Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Edible Wild Plants/Answer Key 2"

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'''Be careful.'''
 
'''Be careful.'''
  
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<!-- 1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild.  -->
 
<!-- 1. Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild.  -->
  
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<!-- 2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs that are edible.  -->
 
<!-- 2. Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs that are edible.  -->
 
Trees typically have a single trunk and grow taller than shrubs (which often have multiple trunks). Some species can be classified as either depending on growing conditions.
 
Trees typically have a single trunk and grow taller than shrubs (which often have multiple trunks). Some species can be classified as either depending on growing conditions.
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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn}}
 
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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush}}
 
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<!-- 3. Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots.  -->
 
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See above on Apple cactus, Barberry, Barrel cactus, Blackberry, Blueberry, Bunch berry, Cascara, Cherry, Chokecherry, Cholla, Coffeeberry, Crab apple, Cranberry, Currant, Date palm, Desert apricot, Elderberry, Fan palm, Fire thorn, Gooseberry, Grape, Ground cherry, Hackberry, Hawthorne, Holly leaf Cherry, Indian plum, Lemonade berry, Manzanita, Mulberry, Oregon Grape, Organ pipe, Partridgeberry, Passion fruit, Pawpaw, Persimmon, Pin Cherry, Prickly pear, Raspberry, Rose hips, Saguaro cactus, Salal, Serviceberry, Sour Cherry, Squawbush, Strawberry, Sugarbush, Thimbleberry, Toyon, and Wintergreen.
 
See above on Apple cactus, Barberry, Barrel cactus, Blackberry, Blueberry, Bunch berry, Cascara, Cherry, Chokecherry, Cholla, Coffeeberry, Crab apple, Cranberry, Currant, Date palm, Desert apricot, Elderberry, Fan palm, Fire thorn, Gooseberry, Grape, Ground cherry, Hackberry, Hawthorne, Holly leaf Cherry, Indian plum, Lemonade berry, Manzanita, Mulberry, Oregon Grape, Organ pipe, Partridgeberry, Passion fruit, Pawpaw, Persimmon, Pin Cherry, Prickly pear, Raspberry, Rose hips, Saguaro cactus, Salal, Serviceberry, Sour Cherry, Squawbush, Strawberry, Sugarbush, Thimbleberry, Toyon, and Wintergreen.
  
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Also see [[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/EWP/Tuber|this category]] for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki as having edible roots or tubers.
 
Also see [[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/EWP/Tuber|this category]] for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki as having edible roots or tubers.
  
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<!-- 4. Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways:  -->
 
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Any of the greens and tubers may be prepared by boiling.
 
Any of the greens and tubers may be prepared by boiling.
  
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Also see the [[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/EWP/Boil|this category]] for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki that can be prepared by boiling
 
Also see the [[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/EWP/Boil|this category]] for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki that can be prepared by boiling
  
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See the [[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/EWP/Fry|this category]] for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki that can be prepared by frying
 
See the [[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/EWP/Fry|this category]] for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki that can be prepared by frying
  
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*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.
 
*'''Black Locust''' flowers also make excellent fritters.
  
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See above for Acorns, Agave, Beechnuts, Chicory, Dandelion, Pickerel weed, Pine nuts, Soap root and Yucca.
 
See above for Acorns, Agave, Beechnuts, Chicory, Dandelion, Pickerel weed, Pine nuts, Soap root and Yucca.
  
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Also see the [[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/EWP/Roast|this category]] for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki that can be prepared by roasting.
 
Also see the [[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/EWP/Roast|this category]] for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki that can be prepared by roasting.
  
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See the [[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/EWP/Bake|this category]] for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki that can be prepared by baking, and [[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/EWP/Flour|this category]] for a list of plants that have been tagged as suitable for making flour.
 
See the [[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/EWP/Bake|this category]] for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki that can be prepared by baking, and [[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/EWP/Flour|this category]] for a list of plants that have been tagged as suitable for making flour.
  
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Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.
 
Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.
  
