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| − | [[Image:UTLX 204455 20050529 IL Rochelle.jpg|thumb|300px|A modern tank car, owned by the [[Union Tank Car Company]], passes westbound through [[Rochelle Railroad Park]], [[Rochelle, Illinois]] on [[May 29]], [[2005]].]]
| + | {{honor_header|2|1967|Arts and Crafts|General Conference}} |
| − | [[Image:Tank car UTLX 12283.jpg|thumb|300px|A tank car on display at the [[Mid-Continent Railway Museum]] in [[North Freedom, Wisconsin]].]]
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| − | A '''tank car''' is a piece of [[railroad]] [[rolling stock]] designed to carry [[Bulk liquids|liquefied loads]], [[petroleum]] products, liquid [[chemicals]] and [[gas]]ses. Many variants exist due to the wide variety of [[liquid]]s and gases that can be transported. Tank cars can be [[Thermal insulation|insulated]] or non-insulated, [[pressurized]] or non-pressurized, and designed for single or multiple loads. Non-pressurized cars have plumbing at the bottom for unloading, and may have an access port and a dome, housing various valving on the top. Pressurized cars have a pressure plate, with all valving, and a protective cylindrical housing (dome) at the top. Loading and unloading are done through this opening.
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| − | Within the rail industry, tank cars are grouped by their interior linings and not by the cargo carried. Food service tank cars are lined with [[stainless steel]], glass or cleanable plastic and they are marked as non-pressurized, insulated cars. Usually these are small and carry around 10,000 gallons. Petroleum carrying tank cars are lined with alloy steel, rubber or carbon steel. They are insulated, usually non-pressurized cars (however, very light petrochemicals or jet fuel cars will be pressurized with nitrogen to prevent evaporation to avoid an explosion hazard). These cars are larger, around 23,000 gallons. the ends will be doubled to prevent ruptures during accidents. As of 2007, the multicargo type mentioned above is obsolete. Natural gas, LPG or ammonia carrying cars are basically 60,000 gallon alloy steel pressure vessels on steel wheels. They have no linings, and are double ended. The whale belly type is giving way to higher but standard width cars.
| + | ==1. Give the history and development of model railroading. == |
| | + | ==2. Tell the difference in how the following prototype motive power units operate:== |
| | + | ===a. Steam === |
| | + | ===b. Diesel === |
| | + | ===c. Electric=== |
| | + | ==3. Know the name, scale, and track gauge for four model railroad gauges.== |
| | + | The six most popular scales used are: G scale, Gauge 1, O scale, H0 scale (in Britain, the similarly sized 00 is used), TT scale, and N scale (1:160), although there is growing interest in Z scale. H0 scale is the single most popular scale of model railroad. Popular narrow-gauge scales include HOn3 Scale and Nn3, which are the same scale as HO and N, except with a narrower spacing between the tracks (in these examples, a scale three feet instead of the 4'8.5" standard gauge). |
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| − | All tank cars are inspected every couple of years for damage, corrosion, etc. Relief valves and mounts are inspected at every loading. Pressurized cars are pressure tested regularly to insure they are solid. All tank cars operating in North America now feature "double shelf" couplers that will not uncouple in an accident, so the coupler will not puncture other tank cars.
| + | The words scale and gauge seem at first to be used interchangeably in model railways, but their meanings are different. Scale is the model's measurement as a proportion to the original, while gauge is the measurement between the two running rails of the track. |
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| − | Insulated cars (which may also incorporate heating or refrigeration systems) are used when the contents must be kept at a certain temperature. For example, the Linde tank car depicted below carries liquefied [[argon]]. Cars designed for multiple loads have internal bulkheads to separate the contents. Each compartment must have separate plumbing and its own dome if so equipped. The added complexity of multiple-load cars means that they make up a small percentage of the tank car population. If two loads must be transported, it is often simpler to use two tank cars instead of a two-load car.
| + | {| border=1 align="center" |
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| | + | !Name || Scale || Gauge |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | G scale ||1:22.5 || {{units|45 mm|1.75 inches}} |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | Gauge 1 ||1:32 ||{{units|44.45 mm|1.75 inches}} |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | 0 scale ||1:43 or 1:48 ||{{units|32 mm|1.25 inches}} |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | H0 scale ||1:87 ||{{units|16.5 mm|0.65 inches}} |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | TT scale ||1:120 ||{{units|12 mm|0.47 inches}} |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | N scale ||1:148 to 1:160 || {{units|9 mm|0.354 inches}} |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | Z scale ||1:220 ||{{units|6.5 mm|0.256 inches}} |
| | + | |} |
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| − | In the [[United Kingdom]], [[Ireland]], and [[New Zealand]], tank cars are generally called '''tank wagons''' or '''tanker wagons'''.
