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| − | Roses ''Rosa sp.'' are susceptible to a number of pests, diseases and disorders. A large number of the problems affecting roses are seasonal and climatic.<ref>Ross, D.,''Rose-growing for Pleasure'', Lothian Publishing, Melbourne, 1985, ISBN 0 85091 181 8 pp. 27</ref>
| + | {{honor_header|1|1938|Outdoor Industries|General Conference}} |
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| − | [[Image:Aphid rose.jpg |right|thumb|250px|'''Aphid''' ''Macrosiphum rosae'' feeding on buds and shoots]]
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| − | [[Image:Spidermites-gardenia.jpg|right|thumb|250px|'''Two-spotted mite''' ''Tetranychus urticae'' on ''Gardenia spp.'']]
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| − | [[Image:Ponticulothrips diospyrosi.jpg|right|thumb|250px|'''Thrips''' ''Thysanoptera sp.'']]
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| − | [[Image:Icerya-purchasi.jpg|right|thumb|250px|'''Cottony cushion scale''' ''Icerya purchasi'']]
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| − | [[Image:Leafcutting 1 6431.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Leaf damage caused by '''Leaf cutting bee''' ''Megachile'' sp.]]
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| − | [[Image:Nematode nodules.jpg|right|thumb|250px|''Meloidogyne'' sp. nodule damage to roots.]]
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| − | [[Image:Aphthona flava flea beetle.jpg|right|thumb|240px|'''Flea beetle''' ''Aphthona flava'']]
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| − | Certain varieties of roses are naturally more resistant or immune than others to certain pests and diseases.
| + | ==1. Define each of the following: == |
| | + | ===a. Perennials=== |
| | + | A perennial is a plant that lives for more than two years. Perennial plants are divided into two large groups, those that are woody and those that are herbaceous. All woody plants are perennials since they form woody tissue that persists from one year to the next. Woody perennials develop a woody base or root system from which the foliage and flower stems grow year after year while the plant is alive. In common usage the term perennial generally describes herbaceous perennials. |
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| − | Cultivation requirements of individual rose species and cultivars, when observed, often assist in the prevention of certain pests, diseases and disorders.<ref>Botanica's Organic Gardening, Random House Publishing, Sydney, 2002, ISBN 1 74051 426 2</ref>
| + | ===b. Annuals === |
| | + | Annuals die each year. Depending on your climate annuals may be for summer planting (in snow regions) or winter planting (in low deserts). These plants produce many flowers and seeds in their life cycle to help perpetuate them. As a result many annuals seem to grow back each year when it is more likely a new plant from a seed has grown in its place. |
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| − | == Pests == | + | ===c. Biennials === |
| | + | Biennials are plants that live for two years. They generally take on different forms in each of these years, producing seeds only in the second year. |
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| − | Pests are often considered to be the insects that affect roses:
| + | ==2. Give general instructions for making a hotbed. What is the difference between a hotbed and a cold frame?== |
| | + | {{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Hotbed cold frame}} |
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| − | * '''[[Aphids]]''' (Greenfly) (Order [[Hemiptera]]: Family Aphididae) ''[[Macrosiphum rosae]]''
| + | ==3. What is drainage? Of what importance is it?== |
| | + | Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area. Many agricultural soils need drainage to improve production or to manage water supplies. |
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| − | :::Likely to be found on new shoots and buds, aphids are soft bodied insects 1-2mm long. Often green but occasionally light-brown, and sometimes with wings, they may cover (in a colony) the complete growing tip of the plant. Aphids are most active in spring and summer and multiply at a prodigeous rate feeding on the [[sap]] of the plant by piercing the plant cells via a [[proboscis]]. In large quantities they may seriously retard the growth of the plant and ruin [[buds]]. They are particularly damaging to the new shoots with subsequent damage to the emerging leaves which become malformed with much the same appearance as [[leaf-curl]] in peaches.<ref>Ross, D.,''Rose-growing for Pleasure'', Lothian Publishing, Melbourne, 1985, ISBN 0 85091 181 8 pp. 28</ref>
