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| − | In the following century, with a set of ground rules formulated and disputes to be settled, they began the Visitations: a series of tours in which they visited families to record their arms or grant new ones.
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| − | J - Nombril Point
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| − | Today, like the badge, a standard can still be granted to an owner of arms but its layout follows a regular format. The arms occupy the chief and the badge – sometimes with the crest – is placed on the fly which is crossed diagonally by the motto. The background of the fly can be either of a single tincture or of two set out in a shape echoing that of an Ordinary.
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| − | '''Banners'''<br>
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| − | Square or vertically oblong, a banner was borne by Barons, Knights Bannerets, Princes and the Sovereign. It bore his arms and was his ensign and that of his followers as well as any military division in his command. A Knight Banneret, who ranked above other Knights, was created on the battlefield by the Sovereign personally following an act of extreme gallantry. In the ceremony a pennon had its points torn off, thus becoming a small banner or banneret. The Royal Banner (or Royal Standard’) belongs to the Sovereign. It flies wherever the Sovereign is in residence and appears on whatever mode of transport the Sovereign occupies (car, train, boat, plane).
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| − | Today, any armigerous person (possessor of Letters Patent granting a Coat of Arms) may have a banner and, although personal banners are rarely seen, local authorities and companies regularly fly their banners abovetheir premises. Quarterings and cadency marks and dierencing, (as they appear on the bearer’s shield) are allowed on banners but crests, badges, supporters, etc and impalements (two arms brought together on a single shield) are not.
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| − | '''Pennons'''<br>
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| − | A smaller version of a banner, this too was narrow, tapering, and often swallow-tailed and fringed. Borne by a Knight immediately below the head of his lance, it was arranged to be viewed correctly when the lance was horizontal. It displayed the Knight’s badge, or his heraldic device and could repeat the main item on his shield.
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| | <!-- 11. ¿Cuál es el significado de la insignia en heráldica? --> | | <!-- 11. ¿Cuál es el significado de la insignia en heráldica? --> |
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| − | In effect, it was the forerunner of a company’s logo. Unlike arms, badges are not hereditary, yet many have passed down the generations, coming to represent a family rather than an individual. The Feathers often refers to the badge of the Prince of Wales.
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| − | The Rose and Crown has particular significance. A rose was used as a badge by both the House of York (in white) and the House of Lancaster (in gold or red) during the ‘Wars of the Roses’ that culminated at Bosworth.
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| − | The victorious Henry VII, in overlaying one with the other, created the Tudor Rose, a royal badge used by English monarchs ever since.
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| − | Although not part of a coat of arms, a heraldic badge – sometimes more than one – is granted only to those who possess arms. And while arms are exclusive to one individual (and his heirs), a badge can be borne by any number of his followers. Today, badges can indicate 'belonging’ or ‘location’ and many sports, clubs, societies, and schools use them.
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| | <!-- 12. ¿Cómo abordó la heráldica la cuestión de la duplicación de armas entre los hermanos y su padre? --> | | <!-- 12. ¿Cómo abordó la heráldica la cuestión de la duplicación de armas entre los hermanos y su padre? --> |
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| − | Very early heraldry used a number of methods to achieve this until the 16th century saw the present system of differencing for cadency allocate a special mark to each son in order of seniority.
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| − | Small and of any colour, cadency marks are normally added in the chief of the shield (the rules of tincture usually being upheld). An exception to this location is a quartered shield which combines two or more coats of arms. Here the mark is displayed centrally to overlap all four quarters – unless the mark relates solely to one of the coats in which case it is placed in that quarter.
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| − | The eldest son’s arms bear his cadency mark until his father’s death whereupon it is discarded and he reverts to his father’s ‘plain arms’
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| − | since he himself has become head of the family. Cadency marks for all other sons are permanent and descend as part of the arms to
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| − | their own sons who duly add their own differencing for cadency.
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| − | Nowadays brothers rarely difference their arms during the life of their father, but often take up the mark when they become heads of
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| − | families in their own right. Daughters are allowed to use their father’s arms but are omitted from the cadency system. Single women display their arms on a lozenge shape. Married women can now use a shield (with a lozenge for difference) which must include any cadency mark borne
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| − | permanently by their father.
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| − | The mark must also be included when a daughter marries and transmits her arms to her husband. Her arms are then ‘impaled’ in the right-hand (sinister) half of her husband’s shield, alongside his own arms on the left (dexter).
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| − | If, when their father dies, one or more daughters have no brothers, they become heraldic heiresses. On marriage, their own family arms are placed in the centre of their husband’s shield in escutcheon of pretence.
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| | <!-- 13. ¿Cómo abordaba la organización en heráldica las relaciones entre las partes? --> | | <!-- 13. ¿Cómo abordaba la organización en heráldica las relaciones entre las partes? --> |
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| − | Early heraldry impaled two coats of arms by dimidiation. Instead of each being squashed to occupy half of the new shield, they were cut vertically through their centres, one half of each being brought together to form the new, rather odd design. The children would display only their father’s arms. Arms descend through a family’s male line. Consequently, upon the death of her father, a daughter does not inherit his arms unless she has no brothers in which case she becomes an ‘heraldic heiress'. Here, upon marriage, her arms are marshalled with those of her husband in escutcheon of pretence: a small version of her shield placed in the centre of her husband’s shield. This arrangement is designed to show that, although the lady is armigerous in her own right, her husband pretends to the representation of her family. Upon her death, their children are entitled to display another form of marshalling: ‘quartering’ her arms with those of their father.
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