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<!-- 5. Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food.  -->
 
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This is a highly regional requirement valid only where common milkweed or day lily grow wild abundantly. Rather than outright waiving the requirement if you live in a region where these plants do not grow, consider replacing the requirement with something roughly equivalent (i.e., do you know of a plant that grows in your area having four edible parts? Cattail? Dandelion?)
 
This is a highly regional requirement valid only where common milkweed or day lily grow wild abundantly. Rather than outright waiving the requirement if you live in a region where these plants do not grow, consider replacing the requirement with something roughly equivalent (i.e., do you know of a plant that grows in your area having four edible parts? Cattail? Dandelion?)
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See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.
 
See requirement #1 for information on preparing the '''shoots''', '''buds''', '''flowers''', and '''tubers'''.
  
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<!-- 6. What root plant can be dried and ground into meal?  -->
 
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* Cattail
 
* Cattail
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* Jack-in-the-pulpit (You might get some hell fire preaching in your mouth if you try this one.) Someone who knows from experience exactly how to do it please detail out your fail safe way how you do it. There is a lot of misinformation in edible plant books on this plant.
 
* Jack-in-the-pulpit (You might get some hell fire preaching in your mouth if you try this one.) Someone who knows from experience exactly how to do it please detail out your fail safe way how you do it. There is a lot of misinformation in edible plant books on this plant.
  
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*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew
 
*Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew
  
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The field guide above lists poisonous look-alikes, but you should research each plant you plan to eat.
 
The field guide above lists poisonous look-alikes, but you should research each plant you plan to eat.
  
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Note that we recommend that the instructor not use pokeweed (''Phytolacca americana'') as a legitimate answer to this requirement.  Pokeweed leaves are commonly eaten in the southern United States, even though all parts contain toxins at all stages of growth (though in varying amounts).  The toxicity increases as the plants mature, but we strongly recommend that these not be eaten at any stage of growth, because pokeweed poisoning can be fatal.
 
Note that we recommend that the instructor not use pokeweed (''Phytolacca americana'') as a legitimate answer to this requirement.  Pokeweed leaves are commonly eaten in the southern United States, even though all parts contain toxins at all stages of growth (though in varying amounts).  The toxicity increases as the plants mature, but we strongly recommend that these not be eaten at any stage of growth, because pokeweed poisoning can be fatal.
  
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<!-- 8. The cardinal edibility rule is to never eat any wild plant unless you have positively identified it and ''know'' that it is edible. Discuss the importance of this rule.  -->
 
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Revision as of 19:03, 16 February 2021

Other languages:
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Template:Honor desc

Template:Division variant


Investiture Achievement Connection: This Honor is related to the Investiture Achievement requirements for FRONTIER VOYAGER Nature Study which require (as one of two options) "Identify, prepare and eat 10 varieties of edible wild plants" which is a good start on Requirement 3 of this Honor. This Honor is a popular choice for the Level 2 or 3 Nature Honor required of FRONTIER VOYAGER.




Introduction

There are at least three approaches to finding edible wild plants in your area. The first is to look through a list of edible wild plants that should be available in your area, and then go out and try to find some of them. The second approach is to go out and identify what plants are around you, determine their identity, and then find out if they are edible by looking them up in a good field guide (not by tasting them!). The third approach is to take a class, with field trips, on the subject. Having friends interested in it is helpful too. You tend to build on what each one finds out.

Because a surprising number of plants are edible, the second approach is far more likely to yield successful results. I cannot tell you how long I struggled with the first approach, searching for the likes of Jerusalem Artichokes or Groundnuts without success, all the while overlooking Hazels, Sarsaparilla, and Bunchberry. All my field guides indicated that Jerusalem Artichokes and Groundnuts should both grow in my area, but it was years before I ever saw either. I did manage to find more than 15 edible plants using the first technique, but it was indeed a struggle. Sometime later I began trying to identify every plant I saw - only a few at a time of course. I found myself entering information into this online key - and when I got a hit, I would recognize that plant as one that I had seen in an edible wild plant field guide, but had not been looking for. I soon learned that many - perhaps half - of the plants in my yard are edible. Of course I also found many that are not edible, and several that are poisonous (just so you don't go around thinking that since many plants are edible, it's harmless to eat something you have not identified - it is not.)