| + | In moist climates, soils may be adequate for cropping with the exception that they become waterlogged for brief periods each year, from snow melt or from heavy rains. Soils that are predominantly clay will pass water very slowly downward, meanwhile plant roots suffocate because the excessive water around the roots eliminates air movement through the soil. |
| | + | Other soils may have an impervious layer of mineralized soil, called a hardpan or relatively impervious rock layers may underlie shallow soils. Drainage is especially important in tree fruit production. Soils that are otherwise excellent may be waterlogged for a week of the year, which is sufficient to kill fruit trees and cost the productivity of the land until replacements can be established. In each of these cases appropriate drainage is used to carry off temporary flushes of water to prevent damage to annual or perennial crops. |
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| − | * '''[[Two-spotted mite]]''' (Spider-mites or Red spider mite) (Order Acari: Family Tetranychidae) ''Tetranychus urticae''
| + | In farming drier areas, irrigation is often used, and one would not consider drainage necessary. However, irrigation water always contains minerals and salts, and these can be concentrated to toxic levels by evapotranspiration. Irrigated land may need periodic flushes with excessive irrigation water and drainage to remove these toxic minerals. |
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| − | :::Previously known as red-spider mite these [[spider|arachnids]] prefer the underside of leaves and are difficult to see with an unaided eye. Evidence of their presence is silvering of leaves where the mites have destroyed individual leaf [[Cell (biology)|cells]]. Fine webbing and eggs on the undersides of leaves is further evidence of the presence of ''Tetranychus urticae''.
| + | ==4. Name three plant pests and tell how to control them.== |
| | + | ==5. Give instructions for making a window box and tell its use.== |
| | + | ==6. Prepare the soil, fertilize, plant, and grow to maturity three different kinds of annuals. == |
| | + | ==7. Care for two or more perennial flowers growing outdoors for one season by fertilizing, watering, weeding, and treating for pests as needed. Maintain a written record with weekly entries, listing work done. == |
| | + | ==8. Which three plant nutrients are most important to flowering plants? == |
| | + | ==9. Identify three flowering plants adapted to each of the following conditions: == |
| | + | ===a. Shade === |
| | + | ===b. Dry soil === |
| | + | ===c. Full sun === |
| | + | ===d. Moist soil=== |
| | + | ==10. What is the purpose of a soil test?== |
| | + | The purpose of a soil test is to determine the nutrient content of the soil. This will allow the gardener to select plants that will grow best in the existing soil conditions or to determine what nutrient supplements are required to amend the soil for the intended plants. |
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| − | * '''[[Thrips]]''' (Order [[Thysanoptera]])
| + | ==11. Make a picture collection of ten annuals, five perennials, and two biennials. Label and know the name of each from memory.== |
| | + | ===Annuals=== |
| | + | ===Biennials=== |
| | + | ===Perennials=== |
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| − | :::Thrips are slim-winged insects 1mm in length, resembling fine black slivers of wood. Preferring light-coloured blooms and often appearing in plague numbers flowers are often left looking bruised and lustreless. <ref>McMaugh, J. What garden pest or diesase is that?, New Holland Publishing, Sydney, 2001</ref>
| + | ==References== |
| − | | + | *Wikipedia articles: |
| − | * '''[[Caterpillars]]''' (Order [[Lepidoptera]]) See also [[List of Lepidoptera which feed on Roses]]
| + | ** [[w:Cold frame|Cold frame]] |
| − | | + | ** [[w:Drainage|Drainage]] |
| − | ::: The tortryx ([[tortrix]]) moth ''Lozotaenia forsterana'' is a prominent pest of roses, although not the sole pest. The caterpillars are green, up to 15mm long, and can be found boring into buds or within curled leaves. When disturbed the caterpillars move swiftly, dropping to the ground on a fine thread. Damage is chewn leaves and flowers and buds with "shot holes".