| + | ==4. Know the shapes and names of at least eight track plan arrangements.== |
| | + | ==5. Know at least six points to check for the maintenance of a model railroading layout. == |
| | + | ==6. Identify and explain the use of: == |
| | + | ===a. Five types of freight cars === |
| | + | ==== Covered Hopper ==== |
| | + | Structurally, a covered hopper is very similar to an opentop hopper car. What distinguishes this type of car from an open hopper is the car's roof, and also the car's overall size. Covered hoppers typically carry loads of less dense, and therefore lighter, materials, so they are built to a higher cubic capacity than open top hoppers. |
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| − | ==History==
| + | More Info: |
| − | <gallery>
| + | * http://www.uprr.com/customers/equip-resources/cartypes/covered.shtml |
| − | Image:RR-1331.jpg|The narrow domes on these [[East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad]] tank cars mirror the designs of the first all-steel units.
| + | * Wikipedia article on [[w:Covered hopper|Covered hopper]] |
| − | Image:OP-16236.jpg|Texaco, Inc. (TCX) #723, a single-dome tank car designed for transporting [[gasoline]], passes through [[Amarillo, Texas]] on [[April 4]], [[1936]].
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| − | Image:OP-16233.jpg|This double-dome tank car has two separate interior tanks, which allow different products to be transported in the same car.
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| − | Image:OP-19582.jpg|This unusual three-dome tank car has an oversized center dome.
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | Tank cars have always been specialized pieces of equipment. The interior of the car is usually lined with a material to isolate the car's structure from the contents, such as [[glass]]. Loading a liquid into a car that is designed to carry something else is unwise and sometimes dangerous. Even after a thorough cleaning, traces of the previous contents may remain. Loading a [[pesticide]]-carrying tank car with [[cooking oil]] is one example. The cooking oil will at best be unpalatable and at worst become toxic.
| + | ====Box Car==== |
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| − | As a result of this specialization, tank cars have always been "one-way" cars. Other cars, like [[boxcar]]s can easily be reloaded with other goods for the return trip. Combinations of the two types were attempted, such as boxcars with fluid tanks slung beneath the floors. While the car could certainly carry a load both directions, the limited size of the tanks made this style unsuccessful.
| + | More Info: |
| | + | * http://www.uprr.com/customers/equip-resources/cartypes/boxcars.shtml |
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| − | Because of their one-way nature, tank cars are simply dead weight half of the time, making them unappealing to major railroads. A large percentage of tank cars are owned by companies serviced by railroads instead of the railroads themselves. This can be verified by examining the [[reporting mark]]s on the cars. These marks invariably end in ''X,'' meaning that the owner is not a [[common carrier]].
| + | ====Container Car==== |
| | + | [[Image:Containerzug 100 7207.jpg|thumb|200px|Container cars]] |
| | + | ====Gondola==== |
| | + | ====Refrigerator Car==== |
| | + | ====Stock Car==== |
| | + | In railroad terminology, a stock car is a type of rolling stock used for carrying livestock (not carcasses) to market. A traditional stock car resembles a boxcar with slats missing in the car's side (and sometimes end) for the purpose of providing ventilation; stock cars can be single-level for large animals such as cattle or horses, or they can have two or three levels for smaller animals such as sheep, pigs, and poultry. |
| | + | ====Tank Car==== |
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| − | To understand tank car history we need to go to the first tank built, which was in Pennsylvania to move petroleum. It consisted of three open vats bolted to a flat car. The problem came as tank car design and liquid cargo types expanded. Investing in new cars all the time made tank cars unappealing to railways, so a new company was founded: [[Union Tank Car Company]]. this company was charged with building, maintaining and running, on behalf of the railways, the tank car fleet.
| + | ===b. Three types of passenger cars === |
| | + | ===c. Three types of steam engines according to their wheel arrangement === |
| | + | ===d. Two types of grade crossing warning devices === |
| | + | ===e. Two types of railroad signals === |
| | + | ===f. Five types of railroad-related buildings or structures === |
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| − | ==Timeline== | + | ==7. Know the meaning of the following model railroad terms:== |
| − | [[Image:OP-3471.jpg|thumb|Chicago and Northwestern Railway tank car #6093 sits on a siding in [[Lusk, Wyoming]] on [[August 1]], [[1947]].]]
