AY Honors/Heart and Circulation/Answer Key

1. Describe the basic function of the following parts of the circulatory system: heart, blood vessels, blood, and lungs.

Heart

The heart is a muscular organ responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels.

Blood Vessels

The blood vessels are like tubes inside the body though which blood flows. They function to transport blood throughout the body.

Blood

Blood is a specialized fluid consisting of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in a complex fluid medium known as blood plasma. Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. It makes up a little more than half of total blood volume. By far the most abundant cells in blood are red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen to all the other cells in the body and carry carbon dioxide (and other wastes) away from them. White blood cells help to resist infections, and platelets are important in the clotting of blood.

Lungs

The principal function of the lungs is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to get rid of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere.

2. Describe the major difference between arteries and veins. What is a capillary and what is its function?

Blood flows from digestive system heart to arteries, which narrow into arterioles, and then narrow further still into capillaries. After the tissue has been perfused, capillaries widen to become venules and then widen more to become veins, which return blood to the heart.

Arteries are muscular blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. All arteries, with the exception of the pulmonary and umbilical arteries, carry oxygenated blood.

Veins are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart. The majority of veins in the body carry low-oxygen blood from the tissues back to the heart; the exceptions being the pulmonary and umbilical veins which both carry oxygenated blood.

Capillaries are the smallest of a body's blood vessels, measuring 5-10 μm, and are important for the interchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other substances between blood and tissue cells. The walls of capillaries are composed of only a single layer of cells, the endothelium. This layer is so thin that molecules such as oxygen, water and lipids can pass through them by diffusion and enter the tissues. Waste products such as carbon dioxide and urea can diffuse back into the blood to be carried away for removal from the body. Capillaries are so small the blood cells need to pass through it in a single file line. Capillaries carry blood from the arteries to the veins.

3. Identify two locations for measuring your pulse. Demonstrate your ability to accurately take someone's pulse.

Carotid pulse

Radial pulse

A person's pulse is the throbbing of their arteries as an effect of the heart beat. It can be felt at the neck (carotid artery), at the wrist (radial artery), behind the knee (popliteal artery), on the inside of the elbow (brachial artery), near the ankle joint (posterior tibial artery), and a few other places.

The easiest places to detect the pulse are at the neck and wrist. To detect it at the neck, place the index and middle fingers side-by-side lightly on the neck just below the corner of the jawbone. Do not press too hard as this can alter the pulse, and in some cases cause the person to pass out.

To detect it at the wrist, again place the fingers side-by-side on the smooth side of the wrist a few centimeters below the thumb. Do not use the thumb to take the pulse, as the pulse can be detected in the thumb itself which can interfere with the pulse one is attempting to measure.

Once you can feel the pulse at either location, count the number of throbs over a 15 second period and multiply that by 4 to get the number of beats per minute.

4. Record your resting pulse rate, then exercise strenuously (ie jog, swim laps, climb stairs, etc.) for 10 minutes. Retake your pulse immediately after exercising, and then again after five minutes. Do this each day for one week recording your results on a chart or a graph. Did the exercise affect your heart rate?

The exercise should affect your heart rate in two distinct ways. The first is pretty obvious, in that the heart rate should go way up during and just after the exercise. The second effect is more subtle, and this is the reason the exercise should be repeated daily for a week (though 20 minute sessions will be far more effective than 5 minute sessions). After a week of exercise, the heart rate should be lower when at rest. Furthermore, it should recover to the resting rate more quickly.

This would be a good time to look at the Physical Fitness honor, as it requires aerobic exercise (which raises the heart rate for 20 minutes or longer) over a period of three months. After three months of engaging in aerobic exercise at least four times per week, there should be a noticeable improvement in the heart rate, and an improvement in general health to boot.

