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| − | {{Refimprove|date=June 2008}} | + | {{honor_header|Unknown|2008|Arts and Crafts|North American Division}} |
| − | [[Image:Jacques Étienne Montgolfier.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Jacques Étienne Montgolfier]]
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| − | '''Joseph-Michel Montgolfier''' ([[26 August]] [[1740]] – [[26 June]] [[1810]]) and '''Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier''' ([[6 January]] [[1745]] – [[2 August]] [[1799]]) were the inventors of the '''''montgolfière''''', ''globe aèrostatique'' or airship. The brothers succeeded in launching the first manned ascent, carrying a young physician and an audacious army officer into the sky. Later, in December 1783 in recognition of their achievement, their father Pierre was elevated to the nobility and the hereditary appellation of '''de Montgolfier''' by King [[Louis XVI of France]].
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| − | ==Early years==
| + | {{AY patch unavailable|2008|August, 2008}} |
| − | The brothers were born into a family of [[paper]] manufacturers in [[Annonay]], in [[Ardèche]], France. Their parents were Pierre Montgolfier (1700-1793), and his wife Anne Duret (1701-1760), who had sixteen children. Pierre established his eldest son Raymond Montgolfier, later Raymond de Montgolfier (1730-1792) as his successor.
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| − | [[Image:Josephmontgolfier.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Joseph Michel Montgolfier]]
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| − | Joseph, the 12th child, possessed a typical inventor's temperament -- a maverick and dreamer, and impractical in terms of business and personal affairs. Étienne had a much more even and businesslike temperament. As the 15th child he was sent to Paris to train as an architect. However, after the sudden and unexpected death of Raymond in 1772, he was recalled to Annonay to run the family business. In the subsequent 10 years, Étienne applied his talent for technical innovation to the family business; papermaking was a high-tech industry in the 18th century. He succeeded in incorporating the latest Dutch innovations of the day into the family mills. His work led to recognition by the government of France as well as the awarding of a government grant to establish the Montgolfier factory as a model for other French papermakers.
| + | ==1. State the role each of the following played in the development of flying baloons.== |
| | + | ===a. [[w:Montgolfier_brothers|Joseph Michel Montgolfier]] and [[w:Montgolfier_brothers|Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier]]=== |
| | + | <gallery> |
| | + | Image:Josephmontgolfier.jpg|Joseph Michel Montgolfier |
| | + | Image:Jacques Étienne Montgolfier.jpg|Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier |
| | + | </gallery> |
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| − | ==Initial experiments== | + | ===b. [[w:Jean-François_Pilâtre_de_Rozier|Jean Francois Pilatre de Rozier]] and [[w:François_Laurent_d'Arlandes|Francois Laurent Marquis d'Arlandes.]]=== |
| | + | ===c. [[w:Jacques_Alexandre_Cesar_Charles|Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles]] and Nicolas Louis Robert.=== |
| | + | ===d. [[w:Ben_Abruzzo|Ben L. Abruzzo]], [[w:Maxie_Anderson|Maxie L. Anderson]], and Larry Newman=== |
| | + | ===e. [[w:Bertrand_Piccard|Bertrand Piccard]] and [[w:Brian_Jones_(aeronaut)|Brian Jones]]=== |
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| − | Of the two brothers, it was Joseph who first contemplated building "''machines''". Gillispie puts it as early as 1777 when Joseph observed laundry drying over a fire incidentally form pockets that billowed upwards.<ref>C.C. Gillispie, ''The Montgolfier brothers and the invention of aviation 1783-1784'', p. 15.</ref> Joseph made his first definitive experiments in November of 1782 while living in [[Avignon]]. He reported, some years later, that he was watching a fire one evening while contemplating one of the great military issues of the day -- an assault on the fortress of [[Gibraltar]], which had proved impregnable by both sea and land.<ref>C.C. Gillispie, p. 16.</ref> Joseph mused on the possibility of an air assault using troops lifted by the same force that was lifting the embers from the fire. He believed that contained within the smoke was a special gas, which he called 'Montgolfier Gas', with a special property he called 'levity'.