| + | ===a. Ballast=== |
| − | [[Image:Carro cisterno de Ferrovie Eritrea.jpg|thumb|A ''carro cisterno'' (tank car) of the [[Eritrean Railway]] (''Ferrovia Eritrea'', or ''FE''), date unknown. The 2-axle car is 7,000 [[millimeter|mm]] (23 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]]) long, and has a 6,650 [[kilogram|kg]] (14,660 [[pound (mass)|lb]]) load capacity.]]
| + | ===b. Blind drivers=== |
| − | * [[1865]]: Flats with banded wooden tanks mounted on top are employed for the first time to transport crude oil from the fields of [[Pennsylvania]].
| + | ===c. Block === |
| − | * [[1869]]: Cast iron tanks (with an approximate capacity of 3,500 gallons / 13,200 l per car) replace wooden tanks.
| + | ===d. Bolster === |
| − | * [[1888]]: Tank car manufacturers sell units directly to the oil companies, with capacities ranging from 6,000 gallons to 10,000 gallons (22,700 l to 37,800 l).
| + | ===e. Crossing === |
| − | * [[1903]]: Tank car companies develop construction safety standards; more than 10,000 tank cars are in operation.
| + | ===f. Crossover === |
| − | * [[1915]]: A classification system is developed by the tank car industry to ensure the correct match of product being shipped to car type. Some 50,000 tank cars are in use.
| + | ===g. Double header === |
| − | * [[1920]]: Welding technology replaces riveting in tank car construction, enhancing the safety of cars.
| + | ===h. Draft gear === |
| − | * [[1930]]: 140,000 tank cars transport some 103 commodities (in addition to oil) to market.
| + | ===i. Flange === |
| − | * [[1940s]]: Virtually every tank car is engaged in oil transport in support of the [[World War II|war effort]].
| + | ===j. Frog === |
| − | * [[1950]]: Pipelines and tanker trucks begin to compete for liquid transport business.
| + | ===k. Gap === |
| − | * [[1963]]: The Union Tank Car Company (UTLX) introduces the "Whale Belly" tank car.
| + | ===l. Gauge === |
| − | <br style="clear:both;">
| + | ===m. Grade === |
| − | ==Specialized applications== | + | ===n. Gravity yard === |
| − | {{Cleanup|date=April 2007}}
| + | ===o. Hot box === |
| − | ===Gas transport=== | + | ===p. Insulated rail joiner === |
| − | [[Image:OP-20296.jpg|thumb|left|Tank cars such as [[Canadian National Railway]] #51860, shown passing through [[Quebec|Québec]] in August, [[1937]] were designed to transport [[industrial gas]]es under high pressure.]]
| + | ===q. Journal=== |
| − | [[Image:Linde-raix708a.jpg|thumb|right|This [[Linde AG|Linde]] tank car transports refrigerated liquefied gases and is insulated in order to prevent the contents from evaporating during transport.]]
| + | === r. Layout=== |
| − | <br style="clear:both;">
| + | === s. Mainline === |
| | + | ===t. Prototype === |
| | + | ===u. Rail joiner === |
| | + | ===v. Reverse loop=== |
| | + | ===w. Siding === |
| | + | ===x. Spur === |
| | + | ===y. Switch === |
| | + | ===z. Machine === |
| | + | ===aa. Talgo truck === |
| | + | ===bb. Truck === |
| | + | ===cc. Turnout === |
| | + | ===dd. Two-rail=== |
| | + | ===ee. Wye=== |
| | + | ===ff. Yswitch === |
| | + | ===gg. Yard=== |
| | + | ==8. Construct a portion of a model railroad layout. In your construction, do the following: == |
| | + | ===a. Assist in assembling the framework === |
| | + | ===b. Install a section of ballast === |
| | + | ===c. Install a section of track === |
| | + | ===d. Install at least one turnout, including the wiring === |
| | + | ===e. Assist in making scenery, such as trees, rocks, mountains, or grass === |
| | + | ===f. Make one model railroading building or structure === |
| | + | ===g. Assist in the wiring to supply electrical power to the tracks === |
| | + | ==9. Successfully operate a model railroad train on the layout you have assisted in building. == |
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| − | ===Milk cars===
| + | [[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] |
| − | [[Image:BFIX 520 20050716 Illinois Railway Museum.JPG|thumb|Borden (BFIX) #520, a restored milk car on display at the [[Illinois Railway Museum]].]] | |
| − | A milk car is a specialized type of tank car designed to carry raw [[milk]] between farms or regional creameries and processing plants. Not all milk cars were tank cars. Today, milk would be chilled before loading, and moved in a glass lined, food service tank car.
