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| − | {{Taxobox | + | {{Species id |
| − | | name = Net-winged insects | + | | common_name = Net-winged insects |
| − | | fossil_range = [[Permian]]-Recent
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| | | image = Lacewing3035.jpg | | | image = Lacewing3035.jpg |
| − | | image_width = 250px | + | | latin_name = Neuroptera |
| − | | image_caption = [[Lacewing]] | + | | order = '''Neuroptera''' |
| − | | regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| + | | description = |
| − | | phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| + | The insect order '''Neuroptera''', or net-winged insects, includes the lacewings, mantidflies, antlions, and their relatives. |
| − | | classis = [[Insect]]a
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| − | | superordo = [[Endopterygota]]
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| − | | ordo = '''Neuroptera'''
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| − | | ordo_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | |
| − | | subdivision_ranks = Superfamilies
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| − | | subdivision =
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| − | see text
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| − | }}
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| − | The [[insect]] [[order (biology)|order]] '''Neuroptera''', or net-winged insects, includes the [[lacewing]]s, [[Mantidfly|mantidflies]], [[antlion]]s, and their relatives (the group that was once known as the '''Planipennia'''). The order contains some 4000 species. Traditionally, the order also included [[alderfly|alderflies]], [[fishfly|fishflies]], [[dobsonfly|dobsonflies]], and [[snakefly|snakeflies]], but these are now generally considered to be separate orders (the [[Megaloptera]] and [[Raphidioptera]]). Sometimes the name '''Neuropteroidea''' (syn. Neuropterida)<ref>http://mail.bio.pu.ru/win/entomol/KLUGE/nom/Neuropteroidea.htm</ref> is used to refer to these three orders as a group. | |
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| − | The adults of this order possess four membranous wings, with the forewings and hindwings about the same size, and with many [[vein]]s. They have chewing mouthparts, and undergo complete [[Metamorphosis (biology)|metamorphosis]].
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| − | Neuropterans first appeared during the [[Permian]] [[Period (geology)|Period]], and continued to diversify through the [[Mesozoic Era]].<ref name="ponomarenko&shcherbakov2004">Ponomarenko, A.G. and Shcherbakov, D.E. (2004). "New Lacewings (Neuroptera) from the Terminal Permian and Basal Triassic of Siberia." ''Paleontological Journal'', '''38'''(S2): S197-S203.[http://www.palaeoentomolog.ru/Publ/PALS197.pdf]</ref> During this time several unusually large forms evolved, especially in the extinct [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Kalligrammatidae]], often referred to as "the [[butterflies]] of the [[Jurassic]]" due to their large, patterened wings.<ref name="engel2005">Engel, M.S. (2005). "A remarkable kalligrammatid lacewing from the Upper Jurassic of Kazakhstan (Neuroptera: kalligrammatidae)." ''Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science'', '''108'''(1): 59-62.</ref>
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| − | == Life cycle and ecology ==
| + | The adults of this order possess four membranous wings, with the forewings and hindwings about the same size, and with many veins. They have chewing mouthparts, and undergo complete metamorphosis. |
| − | The larvae of most families are [[predator]]s. Many [[Chrysopidae|chrysopids]] eat aphids and other pest insects, and have been used for [[biological control]] (either from commercial distributors but also abundant and widespread in nature). Larvae in various families cover themselves in debris (sometimes including dead prey insects) as [[camouflage]], taken to an extreme in the [[ant lion]]s, which bury themselves completely out of sight and ambush prey from "pits" in the soil. Larvae of some [[Ithonidae]] are root feeders, and larvae of [[Sisyridae]] are aquatic, and feed on [[freshwater]] [[sponge]]s. A few [[Mantispidae|mantispids]] are [[parasite]]s of [[spider]] egg sacs. | |
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| − | As in other [[holometabolism|holometabolic]] orders, there is a [[pupa]]l stage, generally enclosed in some form of [[cocoon]] composed of silk and soil or other debris. Adults of many groups are also predatory, but some do not feed, or consume only [[nectar]].
| + | The larvae of most families are predators. Many chrysopids eat aphids and other pest insects, and have been used for biological control (either from commercial distributors but also abundant and widespread in nature). Larvae in various families cover themselves in debris (sometimes including dead prey insects) as camouflage, taken to an extreme in the ant lions, which bury themselves completely out of sight and ambush prey from "pits" in the soil. Larvae of some Ithonidae are root feeders, and larvae of Sisyridae are aquatic, and feed on freshwater sponges. A few mantispids are parasites of spider egg sacs. |
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| − | == Taxonomy ==
| + | As in other orders, there is a pupal stage, generally enclosed in some form of cocoon composed of silk and soil or other debris. Adults of many groups are also predatory, but some do not feed, or consume only nectar. |
| − | {{userboxtop|toptext= }}
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| − | {{clade| style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
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| − | |label1=
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| − | |1={{clade
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| − | |label1=?