| + | ** [[w:Hotbed|Hotbed]] |
| − | | + | [[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] |
| − | * '''[[Curculio beetles]]''' (Family [[Curculionidae]])
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| − | * '''[[Scale insect]]s''' (Order [[Hemiptera]])
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| − | : '''Cottony cushion scale''' (Order [[Hemiptera]] : Family Coccoidea) ''[[Icerya purchasi]]''
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| − | :::This scale infests twigs and branches. The mature female is oval in shape, reddish-brown with black hairs, 5 mm long. When mature the insect remains stationary and produces an egg sac in grooves, by extrusion, in the body which encases hundreds of red [[egg (biology)|eggs]]. The insect causes little damage but produces copious [[Honeydew (secretion)|honeydew]] (frass) that can cause damaging sooty mould.
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| − | : '''California red scale''' (Order [[Hemiptera]] : Family Coccoidea) ''Aonidiella aurantii''
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| − | :::A hard scale, orange to orange-pink, the female covering being less than 1.5mm across. Often in plague numbers this scale infests upper surfaces of foliage causing yellowing, leaf fall, and twig and branch [[dieback]]. [[Serious infestations]] can cause plant death.
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| − | : '''Rose scale''' (Order [[Hemiptera]] : Family Coccoidea) ''Aulacaspis rosae''
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| − | ::: Mainly found on the stems and branches of the plant, lack of control will allow the pest to spread to flower stalks and [[petioles]]. At this point the plant would be stunted, spindly and with a white, flaky crust of scales on the bark. Female ''Aulacaspis rosae''may live for 1 year and may lay 80 eggs each with several overlapping generations living within milliimetres of the original parent.<ref>McMaugh, J. What garden pest or diesase is that?, New Holland Publishing, Sydney, 2001</ref>
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| − | * '''Leaf cutting bee''' (Order Hymenoptera : Family Megachilidae) ''Megachile spp.''
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| − | :::Leafcutter bees are 6-16mm long and mostly black with bands of light-coloured hair. They chew pieces from the edges of leaves. The pieces are regular in shape, circular or oval. Damage is not often significant.
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| − | * '''[[Nematodes]]''' (Eelworms)(Order Tylenchida: Family Heteroderidae)
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| − | : '''Root-knot nematode''' ''Meloidogyne spp.''
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| − | ::: See - [[Root-knot nematode]] - symptoms of ''Meloidogyne'' infestation in roses is stunting, slow-growth, pale green leaves and wilting in mild weather.<ref>Botanica's Organic Gardening, Random House Publishing, Sydney, 2002, ISBN 1 74051 426 2</ref>
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| − | * '''Metallic flea-beetles''' (Order Coleoptera: Family Chrysomelidae) ''Altica'' spp.
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| − | :::The small, shiny and metallic ''Altica'' beetles have thickened [[legs|hindlegs]] adapted to jumping, similar to [[flea|fleas]]. The insects are 3mm long and chew holes of irregular shapes in young leaves and buds. As the leaves enlarge so do the holes.
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| − | == Diseases == | |
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| − | Fungal, bacterial and viral diseases affect roses:
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| − | === Fungal diseases === | |
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| − | * '''[[Black spot (roses)|Black Spot]]''' (Class Leotiomycetes: Family Helotiales) ''Marssonina rosae'' syn. ''Diplocarpon rosae''
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| − | :::''Marssonina rosae'' causes [[black spot (roses)|black spots]] on leaves.<ref>McMaugh, J. What garden pest or diesase is that?, New Holland Publishing, Sydney, 2001</ref> The spots, which may be as much as 12mm across, are generally circular and have an irregular edge often with a yellow halo. Leaves frequently turn yellow and fall early. Sometimes new leaves are produced, and these may also become affected.
