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| − | {{Infobox Scientist
| + | [[Image:Early flight 02562u (4).jpg|thumb|right|200px|First untethered voyage by Pilâtre de Rozier and d'Arlandes, [[November 21]], 1783. Illustration from the late 19th Century.]] |
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| + | '''François Laurent Marquis d'Arlandes''' ([[1742]] - [[May 1]], [[1809]]) was a pioneer of [[hot air balloon]]ing along with [[Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]]. They flew for the first time in Paris on [[November 21]], [[1783]]. They took off just on 2 p.m. from [[Château de la Muette]] in Paris, in the presence of the king [[Louis XVI]]. They travelled about five and a half miles (almost 9 km) for about 25 minutes; the first 'free flight' made by man. After the flight, the pilots drank [[Champagne (wine)|champagne]] to placate them and to celebrate the flight, a tradition carried on by balloonists to this day. |
| − | |name = Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier
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| − | |image = Pilatre de Rozier.jpg
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| − | |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1754|3|30}} | |
| − | |birth_place = [[Metz]], [[France]]
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| − | |death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1785|6|15|1754|3|30}}
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| − | |death_place = [[Wimille]], [[France]]
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| − | |nationality = French
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| − | |fields = [[Chemistry]], [[Physics]]
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| − | '''Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier''' {{bdd|March|30|1754|June|15|1785}} was a [[France|French]] [[chemistry]] and [[physics]] teacher, and one of the first pioneers of [[aviation]]. His balloon crashed near [[Wimereux]] in the [[Pas-de-Calais]] during an attempt to fly across the [[English Channel]], and he and his companion, Pierre Romain, became the first known victims of an [[air crash]].
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| − | ==Early life== | + | ==History== |
| − | He was born in [[Metz]], the fourth son of Magdeleine Wilmard and Mathurin Pilastre, known as "du Rosier", a former soldier who became an innkeeper. His interests in the chemistry of drugs had been awakened in the military hospital of [[Metz]], an important garrison town on the border of France. He made his way to [[Paris]] at the age of 18, then taught physics and chemistry at the Academy in [[Reims]], which brought him to the attention of [[Louis XVIII of France|Monsieur, the comte d'Artois]], brother of King [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]].
| + | D'Arlandes met [[Joseph Montgolfier]] at the Jesuit college of Tournon. |
| | + | He died on [[May 1]], [[1809]] in his castle of [[Saleton]] near [[Anneyron]]. |
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| − | He returned to Paris, where he was put in charge of Monsieur's ''[[cabinet of curiousities|cabinet]]'' of [[natural history]] and made a ''[[valet de chambre]]'' to Monsieur's wife, Madame, which brought him his ennobled name, Pilâtre de Rozier. He opened his own museum in the [[Le Marais|Marais]] quarter of Paris on 11 December 1781, where he undertook experiments in physics, and provided demonstrations to nobles. He researched the new field of [[gas]]es, and invented a [[respirator]].
| + | {{DEFAULTSORT:Arlandes, Francois Laurent d'}} |
| − | | + | [[Category:1742 births]] |
| − | ==Flight pioneer==
| + | [[Category:1809 deaths]] |
| − | [[Image:Ballon de Rozier.jpg|thumb|left|The first tethered balloon ascent on 15 October 1783 by Rozier.]]
| + | [[Category:French balloonists]] |
| − | In June 1783, he witnessed the first [[balloon]] flight of the [[Montgolfier brothers]]. On 19 September, he assisted with the untethered flight of a sheep, a cockerel and a duck from the front courtyard of the [[Palace of Versailles]]. After a variety of tests in October, he made the first manned free flight in history on 21 November 1783, accompanied by the ambitious [[Marquis d'Arlandes]]. During the 25-minute flight using a Montgolfier [[hot air balloon]], they traveled 12 [[kilometre]]s from the [[Château de la Muette]] to the [[Butte-aux-Cailles]], then in the [[suburbs|outskirts]] of Paris, attaining an [[altitude]] of 3,000 feet.
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| − | [[Image:Early flight 02562u (4).jpg|thumb|The first untethered balloon flight, by Rozier and the [[Marquis d'Arlandes]] on 21 November 1783.]]