| + | ==2. Cite the principle of Archimedes, and briefly describe how it applies to each of the following: == |
| | + | ::Archimedes' Principle states: ''any body fully or partially submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.'' |
| | + | :;a. A piece of cork floating in a bowl of water. |
| | + | :;b. A ship floating in the ocean |
| | + | :;c. A hot air balloon floating in the atmosphere |
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| − | As a result of these musings, Joseph set about building a box-like chamber 1x1x1,3m (3 ft by {{convert|3|ft|m|abbr=on}} by 4 ft) out of very thin wood and covering the sides and top with lightweight [[taffeta]] cloth. Under the bottom of the box he crumpled and lit some paper. The contraption quickly lifted off its stand and collided with the ceiling. Joseph then recruited his brother to balloon building by writing the prophetic words: "Get in a supply of [[taffeta]] and of cordage, quickly, and you will see one of the most astonishing sights in the world."<ref>C.C. Gillispie, p. 17.</ref>
| + | ==3. Using a textbook of Chemistry, or a reference book of scientific tables, draw up a simple table showing the composition of air by weight and by volume.== |
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| − | The two brothers then set about building a contraption 3 times larger in scale (27 times larger in volume). The lifting force was so great that they lost control of their craft on its very first test flight on [[14 December]] [[1782]]. The device floated nearly 2 kilometres (about 1.2 mi). It was destroyed after landing by the "indiscretion" of passersby.<ref>C.C. Gillispie, p. 21.</ref>
| + | ==4. Draw up a simple table showing a comparison of the [[w:Atomic_number|atomic number]], [[w:Atomic_weight|atomic weight]], and [[w:Density|density]] of [[w:Hydrogen|hydrogen]], [[w:Helium|helium]], [[w:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], and [[w:Oxygen|oxygen]].== |
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| − | ==Public demonstrations==
| + | ''Hydrogen'' |
| − | [[Image:Early flight 02562u (2).jpg|thumb|left|150px|First public demonstration in [[Annonay]], [[1783-06-04]].]]
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| − | The brothers decided to make a public demonstration of a balloon in order to establish their claim to its invention. They constructed a globe-shaped balloon of [[sackcloth]] with three thin layers of paper inside. The envelope could contain nearly 790 m³ (28,000 cubic feet) of air and weighed 225 kg (500 lb). It was constructed of four pieces (the dome and three lateral bands), and held together by 1,800 buttons. A reinforcing "fish net" of cord covered the outside of the envelope.
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| − | On [[4 June]] [[1783]], they flew this craft as their first public demonstration at Annonay in front of a group of dignitaries from the ''Etats particulars''. Its flight covered 2 km (1.2 mi), lasted 10 minutes, and had an estimated altitude of 1.600 - 2.000m (5,200 - 6,600 ft). Word of their success quickly reached Paris. Etienne went to the capital to make further demonstrations and to solidify the brothers' claim to the invention of flight. Joseph, given his unkempt appearance and shyness, remained with the family. Etienne was ''the epithome of sober virtues ... modest in clothes and manner...''<ref>S. Schama (1989) Citizens. A Chronicle of the French Revolution, p. 125.</ref> He was dressed stylishly in black.
| + | Atomic Number: 1 |
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| − | [[Image:Montgolfier Balloon.JPG|thumb|right|150px|A model of the Montgolfier brothers balloon at the [[London Science Museum]]]]
| + | Atomic Weight: 1.008 |
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| − | In collaboration with the successful wallpaper manufacturer, [[Jean-Baptiste Réveillon]], Etienne constructed a {{convert|37500|cuft|m3|sing=on}} envelope of taffeta coated with a varnish of [[alum]] (which has fireproofing properties). The balloon was sky blue and with golden flourishes, signs of the [[zodiac]], suns. The design showed the intervention of Réveillon. The next test was on the 11th of September from the grounds of ''la [[Folie Titon]]'', close to the house of Réveillon. There was some concern about the effects of flight into the upper atmosphere on living creatures. The king proposed to launch two criminals, but it is most likely that the inventors decided to send animals aloft first.
| + | Density: 0.00008988 (g/cm³) |
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| − | On [[19 September]] [[1783]] the ''Aerostat Réveillon'' was flown with the first living beings in a basket attached to the balloon: a sheep, called Montauciel (Climb-to-the-sky), a duck and a rooster.
| + | ''Helium'' |
| − | The sheep was believed to have a reasonable approximation of human physiology. The duck was expected to be unharmed by being lifted aloft. It was included as a control for effects created by the aircraft rather than the altitude. The rooster was included as a further control as it was a bird that did not fly at high altitudes. This demonstration was performed before a huge crowd at the royal palace in [[Versailles]], before King [[Louis XVI of France]] and Queen [[Marie Antoinette]].<ref>C.C. Gillispie, p. 92-3.</ref> The flight lasted approximately eight minutes, covered two miles (3 km), and obtained an altitude of about {{convert|1500|ft|m}}. The craft landed safely after flying.