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| − | :::Continual [[defoliation]] will cause weakness, [[die-back]] or death of the plant. Some very susceptible species may have stems affected with a considerable reduction in plant [[vigour]].
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| − | * '''Powdery Mildew''' ''[[Oidium]]'' sp. | |
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| − | :::''Oidium'' produces a very fine, powdery coating on the surface of buds and leaves. Significant cases have stems and particularly thorns, infected. Attacks on young leaves and buds will cause deformity with retardation of growth. Infected buds will fail to open. The disease is likely in hot, humid weather, with fungal spores overwintering on the stems and fallen leaves. | |
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| − | * '''[[Downy mildew]]''' (Class Oomycetes : Family Peronosporaceae) ''Peronospora sparsa'' | |
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| − | :::''Peronospora'' causes purple-red to dark-brown spots on the [[leaf|leaves]] with irregular margins, however, often angular. [[Plant stem|Stems]], [[petioles]] and flower stalks can split and spotted with purple marks. [[Buds]], [[sepals]], [[petals]] and [[sepal | calyces]] can be affected and will present purple spots. New growth affected will be deformed. The disease is spread by wind.
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| − | * '''[[Rust]]''' ''Phragmidium mucronatum'' | |
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| − | :::Rose rust appears as yellow patches on the surface of leaves, with orange [[pustules]] of [[spores]] underneath the leaf. The [[fungus]] is spread by wind. Affected leaves fall prior to healthy ones and plants may be [[defoliated]] in serious infections.
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| − | [[Image:Anthracnose on Rosa rugosa.jpg|right|thumb|250px|'''Anthracnose''' ''Sphaceloma rosarum'' on ''R.rugosa'']] | |
| − | * '''[[Anthracnose]]''' ''Sphaceloma rosarum''
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| − | ::: Spots caused by this [[fungus]] originate from a point where leaves are watersoaked, ususally unnoticeable at first, until they turn black with a very distinct defined edge. As the spots enlarge the centre becomes gray and may fall out resulting in a shot-hole appearance. Defoliation may occur but is often not serious. <ref>Ross, D.,''Rose-growing for Pleasure'', Lothian Publishing, Melbourne, 1985, ISBN 0 85091 181 8 pp. 28</ref>
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| − | * '''[[Grey mould]]''' (Class Leotiomycetes: Family Sclerotiniceae) ''[[Botrytis cineria]]''
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| − | :::On roses grey mould is prmiarily a disease of the flowers and buds, leaves are infrequently attacked. Infected buds rot on the stem and infection may progress down the stem. On petals ''[[botrytis cineria]]'' produces pink rings.
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| − | * '''[[Verticillium wilt]]''' (Class Incertae sedis: Family Verticillium) ''[[Verticillium dahliae]]''
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| − | * '''Sooty moulds''' ''Alternaria'' spp. | |
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| − | :::Sooty mould appears as black, dry powder on leaves similar to chimney soot. Many sooty moulds grow on the [[Honeydew (secretion)|honeydew]] (frass) produced by sap-sucking insect such as [[aphid|aphids]] and soft scales. ''Alternaria'' does no direct damage to plants but surface cover of leaves will reduce the plants capacity to [[photosynthesis|photosynthesise]] and may create an unsatisfactory plant appearance. <ref>Macoboy, S., Macoboys' Roses, Mallon, Melbourne, 1999, ISBN 1875696008</ref>
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| − | *'''[[Canker]]''' ''Leptosphaeria coniothyrium'' and ''Cryptosporella umbrina'' | |
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| − | :::[[canker|Cankers]] present as small yellowish or reddish spots on bark slowly increasing in size. ''Leptosphaeria coniothyrium'' turns brown, increases in size, and may eventually [[girdle]] the stem. The tissue within the infection begins to dry out and shrink, presenting a shrivelled appearance. If the disease infects only part of the stem, growth above the canker will continue. If it girdles the stem, however, growth will cease and the stem will die. <ref>http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/ipm/disease/rosecank.htm</ref>
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| − | === Viral diseases ===
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| − | [[Image:Rose Maosaic.jpg|right|250px|thumb|''Rose mosaic'' virus on ''R.'' "Queen Elizabeth"]] | |
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| − | * '''Rose mosaic''' | |
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| − | :::This disease is caused by a complex or viruses and is charaterised by yellow patterns on the leaves. The patterns vary considerably, ranging between all-over fine blotches to patterns of lines in waves. The patterns may appear on a few or many leaves. Plants are infected by this virus at propagation using infected plant material. <ref>McMaugh, J. What garden pest or diesase is that?, New Holland Publishing, Sydney, 2001</ref>
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| − | * '''Rose Wilt''' | |
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| − | :::Rose wilt is a complex of viruses and is referred to as ''dieback'' in some areas. The disease can be spread by [[Vector (biology)|vectors]] such as [[aphids]]. Symptoms are variable and range from stunted growth to curled young leaves. The soft tissue symptoms are more evident in spring and new leaves will reflex towards their own petioles. The affected leaves are brittle and easily fall from the plant. Fully formed leaves will 'wilt' as if the plant were water stressed.
