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1. Be able to identify three of each of the following and know where each is found. Know at least one by scientific name from each group:

d. Eared Seals

Callorhinus ursinus

Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus)

Where found: The Northern Fur Seal is found in the north Pacific Ocean.

Description: The Northern Fur Seal, has substantial physical differences compared to other eared seals: its head is smaller, snout shorter and the hind flippers are proportionately largest of any eared seal. The most conspicuous physical feature of the fur seal is the fur itself; indeed, its genus name comes from the Greek for "beautiful hide". It consists of longer lighter guard hairs and a dense waterproof underfur of about 46,500 hairs per square centimeter.

Arctocephalus gazella

Antarctic Fur Seal (Arctocephalus gazella)

Where found: As its name suggests, the Antarctic Fur Seal is distributed in Antarctic waters. Around 95% of the world population breeds at South Georgia.

Description: This fur seal has a short and broad snout compared with others in the family. Adult males are dark brown. Females and juveniles tend to be grey with a lighter underside. Antarctic Fur Seals appear to act alone when foraging and migrating. A strong male may have more than a dozen female partners in a single season. Territories are established on breeding grounds in October to early November, when the musty-smelling males are extremely aggressive in defense of their harems. Females gestate for just over a year - giving birth in November or December. Pups are weaned at about month old. Juveniles may then spend several years in the water before returning to begin their breeding cycle.

Eumetopias jubatus

Steller Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubatus)

Where found: The Steller Sea Lion, also known as the Northern Sea Lion, lives in the temperate eastern Pacific.

Description: The Steller Sea Lion is the largest of the eared seals, measuring up to 3.3 m in length, with males weighing up to 1,100 kg while females weigh around 350 kg. Their coloration is lighter than in most sea lions, ranging from a pale yellow to a tawny and occasionally reddish, though they often appear darker in the water. The pups are born almost black and remain dark for several months.

Zalophus californianus

California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus)

Where found: The California Sea Lion is a coastal sea lion of the northern Pacific Ocean.

Description: The California Sea Lion has a streamlined body that contains a layer of blubber under the skin to provide warmth and buoyancy. Their large eyes help them adjust to low levels of light in underwater environments, while their whiskers augment their sense of touch. Their nostrils automatically close once they hit the water. Their long front flippers rotate outward for better movement on land, and propel them forward in water, where they are most at home.

e. Dolphins/Porpoises

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Species Account/Orcinus orca Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Species Account/Tursiops truncatus Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Species Account/Delphinus delphis Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Species Account/Neophocaena phocaenoides Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Species Account/Phocoena phocaena

f. Walruses (one kind)

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Species Account/Odobenus rosmarus

g. Sea Otter (one kind)

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Species Account/Enhydra lutris

h. Manatees

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Species Account/Trichechus inunguis Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Species Account/Trichechus manatus Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Species Account/Trichechus senegalensis

2. Know and locate the story of how God used a whale in Bible times.

This is, of course, the story of Jonah located in the Biblical Book of Jonah, .

3. What is the largest mammal in the sea?

The largest mammal in the sea, and indeed, the largest animal in the history of the world, is the Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus).

4. Explain the following words:

a. Breaching

Breaching is when a whale leaps into the air and falls on their backs. There are a variety of explanations about why different whales and dolphins perform this artful leap. Some researchers have proposed it may be a behavior to dislodge parasites off of the whale's back, while others have interpreted it as a form of communication. Some believe the whale is just having fun!

b. Echolocation

Echolocation is the biological sonar used by several mammals such as bats, dolphins and whales.

Animals that use echolocation emit calls out to the environment. They listen to the echoes that return from various objects in the environment. They use these echoes to locate, range and identify the objects. Echolocation is used for navigation and for foraging (or hunting) in various environments.