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| − | ==Human flight==
| + | Atomic Number: 2 |
| − | [[Image:1783 balloonj.jpg|left|thumb|250px|A 1786 depiction of the Montgolfier brothers' historic balloon with engineering data. Details are available in translation on the image hosting page.]]
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| − | With the successful demonstration at Versailles, and again in collaboration with Réveillon, Etienne started construction of a {{convert|60000|cuft|m3|sing=on}} balloon for the purpose of making flights with humans. The craft was {{convert|75|ft|m}} tall and {{convert|46|ft|m}} in diameter. The balloon was tested in tethered flights on [[15 October]] by [[Pilâtre de Rozier]], a twenty-six-year-old physician, who offered his services. On the [[17 October]] the experiment was repeated before a group of scientists and [[19 October]] Rozier and André Giroud de Villette, a wallpaper manufacturer from Madrid, reached {{convert|324|ft|m}} within 15 seconds along retaining ropes.
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| − | On [[21 November]] the first free flight by humans was made by Pilâtre, together with an army officer, the [[marquis d'Arlandes]]. The flight began from the grounds of the [[Château de la Muette]] (close to the [[Bois de Boulogne]] (park)) in the western outskirts of Paris. They flew aloft about {{convert|3000|ft|m}} above [[Paris]] for a distance of nine kilometres. After 25 minutes the machine landed between the windmills, outside the city ramparts, on the [[Butte-aux-Cailles]]. Enough fuel remained on board at the end of the flight to have allowed the balloon to fly four to five times as far. However, burning embers from the fire were scorching the balloon fabric and had to be daubed out with sponges. As it appeared it could destroy the balloon, Pilâtre took off his coat to stop the fire.
| + | Atomic Weight: 4.003 |
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| − | The early flights made a sensation. Numerous engravings commemorated the events. Chairs were designed with balloon backs, and mantel clocks were produced in enamel and gilt-bronze replicas set with a dial in the balloon. One could buy crockery decorated with naive pictures of balloons.
| + | Density: 0.0001785 (g/cm³) |
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| − | ==Following launches==
| + | ''Nitrogen'' |
| − | In 1766, the British scientist [[Henry Cavendish]] had discovered hydrogen, by adding sulphuric acid to iron, tin, or zinc shavings. The development of [[gas balloon]]s proceeded almost in parallel with the work of the Montgolfiers. This work was led by [[Jacques Alexandre César Charles|Jacques Charles]]. On the 27th of August 1783, a [[hydrogen]] balloon was launched from the [[Champ de Mars]] in Paris. Six thousand people paid for a seat. A downpour of rain ended the show. On December, the 1st, prof. Charles went up into the sky twice.
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| − | Work on each type of balloon was spurred on by the knowledge that there was a competing group and alternative technology. For a variety of reasons, including the fact that the French government chose to put a proponent of hydrogen in charge of balloon development, [[hot air balloon]]s were superseded by [[hydrogen]] balloons. Hydrogen balloons became the predominant technology for the next 180 years.
| + | Atomic Number: 7 |
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| − | Hydrogen balloons were used for all major ballooning accomplishments such as the crossing of the English Channel on [[7 January]] [[1785]], by the tireless aviators [[Jean-Pierre Blanchard]] and Dr. [[John Jeffries]], from Boston.
| + | Atomic Weight: 14.01 |
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| − | ==Competing claims==
| + | Density: 0.0012506 (g/cm³) |
| − | Some claim that the hot air balloon was actually invented some 74 years earlier by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] priest [[Bartolomeu de Gusmão]].<ref> [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/ciencia/p2.html Reis, Fernando. ''Bartolomeu de Gusmão''.Ciência em Portugal. Centro Virtual Camões] in Portuguese</ref> A description of his invention was published in 1709, in Vienna, and another one that was lost was found in the Vatican (circa 1917).<ref> [http://purl.pt/706/3/ Gusmao, Bartolomeu de. ''{{lang|fr|Reproduction fac-similé d'un dessin à la plume de sa description et de la pétition addressée au Jean V. (de Portugal) en langue latine et en écriture contemporaine (1709) retrouvés récemment dans les archives du Vatican du célèbre aéronef de Bartholomeu Lourenco de Gusmão "l'homme volant" portugais, né au Brésil (1685-1724) précurseur des navigateurs aériens et premier inventeur des aérostats.}}'' 1917 (Lausanne : Impr. Réunies S. A..)] in French and Latin</ref>
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| − | However, this claim is not generally recognized by aviation historians outside the Portuguese speaking community, in particular the [[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale|FAI]].
