a recent year. Over 250 falcons have been released through the Virginia program.

In the 53-mile long New River Gorge of West Virginia, another program is underway to re-establish populations by transferring "bridge chicks" from Virginia, Maryland, and New Jersey to special nesting boxes mounted on the high cliffs. [2]. Chicago also started its habitat protection programs with a special recognition of Peregrine Falcon by making it the official bird of the city.[3]

The Peregrine Falcon was removed from the U.S. Threatened and Endangered Species list on August 25, 1999. In 2003, some states began issuing limited numbers of falconry permits for Peregrines, due to the success of the recovery program.

In the UK, there has been a good recovery of populations since the crash of the 1960s. This has been greatly assisted by conservation and protection work led by the RSPB. Peregrines now breed in many mountainous and coastal areas, especially in the west and north. They are also using some city buildings for nesting, capitalizing on the urban pigeon populations for food

Trivia

  • The Mediterranean Peregrine Falcon, in this context known as the Maltese Falcon, was the annual rent required by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V when he donated the Island of Malta to the Knights Hospitaller in 1530.
  • The Peregrine Falcon appears on the left hand side of the Coat of arms of the Isle of Man. The Peregrine is used owing to the historical importance of the bird in the Isle of Man. When Henry IV of England gave the Isle of Man to Sir John Stanley he made the condition that Sir John give two Peregrine Falcons to him, and furthermore to every future monarch of England on his or her Coronation Day. This tradition was carried out up to the Coronation of George IV in 1821.
  • The air pressure from the Peregrine's bullet-like attack plunge might burst an ordinary bird’s lungs. It’s thought that the series of baffles in a Peregrine’s nostrils slow the wind velocity, enabling the bird to breathe while diving [4]. This feature of the Perigrine's nostrils, once its use was found, was mimicked in fighter jets.
  • A Peregrine Falcon, Lucy, was filmed in the movie The Falcon and the Snowman.
  • A Peregrine Falcon will be prominently featured on the Idaho quarter to be issued in 2007 as part of the United States Mint's 50 State Quarters program. [5]
  • The Peregrine Falcon was declared Chicago's official city bird in 1999 after it began nesting on the city's skyscrapers.
  • The Suzuki GSX1300R super-sport motorcycle, aka the Hayabusa (隼), is named after the Japanese word for the Peregrine Falcon. Like the bird, the motorcycle can reach speeds of 300km/h.

References

  • Template:IUCN2006 Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
  • Tucker VA. Gliding flight: speed and acceleration of ideal falcons during diving and pull out. J. Exp. Biol. 201(Pt 3):403-14 (1998).

Peregrine Falcon webcams

United States

Canada

Australia

  • FrodoCam Live Peregrine Falcon webcam located in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The webcam shows nesting pair, Frodo and his mate Frieda. The website can be accessed all year round, and there is continuous live cam coverage (both day and night) during the Australian breeding season (which lasts from July to November–December each year). There are also photo galleries and video footage from the 2006 breeding season, as well as from previous years, and also a "Frodocam Forum" page. The Australian Peregrine Falcon subspecies is Falco peregrinus macropus, and the nearby New Guinea Peregrine Falcon subspecies is Falco peregrinus ernesti. Both subspecies are non-migratory.

The Netherlands

Italy

World cams

External links

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bg:Сокол скитник ca:Falcó pelegrí cs:Sokol stěhovavý da:Vandrefalk de:Wanderfalke el:Πετρίτης es:Falco peregrinus eo:Migra falko fr:Faucon pèlerin id:Alap-alap Kawah it:Falco peregrinus lt:Sakalas keleivis mk:Сив сокол nl:Slechtvalk ja:ハヤブサ no:Vandrefalk nn:Vandrefalk pl:Sokół wędrowny pt:Falcão-peregrino ru:Сапсан sk:Sokol sťahovavý sl:Sokol selec sr:Сиви соко fi:Muuttohaukka sv:Pilgrimsfalk ta:வல்லூறு tr:Bayağı doğan uk:Сапсан zh:游隼

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