By attempting to identify the plants I had found rather than trying to find the plants I had identified, I found many, many more edible plants in a much shorter time (and several inedible and poisonous plants as well). It has made me a better Pathfinder.

If you opt to use the second approach, I urge you to review the requirements for the Flowers, Flowers - Advanced, Seeds, and Seeds - Advanced honors as well. You can meet many requirements of all these honors at the same time.

Also in some plants one part is edible and another part is poisonous. A grocery store example of this is cherries. The fruit is very good, but the seeds contain cyanide which is deadly if you eat enough. The leaves are likewise poisonous and have been known to kill cattle. Just because one part of a plant is edible does not mean that the whole plant is good to eat, and just because a plant is listed as edible does not mean that it is not poisonous.

Some plants are edible only in certain stages of growth. Some examples are: Bracken fern is not edible after the fiddle head stage. Nettles can cause kidney problems in some people if they are mature (seed growing on the stalk). Yucca stalk (Hesperoyucca whipplei ) gets too many bitter saponins to be palatable as it matures into a flower head. Be careful.


1

Photograph, collect pictures of or sketch fifteen edible wild plants. Identify each plant in the wild.


Several wild edible plants are presented here. I have included the plants with which I am most familiar, meaning that most of them are available in the Eastern United States, though we are in the process of adding more plants from the Western U.S. To make this section more universal, please add plants from your own area. This should be done by creating a separate page for the plant and including it thusly:

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/New Plant}}

Save the page, and then click on the red link you just made to create the new page (or let someone else do that - just knowing which plant to include is a great help). If you choose to add content to the new page, please use the EWP template to maintain uniformity. See the discussion page of the EWP template for its usage, or look at an existing page that uses it (which would be all of the ones below).


Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Amaranth

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Lepidium virginicum

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Chicory

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Clover

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Evening Primrose

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Jerusalem Artichoke

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pickerelweed

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Plantain

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sheep Sorrel

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Strawberry

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Carrot

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Garlic

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wild Onion

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wintergreen

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Wood Sorrel

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cereus repandus

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Berberis

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Ferocactus cylindraceus

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Prunus virginiana

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cylindropuntia

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Malus coronaria

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Vitis vinifera



2

Identify in the wild five trees and five shrubs which are edible.


Trees typically have a single trunk and grow taller than shrubs (which often have multiple trunks). Some species can be classified as either depending on growing conditions.

Trees

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cherry

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Hickory Nuts

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Maple Syrup

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Persimmon

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Nuts

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Pine Needles

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sassafras

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Sumac

Shrubs

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blueberry

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Rose

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Serviceberry

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Spicebush


3

Identify, prepare, and eat three kinds of wild berries or fruits, three kinds of beverages, three salad plants, three potherbs (greens), and two tubers or roots.


Fruits and Berries

See above on Apple cactus, Barberry, Barrel cactus, Blackberry, Blueberry, Bunch berry, Cascara, Cherry, Chokecherry, Cholla, Coffeeberry, Crab apple, Cranberry, Currant, Date palm, Desert apricot, Elderberry, Fan palm, Fire thorn, Gooseberry, Grape, Ground cherry, Hackberry, Hawthorne, Holly leaf Cherry, Indian plum, Lemonade berry, Manzanita, Mulberry, Oregon Grape, Organ pipe, Partridgeberry, Passion fruit, Pawpaw, Persimmon, Pin Cherry, Prickly pear, Raspberry, Rose hips, Saguaro cactus, Salal, Serviceberry, Sour Cherry, Squawbush, Strawberry, Sugarbush, Thimbleberry, Toyon, and Wintergreen.

Also see this category for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki as having edible fruit.

