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| − | The '''Ten Essentials''' are items which many experienced outdoorsmen believe all outdoor enthusiasts should have handy. They are intended to enhance the safety and comfort of outdoor experiences, address common emergencies, reduce the need to use emergency survival techniques, and generally minimize difficult situations.
| + | {{honor_header|1|1933|Recreation<br>General Conference 2001}} |
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| − | The ''Ten Essentials'' were first described in the [[1930s]] by [[The Mountaineers (Pacific NW)|The Mountaineers]], a hiking and mountain climbing club. Many [[hiking|hikers]], [[backpacking|backpackers]], and [[climbing|climbers]] rigorously ensure they have the ten essentials with them [http://gorp.away.com/gorp/activity/hiking/skills/teness.htm].
| + | ==1. Explain and demonstrate the main points of good hiking practice, such as pacing, speed, resting, and etiquette. == |
| | + | ==2. Explain the importance and method of proper foot care with regard to cleanliness, care of nails, socks, shoe selection, and first aid of tender or blistered feet. == |
| | + | ==3. Make a list of proper clothing to be worn on a hike in both hot and cool weather. == |
| | + | {{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Clothing}} |
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| − | According to the standard textbook [[Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills]], the ten essentials are:
| + | ==4. Make a list of needed gear for a long day hike in the wilderness and a short coun try hike. == |
| − | # [[Map]]
| + | ==5. List five safety and courtesy rules to be used in wilderness trail hiking and road hiking. == |
| − | # [[Compass]] (optionally supplemented with a [[GPS]] receiver, by some other sources)
| + | ==6. Explain the importance of drinking water and list three signs of contaminated water. == |
| − | # [[Sunglasses]] and [[Sunscreen]]
| + | ==7. Explain the importance of proper eating while hiking. == |
| − | # Extra [[food]] (extra [[water]] is considered "important")
| + | ==8. Describe proper clothing and foot gear for cold and hot wet weather hiking. == |
| − | # Extra [[clothes]]
| + | ==9. Submit a written plan for a 10-mile (16.1 km) hike which includes: map route, clothing list, equipment list, and water and/or food. == |
| − | # [[Headlamp]]/[[flashlight]]
| + | ==10. Use a topographical map and/or a road map in planning and doing one of the hikes in Requirement 11.== |
| − | # [[First aid]] supplies
| + | ==11. Have the following hiking record: == |
| − | # [[Fire]] starter
| + | ===a. One five-mile (8 km) rural or town hike === |
| − | # [[Matches]]
| + | ===b. One five-mile ( 8 km) hike on a wilderness trail === |
| − | # [[Knife]]
| + | ===c. Two 10-mile (16.1 km) day hikes on different routes === |
| | + | ===d. One 15-mile (24.2 km) hike on a wilderness trail === |
| | + | ===e. Within a month of each hike, write a short report, giving dates, routes covered, weather, and any interesting things you saw. === |
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| − | The textbook recommends supplementing the ''ten essentials'' with:
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| − | * Water treatment device ([[water filter|filter]] or [[iodine|chemicals]]) and water bottles
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| − | * [[Ice axe|Ice ax]] for glacier or snowfield travel (if necessary)
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| − | * Repair kit
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| − | * [[Insect repellent]] (or clothing designed for this purpose)
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| − | * Signaling devices, such as a [[whistle]], [[cell phone]], two-way [[radio]], or [[Flare (pyrotechnic)|flare]]s
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| − | Not every expedition will require the use of an ''essential item''. But since it is common for an emergency to arise from a cascade of unfortunate events, items addressing some of them can prevent disaster. For example, if a hiker's map is blown away, his/her clothing become soaked, the flashlight quits, <b>and</b> a snowstorm arises, then the whistle, extra clothes and fire starter become important, and probably transform a life threatening experience into a merely exciting one.
| + | ==References== |
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| − | == Details ==
| + | [[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] |
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| − | * A '''map''' and '''compass''' are useful to avoid becoming lost which raises the risk of physical injury, [[anxiety]] and [[panic]]. Therefore, maps which cover the relevant area in sufficient detail and dimension (topography, trails, roads, campsites, towns, etc.) and the skill and knowledge to use them are indispensable when traveling through areas lacking signage, markings or guides. Even a casual compass user can avoid traveling in circles.
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| − | * A '''flashlight''' protects against physical injury from traveling in the dark. A flashlight is also useful for finding things in the pack, observing wildlife in dark crevices and folds, and for distant signaling. Extra [[battery (electricity)|batteries]] and bulbs are highly recommended.
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| − | * '''Extra food and water''' can prevent or cure [[hypothermia]] and [[dehydration]] which can be serious risks in the backcountry. Sustenance is also useful to minimize the likelihood of [[panic]].