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| − | Along with [[Joseph Montgolfier]], he was one of six passengers on a second flight on 19 January 1784, with a huge Montgolfier balloon ''Le Flesselles'' launched from [[Lyon]]. Four French nobles paid for the trip, including a prince. Several difficulties had to be overcome. The wallpaper became wet because of extreme weather conditions. The top of the balloon was made of sheep- or [[buckskin]]. The air was heated by wood in an iron stove: to start, the straw was set on fire with [[brandy]]. (In other tests charcoal or potatoes were used). The balloon had a volume of approximately 23,000 [[m³]], over 10 times that of the first flight, but it only flew a short distance. The spectators kneeled down when the balloon came down too quickly. That evening the aeronauts were celebrated after listening to [[Gluck]]'s opera, [[Iphigénie en Tauride]].
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| − | Rozier took part in a further flight on 23 June 1784, in a modified version of the Montgolfiers' first balloon christened ''La Marie-Antoinette'' after the Queen, which took off in front of the King of France and King [[Gustav III of Sweden]]. Together with [[Joseph Proust]], the balloon flew north at an altitude of approximately 3,000 metres, above the clouds. They travelled 52 km in 45 minutes before cold and turbulence forced them to descend past [[Luzarches]], between [[Coye]] et [[Orry-la-Ville]], near the [[Chantilly forest]]. They set records for speed, altitude and distance travelled.
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| − | [[Image:Aviation fatality - Pilatre de Rozier and Romain.jpg|thumb|left|Fatal accident at [[Wimereux]], 15 June 1785.]] | |
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| − | ==Final flight==
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| − | De Rozier's next plan was an attempt to cross the [[English Channel]] from France to England. A Montgolfier balloon would not be up to the task, requiring large stocks of fuel for the hot air, so his balloon the [[Rozière balloon]] was a combination [[hydrogen]] and [[hot air balloon]]. It was prepared in the autumn of 1784, but the attempt was not launched until after another Frenchman, [[Jean-Pierre Blanchard]], and American companion, Dr [[John Jeffries]], flew across the [[English Channel]] in a hydrogen gas balloon on 7 January 1785, from England to France.
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| − | [[Image:Early flight 02562u (8).jpg|thumb|Deaths of Rozier and Romain.]]
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| − | Despite several attempts, De Rozier and his companion, Pierre Romain, were not able to set off from [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]] until 15 June 1785. After making some progress, a change of wind direction pushed them back to land some 5 km from their starting point. The balloon suddenly deflated (without the envelope catching fire) and crashed near [[Wimereux]] in the [[Pas-de-Calais]], from an estimated height of 1,500 feet. Both occupants were killed. Eight days later his fiancée died, possibly having committed suicide. A commemorative obelisk was later erected at the site of the crash. The King had a medal struck, and gave his family a pension.
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| − | The modern hybrid gas and hot air balloon is named the [[Rozière balloon]] after his pioneering design.
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | *[[Timeline of hydrogen technologies]]
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| − | ==References==
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| − | * [[Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond]] (1783, 1784) Description des expériences de la machine aérostatique de MM. Montgolfier, &c.
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| − | * [[Simon Schama]] (1987) Citizens, p. 123-31.
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| − | ==External links==
| + | {{France-engineer-stub}} |
| − | * http://bellestar.org/BalloonHistory.aspx
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| − | * http://clg-pilatre-de-rozier.scola.ac-paris.fr/PDRBio.htm
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| − | {{DEFAULTSORT:Pilatre de Rozier, Jean-Francois}} | |
| − | [[Category:1757 births]]
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| − | [[Category:1785 deaths]]
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| − | [[Category:French balloonists]]
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| − | [[Category:People from Metz]]
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| − | [[Category:Aviators killed in aircraft crashes in France]]
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| − | [[af:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]] | + | [[af:François Laurent d'Arlandes]] |
| − | [[ca:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]]
| + | [[fr:François Laurent d'Arlandes]] |
| − | [[cs:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]]
| + | [[id:François Laurent d'Arlandes]] |
| − | [[da:Pilâtre de Rozier]]
| + | [[it:François Laurent]] |
| − | [[de:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]]
| + | [[pt:François Laurent d'Arlandes]] |
| − | [[es:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]]
| + | [[sv:François Laurent d'Arlandes]] |
| − | [[fr:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]] | |
| − | [[hr:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]] | |
| − | [[id:Pilâtre de Rozier]]
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| − | [[it:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]] | |
| − | [[nl:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]]
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| − | [[pl:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]]
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| − | [[pt:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]] | |
| − | [[ru:Розье, Пилатр де]]
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| − | [[sv:François Pilâtre de Rozier]] | |
| − | [[tr:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]]
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