Beverages

See above on Chicory, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Lemon aid berry, Mint, Nettle, Pine needle, Pineapple weed, Sassafras, Sheep Sorrel, Sumac, Wintergreen, and Wood Sorrel

Also see this category for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki as suitable for making beverages.

Salad Plants

See above on Chickweed, Dandelion, Greenbriar, Lambs' quarters, Miner's lettuce, Plantain, Purslane, Sheep Sorrel, Violet, Wood Sorrel Also see this category for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki as suitable salad ingredients.

Greens

See above on Amaranth, Dandelion, Dock, Filaree, Fireweed, Lambsquarters, Mallow, Milkweed, Plantain, Russian thistle, Stinging Nettle, Wood Nettle.

Also see this category for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki as suitable for making potherbs.

Tubers or Roots

See above on Brodiaea, Burdock, Camas, Carrot, Cattail, Dandelion, Evening Primrose, Garlic, Jerusalem Artichoke, Lomatium, Onion, Sassafras, Salsify, and Yampah Also see this category for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki as having edible roots or tubers.


4

Demonstrate the preparation of wild foods in each of the following ways:


4a

Boiling


Any of the greens and tubers may be prepared by boiling.

Also see the this category for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki that can be prepared by boiling


4b

Frying


See the this category for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki that can be prepared by frying

Cattail Pollen Pancakes

Cattail pollen collector

Collect cattail pollen and mix with flour for pancakes. The best results are with replacing 1/4 and 1/2 of the flour with cattail pollen. This will add nutrition and a bright yellow color to your pancakes.

Cattails are in the pollen stage for about 2 weeks to a month. The season starts the end of April in the southern areas of the USA and ends in July in Canada or in high elevations.


A good cattail pollen harvester can be made with an empty 3 liter pop bottle by making a 1.5 - 2 inch hole just below the curved part of the bottle on the cap end of the bottle. Put the cap on and insert the pollen laden cattail flower head through the hole you made. Tap the cattail stem to release the pollen into the pop bottle. More pollen will be ready to harvest in a day or two. 2 liter pop bottles work too, but the pollen tends to get stuck in the neck of the bottle when emptying it. After emptying the pollen, sift the fiber and bugs out.

Clover Pancakes

Collect about one gallon of clover flowers and let them dry for two weeks (or dry them in the oven at 250°F for 30 minutes and then let them sit overnight). Once they are dry, grind them to powder using a mortar and pestle to make a fine flour. This will produce about a cup of flour. Mix this half-and-half with wheat flour and make pancakes.

Fritters

  • Dandelion flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters.
  • Elderberry flower heads can be dipped in batter and fried to make fritters. Caution: Plant stems and leaves contain cyanide.
  • Milkweed flowers can also be battered and fried, but they must be dipped in boiling water for one minute first.
  • Black Locust flowers also make excellent fritters.


4c

Roasting


See above for Acorns, Agave, Beechnuts, Chicory, Dandelion, Pickerel weed, Pine nuts, Soap root and Yucca.

Also see the this category for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki that can be prepared by roasting.


4d

Baking


See the this category for a list of all the plants that have been tagged in this Wiki that can be prepared by baking, and this category for a list of plants that have been tagged as suitable for making flour.

Pie

Delicious pies can be made from blackberries or blueberries. Wild cherries are not really large enough for this, but if you find them in quantity, you might make a go of it.

Bread

Try baking bread by mixing wheat flour with any of the various "wild" flours made from clover, acorn, cattail pollen, or cattail roots.



5

Demonstrate how to prepare four parts of the common milkweed or day lily for food.


This is a highly regional requirement valid only where common milkweed or day lily grow wild abundantly. Rather than outright waiving the requirement if you live in a region where these plants do not grow, consider replacing the requirement with something roughly equivalent (i.e., do you know of a plant that grows in your area having four edible parts? Cattail? Dandelion?)