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| − | ==External links==
| + | ''Oxygen'' |
| − | *[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2003/hetherington/final/montgolfier_bros.html "Lighter than air: the Montgolfier brothers"]
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| − | *[http://www.start-flying.com/Montgolfier.htm "Balloons and the Montgolfier brothers"]
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| − | * http://www.twinring.jp/english/balloon/what_balloon/
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| − | ==References==
| + | Atomic Number: 8 |
| − | <references/>
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| − | {{DEFAULTSORT:Montgolfier Brothers}}
| + | Atomic Weight: 16.00 |
| − | [[Category:French balloonists]]
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| − | [[Category:18th century French people]]
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| − | [[Category:19th century French people]]
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| − | [[Category:Sibling duos]]
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| − | [[Category:People of the Industrial Revolution]]
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| − | [[Category:People from Rhône-Alpes]]
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| − | [[Category:Aviation pioneers]]
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| − | [[Category:Papermakers]]
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| − | [[Category:1740 births]]
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| − | [[Category:1745 births]]
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| − | [[Category:1799 deaths]]
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| − | [[Category:1810 deaths]]
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| − | [[af:Montgolfier broers]]
| + | Density: 0.001429 (g/cm³) |
| − | [[cs:Joseph-Michel Montgolfier]]
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| − | [[da:Brødrene Montgolfier]]
| + | {{TODO|reformat to table }} |
| − | [[de:Montgolfier]]
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| − | [[el:Αδελφοί Μονγκολφιέ]]
| + | ==5. Name two gases that are used in flying gas filled balloons.== |
| − | [[es:Hermanos Montgolfier]]
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| − | [[fr:Frères Montgolfier]]
| + | ==6. Explain how heat/temperature affect the density of air, and how this applies to flying hot air balloons.== |
| − | [[hr:Braća Montgolfier]]
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| − | [[io:Montgolfier fratuli]]
| + | ==7. Explain the role of each of the following in the structure and flying of a hot air balloon.== |
| − | [[it:Fratelli Montgolfier]]
| + | :; a. Envelope |
| − | [[he:האחים מונגולפייה]]
| + | :; b. Support structure |
| − | [[nl:Gebroeders Montgolfier]]
| + | :; c. Throat |
| − | [[ja:モンゴルフィエ兄弟]]
| + | :; d. Fuel source |
| − | [[no:Brødrene Montgolfier]]
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| − | [[pl:Bracia Montgolfier]]
| + | ==8. Name two materials that may be used for the envelope of a hot air balloon, and compare the advantages each cords because of its properties.== |
| − | [[pt:Etiene e Joseph Montgolfier]]
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| − | [[ro:Fraţii Montgolfier]]
| + | ==9. Describe how flying balloons have served a useful function in== |
| − | [[ru:Монгольфье]]
| + | :; a. Military campaigns |
| − | [[sr:Браћа Монголфје]]
| + | :; b. Scientific research |
| − | [[fi:Montgolfierin veljekset]]
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| − | [[sv:Montgolfier]]
| + | ==10. At what time of the day do most sport balloon flights take place? Why?== |
| − | [[th:มองโกลไฟเออร์]]
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| − | [[tr:Montgolfier Kardeşler]]
| + | ==11. Describe how a pilot controls the vertical movement of== |
| − | [[uk:Монгольф'є Жозеф-Мішель та Жак-Етьєнн]]
| + | :; a. A hot air balloon |
| − | [[zh:孟格菲兄弟]]
| + | :; b. A gas filled balloon |
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| | + | ==12. Describe how a pilot controls the lateral or horizontal movement of a flying balloon.== |
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| | + | ==13. Build to completion one model hot air balloon ( or two if working in pairs ).== |
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| | + | ==14. Successfully launch, fly, and recover the model hot air balloon(s) which you have built.== |