5. Make a simple stethoscope and listen to someone’s heart beat.

A simple stethoscope can be made by connecting the small end of a funnel to a length of tubing. Instead of a funnel, you can use the top of a plastic soda or water bottle. If you cut the top off a bottle for use as a funnel, it would be a good idea to line the cut edge with a bit of tape folded over so that there are no sharp edges.

Place the funnel over the "patient's" heart and put the other end of the tubing up to the ear (but not in the ear!). You should be able to hear the heartbeat.

6. List at least five things you can do to keep your heart healthy. Put these into practice if you have not been doing so already.

1. Get regular exercise
2. Eat a healthy well-balanced diet, avoiding trans-fats, hydrogenated oils, and cholesterol.
3. Do not smoke (and avoid second-hand smoke as well)
4. Don't abuse drugs or alcohol
5. Reduce stress and anxiety

7. What is cholesterol and how is it related to arteriosclerosis?

Cholesterol is a substance found in the cell membranes of all tissues, and it is transported in the blood plasma of all animals. It is required for normal cellular function. Cholesterol is either made by the body, or derived from the diet, in which case it is delivered by the bloodstream.

If the diet contains too much cholesterol, it will cause a condition known as arteriosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis is a general term describing any hardening (and loss of elasticity) of medium or large arteries. This is caused when excess cholesterol is deposited on the inside of the arteries in the form of plaque. As the plaque builds up, the inside of the artery becomes smaller and smaller, and that makes the heart have to work harder and harder to get the blood through.

Sometimes these plaque build-ups inside the arteries can break loose. Remember that arteries carry blood away from the heart, and they get smaller and smaller until they reach the capillaries which are very tiny indeed. A loose chunk of plaque in the bloodstream will therefore find itself lodged in a small artery that it cannot get through, blocking all blood flow to that part of the body.

8. What is a heart attack and what are its symptoms? How can CPR help?

A heart attack is a medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to a part of the heart is interrupted, most commonly due to rupture of a plaque deposit as described in the previous requirement. When the heart tissue cannot get oxygen, it dies. If enough of the heart tissue dies, the heart will stop beating, and unless something is done, the person will die.

CPR is that "something" that can be done to keep a person from dying if the heart stops beating. The first component of CPR involves repeatedly compressing the chest. This causes the heart to compress as well, squeezing the blood out of it and into the arteries. The compression is then released and the heart draws more blood from the veins. It is, in effect, a way of making a person's heart pump blood. The second component of CPR is for the rescuer to blow air into the victim's mouth or nose to add oxygen to the lungs (and hence, into the blood).

If CPR can be performed until a defibrillator can deliver an electric shock to the heart to restart it, the chances of survival are greatly increased.

See the CPR honor for details on how to become certified to administer CPR.

9. What is an ECG and how is it used by a doctor?

12-lead ECG

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG, abbreviated from the German Elektrokardiogramm) is a graphical representation of electrical activity of the heart over time.

Analysis of the various waves yields important information to a doctor:

• It is the gold standard for the diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias.
• It guides therapy and helps determine risk for patients who may have had a heart attack.
• It helps detect electrolyte disturbances.
• It allows for the detection of abnormalities.
• It is used as a screening tool for heart disease during a cardiac stress test
• It is occasionally helpful with non-cardiac diseases such as hypothermia.

10. Find five verses in the Bible that refer to your heart. Memorize two of them.

The word heart occurs hundreds of times in the Bible. These texts are all from the New International Version, and were selected because they can be applied to your heart.

Psalm 51:10

Create in me a pure heart, O God,

and renew a steadfast spirit within me.

Deuteronomy 6:5

Love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength.

1 Chronicles 16:10

Glory in his holy name;

let the hearts of those who seek the LORD rejoice.

Psalm 7:10

My shield is God Most High,

who saves the upright in heart.

Psalm 38:10

My heart pounds, my strength fails me;

even the light has gone from my eyes.

Job 37:1

At this my heart pounds

and leaps from its place.

References

Wikipedia articles:

• Cholesterol
• Atherialsclerosis
• ECG
• Blood vessel