Milkweed

Common Milkweed in flower
Milkweed pods

The parts of a milkweed plant that are edible are the leaves, stems, shoots, flowers, and pods. The pods must be collected while they are young, and the flowers are not in season for very long. There are many edible wild plant authors who claim that milkweed must be boiled in multiple changes of water to eliminate its bitterness. However, Samuel Thayer in his book Forager's harvest & decisively puts this notion to bed, and traces it to the writings of Euell Gibbons. Most authors simply parrot what Gibbons wrote. Thayer suggests that milkweeds reputation was gained because it was confused with dogbane (Apocynum androsaemifolium) which is bitter. Milkweed is not bitter, even when raw (though it is best to boil it for a few minutes). If it is bitter, it is not milkweed and should not be eaten. Do not waste time and energy boiling it in multiple changes of water.

Day Lily

See requirement #1 for information on preparing the shoots, buds, flowers, and tubers.


6

Explain how to identify three "odd-shaped" edible fungi and how to identify the deadly mushroom amanitas.


  • Cattail
  • Greenbriars
  • Kudzu
  • Jack-in-the-pulpit (You might get some hell fire preaching in your mouth if you try this one.) Someone who knows from experience exactly how to do it please detail out your fail safe way how you do it. There is a lot of misinformation in edible plant books on this plant.


7

What root plant can be dried and ground into meal?



7a


Many plants with edible parts also have poisonous parts. The list below, though not exhaustive, features plants with poisonous parts (even though some may also feature edible parts).

  • Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - buckthorns
  • Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) - buttercups, larkspur, baneberry, monkshood
  • Carrot/parsley family (Apiaceae) - Water hemlock, Poison hemlock or fool's parsley
  • Daisy family (Asteraceae/Compositae) (other than: Asters, Balsam root, Burdock, Chamomile, Chicory, Dandelion, Golden rod, Jerusalem artichoke, Oxeye daisy, Pineappleweed, Prickly lettuce, Salsify, Sow thistle, Thistle, Wild lettuce, Wild sun flower, etc.) - white snake root
  • Dogbane/milkweed family (Apocynaceae) - dogbane, butterfly weed
  • Legume family (Fabaceae) - Goat's rue, indigo, locust (seed pods), Lupine, Rattlebox
  • Horsechestnut family (Hippocastanaceae) - horse chestnut
  • Iris family (Iridaceae) - all are poisonous
  • Lily family (Liliaceae)(other than: Avalanche lily, Camas, Day lily, Desert lily, Dogtooth violet, Indian cucumber, Leek, Tiger lily, Wild garlic, Wild onion, Yellow bells, etc.) - False Hellebore, Fly Poison, Star of Bethlehem, Deathcamas
  • Mushrooms - many (not in the plant kingdom)
  • Nightshade family (Solanaceae) - nightshade, tomato (leaves), potato (leaves)
  • Poison Sumac/Oak/Ivy family (Rhus/Toxicodendron/Anacardiaceae) - poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac
  • Rose family (Rosaceae) (other than: Apples, Pears, Hawthorn, Blackberry, Raspberry, Rose hips, etc. fruits) - cherry (leaves, seeds, bark)
  • Soapwort family (Caryophyllaceae) - soapwort
  • Grape family (Vitaceae) - Virginia creeper
  • Yew family (Taxaceae) - yew


7b


The field guide above lists poisonous look-alikes, but you should research each plant you plan to eat.


7c


Various sorrels (wood sorrel, sheep sorrel, etc), skunk cabbage, and even rhubarb are edible when eaten in small quantities, but consuming them in quantity can lead to kidney stones.

Note that we recommend that the instructor not use pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) as a legitimate answer to this requirement. Pokeweed leaves are commonly eaten in the southern United States, even though all parts contain toxins at all stages of growth (though in varying amounts). The toxicity increases as the plants mature, but we strongly recommend that these not be eaten at any stage of growth, because pokeweed poisoning can be fatal.


7d




8

Know at least 8 families embracing the poisonous or doubtful plants.


It's not actually enough to know that a plant is edible - you also must know what part of the plant is edible, and at what stage of its growth it is edible. Also Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) are toxic until they are ripe.

References

  1. ↑ Forager's Harvest by Samuel Thayer

Further Reading


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