Toothed whales, including dolphins, porpoises, river dolphins, orcas and sperm whales, use echolocation because they live in an underwater habitat that has favorable acoustic characteristics and where vision is extremely limited in range due to absorption or turbidity.

c. Spyhopping

Spyhopping is when a dolphin and whales are in a vertical stance so they can look at their surroundings above the water. The whale slowly rises straight out of the water, until its eye is above the water surface. After a few moments, the whale sinks back down. Again, we cannot be sure why whales spyhop, but they may be coming up to take a look around.

d. Baleen

Baleen

Baleen makes up baleen plates, which are arranged in two parallel rows that look like combs of thick hair; they are attached to the upper jaws of baleen whales. Whales use these combs for filter feeding. Baleen whales scoop vast amounts of water into their mouths, and then push the water back out their mouths through the baleen plates. The baleen plates prevent fish and plankton from flowing out of their mouths. Whales are the only vertebrate group to use this method of feeding in great abundance (flamingos and crabeater seals use similar methods, but do not have baleen), and it has allowed them to grow to immense sizes.

e. Pod

A pod is a social group of whales, porpoises, or dolphins.

f. Harem

A harem is a group of female seals, which are corralled together by a male for the purpose of mating. The male Northern Fur Seals are possessive of individual females in their harem, often aggressively competing with neighboring males for females. Some males breed with up to 50 females in a single breeding season. Some types of whales also have harems.

g. Plankton

Plankton are defined as any drifting organism that inhabits the water column of oceans, seas, and bodies of fresh water. They are widely considered to be one of the most important organisms on Earth, due to the food supply they provide to most aquatic life.

5. Draw a food chain of two different marine mammals.

phytoplankton → copepod → fish → squid → seal → orca

This "chain" can be described as follows: Orca (also known as "killer whales") feed upon seals, that feed upon squid, that eat small fish, that feed on copepods, that feed on microscopic algae.

phytoplankton → krill → baleen whales

Food loses efficiency as it travels up the food chain from prey to predator. This is because each creature in the chain uses some of the energy it gained from its food. By keeping their food chain short, baleen whales are able to efficiently consume enormous amounts of energy, and therefore, they are able to grow to enormous sizes.

6. What is the purpose of blubber?

Blubber is a thick layer of fat found under the skin of all cetaceans, pinnipeds and sirenians. It covers the whole body, except for the appendages, loosely attached to the muscles. It can comprise up to 50% of the body mass of some marine mammals during some points in their lives. Blubber serves several different functions, it is the primary area of fat on some mammals, and essential for storing energy. It is particularly important for species which feed and breed in different parts of the ocean. During these periods the species are operating on a fat-based metabolism.

Blubber also serves as an efficient thermal insulator, making it an essential for thermoregulation. It has advantages over fur (as used in Sea Otters) in this respect; fur can retain heat by holding pockets of air, but under pressure (while diving) the air pockets will be expelled. Blubber, however, does not compress under pressure. It can also aid in buoyancy, and acts to streamline the body.

7. Know two reasons that seals are hunted.

Seals are hunted for their fur, meat and oil. They are also hunted by fishermen to eliminate competition for fish. Seals sometimes take bites out of fish already caught in a fisherman's net, making the fish unfit for sale.

8. Describe why seals and dolphins can move so quickly in the water.

The seal's flippers are enormously long, and the skin between them forms a web which is used like a paddle to propel the seal along. They have long, sturdy claws on their front flippers which they use to help them move on land, especially when they need to grip onto rocks or ice

9. Do one of the following:

a. Take a trip to an aquarium. Learn about and observe the daily feeding schedule of a marine mammal.

This option will almost certainly be the most rewarding for your Pathfinders, but it will also require the most work on your part to get it organized. Try to contact the aquarium before setting off on your trip so that you can make arrangements to meet with a staff member there. They are usually very willing to help you, and will be delighted to provide you with information regarding the daily feeding schedule. Note that some zoos have aquariums too, so if a zoo is more convenient than an aquarium, you might want to investigate this possibility.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Zoo Visit

b. Write a 500-word report on a marine mammal. Include pictures.

Much of the material for the answers presented here was taken from Wikipedia. You can start your research by reading the full articles:

c. Write a 500-word report on current events involving marine mammals and their environment and how they could be endangered.

Search Google News for marine mammals to find out about current events. http://news.google.com/news?hl=en&ned=us&q=marine+mammal&btnG=Search+News You can also search http://news.google.com for a particular marine mammal (such as whales, seals, dolphins, or manatees).

Note

This Honor and the Cetaceans Honor have considerable overlap. Consider working on them together.

References

Much of the material here as adapted from numerous Wikipedia articles.

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