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| − | * '''Extra clothes''' protect against hypothermia. Multiple layers of clothes are generally warmer than an equivalently thick single garment, and much more versatile. A change of clothes is the fastest way to warm up after an inadvertent dunking in a cold mountain stream. Extra clothing is also useful for protection from shrubbery, thorns, insects, sun, wind, as well as cold. If need be, they can be cut into bandages, used as a tree climbing aid, hotpad, pillow, towel or descent line. For overnight trekking, one should always keep one set of evening/night clothes dry and put the dirty clothes back on before starting to walk again. Even if they are wet, a few minutes of walking is usually enough to warm up.
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| − | * '''Sunglasses''' help prevent sunburn of the eyes. In addition, walking into the sun reflected off fog, snow, sand or water is possibly dangerous.
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| − | * A '''first aid kit''' usually contains items to treat cuts, abrasions (blisters), punctures and burns. Additional items might address broken digits, broken limbs, crush injuries, [[Heart condition|cardiac conditions]], [[hypothermia]], [[frostbite]], [[hyperthermia]], [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]], [[decompression sickness]], insect and snake bites, allergic reactions, animal attacks, and thermal or chemical burns, depending on the specific locale and activities.
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| − | * A '''knife''' is useful for opening packages, building shelter, making firestarters, repairing clothing, eating, rapid disentanglement, field surgery, etc. A larger knife ([[machete]]) might be essential when one needs or wishes to go off trails in a thick forest and is better for construction and collecting firewood.
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| − | * '''Matches''' (or a lighter) and '''fire starter''' ([[tinder]] and [[kindling]]) to light a campfire is useful for preventing [[hypothermia]] and to signal for aid. In an emergency, a fire keeps up the spirits, which can also be a life saver.
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| − | * A '''water treatment device''' (filter or chemical treatment) make water of unknown or dubious quality drinkable. Most backcountry travelers carry a water filter: low end models are inexpensive and provide protection against many diseases. Another benefit might be improving the taste of water (which can help avoid dehydration).
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| − | * A '''whistle''' is a compact, light and inexpensive relief for the voice when calling for help is needed. Wind, snow and heavy rain can make hearing difficult, or make yells sound like trees or animals whistling.
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| − | == Other "ten essentials" ==
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| − | Other outdoor organizations have variations of the ''Ten Essentials'' pertinent to local conditions. For example, [[Utah]]'s [[Wasatch Club]] lists extra water in place of food, since Utah is mostly desert, and water can be hard to find.
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| − | The [[Spokane Mountaineers]] list "thirteen essentials" which supplement the list with emergency shelter such as a [[space blanket]], signaling device, and toilet paper and a [[trowel]] (for sanitary disposal of [[feces|human waste]], while the paper doubles as [[tinder]] for starting a fire).
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| − | The "[http://www.geocities.com/jshannonmd/tenessentialgroups.htm Ten Essential Groups]"- an alternative approach to essential gear selection. Items from each group should be chosen depending on the season, geographic location and trip duration.
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| − | <!-- This material seems like original research. Citations, please?
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| − | Depending on the facilities where one is going, a tent and mattress might not be necessary. But one thing one almost allways needs is a sleeping bag, or at least.
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| − | For protection against the cold it is always wise to carry a warm hat. If one does not expect to run into cold conditions and brings no warm clothing, a warm hat will make the biggest difference per weight and volume if the unexpected happens, because most body heat is lost through the head. Keeping your head warm will preserve warmth that can be spent on other body parts - "If your feet are cold, put on a hat".
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| − | Insect repellent prevents interaction with the most annoying creatures of the wild. The same insects can carry diseases such as [[malaria]], [[Lyme disease]], and [[West Nile virus]], and their bites or stings might cause severe reactions in some people. Sunscreen protects skin from [[sunburn]].
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| − | a cell phone, though not on many "essentials" lists, can be very helpful in an emergency. If near an area with cell service, it is a way to obtain directions, assistance or evacuation. In remote areas, they might not work on the trail, but by climbing up a nearby feature, marginal service could exist. Also, two-way radios are useful in case a hiking group splits up where there is no cell coverage.
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| − | == References ==
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| − | * [[Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills]], 6th edition, [[Mountaineers]], pages 35-40, (1997), ISBN 0-89886-427-5
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| − | * [http://www.backpacking.net/ten-essl.html Backpacking.net list of ten essentials]
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| − | * The ''[http://www.spokanemountaineers.org/ Spokane Mountaineers] Backpack School manual''
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | [[Hiking equipment]]
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| − | [[Category:Hiking equipment]]
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| − | [[Category:Tourism]]
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