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| − | === Bacterial diseases ===
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| − | [[Image:Agrobacteriumgall.jpg|right|thumb|250px|'''Crown gall rot''' ''Agrobacterium rhizogenes'']] | |
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| − | * '''[[Agrobacterium|Crown gall rot]]''' (Class Alpha Proteobacteria: Family Rhizobiaceae) ''Agrobacterium rhizogenes''
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| − | :::This disease is characterised by large lumps at the base of the plant stem or on roots. [[Galls]] may appear higher on stems as the disease progresses. Galls are soft compared to surrounding plant tissues. The [[pathogenic]] [[bacteria]] enter the plant via a wound. If the disease affects the plant whilst it is young the plant may be affected to the degree where it will not produce blooms. All affected plants [[wilt]] readily and grow poorly. <ref>McMaugh, J. What garden pest or diesase is that?, New Holland Publishing, Sydney, 2001</ref>
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| − | == Environmental disorders ==
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| − | [[Image:Rose - frost.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Hoar frost on ''Rosa'' sp.]]
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| − | * '''Frost'''
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| − | :::[[Frost]] will destroy fresh growth causing stems and leaves to wilt, turn black and fall away from the plant. Timing pruning to promote growth after the threat of frost is a means to avoid frost damage.
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| − | * '''[[Salinity]]'''
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| − | :::Salinity will present in roses as limp and light brown leaves with dry leaf [[margins]]. Soil may require testing to determine salinity levels. Symptoms will present if salinity is greater than 1200 parts per million. <ref>Ross, D.,''Rose-growing for Pleasure'', Lothian Publishing, Melbourne, 1985, ISBN 0 85091 181 8 pp. 26</ref>
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| − | * '''[[Herbicide]] Damage'''
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| − | :::Overspray or soil leaching of herbicidal sprays can present with several symptoms:
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| − | :::Prolonged exposure to overspray of ''[[glyphosate]]''will cause yellow leaves and new leaves will be small and elongated.
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| − | :::Hormone weedsprays (e.g. 24-D & 245-T) may cause grotesque new growth with thin twisted leaves and distorted buds. Plants may die in severe cases.
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| − | :::Pre-emergent [[herbicides]] contacting the plants' [[rootsystem]] via the soil will cause yellowing foliage. Effects of soil borne herbicide may take several years to clear.<ref>Ross, D.,''Rose-growing for Pleasure'', Lothian Publishing, Melbourne, 1985, ISBN 0 85091 181 8 pp. 27</ref>
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| − | == References ==
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| − | {{Reflist}} | |
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| − | [[Category:Roses]]
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| − | [[Category:Agricultural pest insects]]
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| − | [[Category:Plant pathogens and diseases]]
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| − | [[Category:Horticulture|*]]
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