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| − | ===Pickle cars===
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| − | A pickle car is a specialized type of tank car designed to carry [[Pickled cucumber|pickle]]s. This car has four visible wooden tanks and is roofed. Pickles which are preserved in salt brine are loaded through hatches in the roof. Obsolete in 2007
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| − | ===Tanktainers===<!-- This section is linked from [[Containerization]] -->
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| − | [[Image:Railroad car with container loads.jpg|thumb|A [[Union Pacific Railroad]] tank container and another [[containerization|container]] aboard a [[flatcar]].]]
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| − | A tanktainer, also known as a tank container, is a specialized type of [[containerization|container]] designed to carry [[bulk liquids]] or [[dangerous goods]] on standard [[intermodal freight transport|intermodal]] equipment. The tank is held within a box-shaped frame the same size and shape as a container.
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| − | ===Vinegar cars===
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| − | [[Image:OP-16131.jpg|thumb|Two double wooden-tank vinegar cars owned by the Speas Co. wait for their next assignment in [[Denver, Colorado]] ''circa'' [[1965]].]]
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| − | A vinegar car is a specialized type of tank car designed to transport [[vinegar]]. The largest such car built was built by [[Morrison Railway Supply Corporation]] in 1968. The car's underframe included all of the modern conveniences of freight car design including roller bearing [[bogie|trucks]] and cushioning devices built by FreightMaster, while the tank that rode on it, made of Douglas fir, could hold 17,100 gallons (64,730 liters). The car, called the largest wooden tank car ever built, took 18 months to complete construction. Obsolete in 2007- vinegar now moved in ordinary tank cars lined with glass, plastic, or alloy steel.<ref>{{cite journal| journal=Railway Age| month=[[October 28]]| year=[[1968]]| title=Week at a glance: Vinegar by rail - in giant wooden tanks| pages=p 11| volume=165| issue=17| }}</ref>
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| − | ==="Whale Belly" cars===
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| − | [[Image:GATX96500.jpg|thumb|GATX 96500, the largest railroad tank car ever built at 63,000 gallons capacity.]]
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| − | In the early [[1960s]], the [[Union Tank Car Company]] (UTLX) introduced a series of "whale belly" tank cars which offered increased capacity over the standard cars of the day. Capable of carrying 33,000 gallons (125,000 l) (for example [http://www.northeast.railfan.net/images/csox31084.jpg CSOX #31084]) to as much as 63,000 gallons (238,500 l) in the case of [[General American Transportation Corporation|GATX]] #96500, which had been conceived as a 'rolling experiment' of sorts. The largest tank car ever placed into regular service, [http://www.northeast.railfan.net/images/utlx83699.jpg UTLX #83699], was rated at 50,000 (189,200 l) gallons, and is now on display at the [[Galveston Railroad Museum]] -- first hit the rails in 1963 and remained in service for over twenty years. This behemoth is 89 feet (27 m) in length and weighs 175,000 lb. (79,400 kg) empty; the car, which rides on four two-axle trucks to distribute the additional weight, was used to transport such diverse substances as [[liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG) and [[anhydrous]] [[ammonia]].
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| − | ==References==
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| − | * {{cite web| title=History Of The Rail Tank Car| author=Herron, J.|date=April 2002| work=e-Train, the online magazine of the Train Collectors Association| url=http://tcaetrain.org/articles/tickets/tankcar/index.html| accessdate=April 20| accessyear=2007}}
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| − | * {{cite book| author=White, Jr., John H.| year=1993| title=The American Railroad Freight Car| publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland| id=ISBN 0-8018-5236-6}}
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| − | <references />
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | {{commons}}
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| − | * [http://rwhales.railstuff.net/ Rail Whales]
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| − | * [http://tankcarhomepage.railfan.net/ Modern Tank Car Homepage]
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| − | * [http://www.utlx.com/dictionary/dict.asp Tank car dictionary]
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| − | * [http://www.robertjohndavis.com/milktrains/ Milk Trains blog for information specific to milk tank cars.]
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| − | {{Freight cars}}
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| − | [[Category:Freight equipment]]
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| − | [[de:Kesselwagen]]
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| − | [[eo:Cisterna vagono]]
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| − | [[fr:Wagon-citerne]]
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| − | [[ja:タンク車]]
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