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| − | |1={{clade
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| − | |1=Dilaridae
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| − | |2={{clade
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| − | |1=Berothidae
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| − | |2=[[Mantispidae]]
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| − | }}
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| − | }}
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| − | |2={{clade
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| − | |1=[[Psychopsidae]]
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| − | |2={{clade
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| − | |1=[[Nymphidae]]
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| − | |2={{clade
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| − | |1=[[Nemopteridae]]
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| − | |2={{clade
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| − | |1=[[Myrmeleontidae]]
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| − | |2=[[Ascalaphidae]]
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| − | }}
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| − | }}
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| − | }}
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| − | }}
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| − | |label3=?
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| − | |3=[[Coniopterygidae]]
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| − | |label4=?
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| − | |4=[[Ithonidae]]
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| − | |label5=?
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| − | |5=[[Osmylidae]]
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| − | |label6=?
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| − | |6=[[Neurorthidae]]
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| − | |label7=?
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| − | |7=[[Sisyridae]]
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| − | |label8=?
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| − | |8=[[Hemerobiidae]]
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| − | |label9=?
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| − | |9=[[Chrysopidae]]
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| − | |label10=?
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| − | |10=[[Polystoechotidae]]<!-- JSystPal4:119; 4:307 -->
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| − | |label11=?
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| − | |11=[[Rapismatidae]]
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| − | |label12=?
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| − | |12=[[Rafaelidae]]<!-- CretaceousRes26:845 -->
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| − | }}
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| | }} | | }} |
| − | <center><small>Partial phylogeny of the order.<ref>Oswald, John D. 1995. Neuroptera. Lacewings, antlions, owlflies, etc. [http://tolweb.org/Neuroptera/8220/1995.01.01]</ref></small></center>
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| − | {{userboxbottom}}
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| − | [[Image:LacewingsLyd.png|250px|thumb|Life cycle of lacewings]]
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| − | *Superfamily [[Coniopterygoidea]]
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| − | **Family [[Coniopterygidae]]: dustywings
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| − | *Superfamily [[Ithonioidea]]
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| − | **Family [[Ithonidae]]: moth lacewings (often includes "[[Rapismatidae]]")
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| − | *Superfamily [[Hemerobioidea]]
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| − | **Family [[Chrysopidae]]: green lacewings, stinkflies
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| − | **Family [[Dilaridae]]: pleasing lacewings
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| − | **Family [[Hemerobiidae]]: brown lacewings
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| − | **Family [[Polystoechotidae]]: giant Lacewings
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| − | **Family [[Psychopsidae]]
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| − | *Superfamily [[Osmyloidea]]
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| − | **Family [[Osmylidae]]
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| − | **Family [[Neurorthidae]]
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| − | **Family [[Sisyridae]]: spongillaflies
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| − | *Superfamily [[Mantispoidea]]
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| − | **Family [[Berothidae]]: beaded lacewings
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| − | **Family [[Mantispidae]]: mantidflies
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| − | *Superfamily [[Myrmeleontoidea]]
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| − | **Family [[Palaeoleontidae]]<ref>Palaeontology48:1409 </ref>
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| − | **Family [[Ascalaphidae]]: ascalaphids, [[Owl fly|owlflies]]
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| − | **Family [[Myrmeleontidae]]: ant-lions
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| − | **Family [[Nemopteridae]]: spoonwings
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| − | **Family [[Nymphidae]]
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| − | == References ==
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| − | {{reflist}}
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| − | *{{cite book|author=[[David Grimaldi|Grimaldi, D.]] and [[Michael S. Engel|Engel, M.S.]] |title=Evolution of the Insects|year=[[2005]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|id=ISBN 0-521-82149-5}}
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | * [http://www.metafro.be/neuroptera/collection Illustrated database of Neuroptera (insects)]
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| − | <gallery>
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| − | Image:Libelloides coccajus 210505.jpg|''Ascalaphus libelluloides'', an owlfly
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| − | Image:Ameisenjungfer.jpg|''Euroleon nostras'', an ant-lion
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| − | Image:Ameisenloewe.jpg|Antlion larva
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | {{Commonscat|Neuroptera}}
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| − | {{Wikispecies|Neuroptera}}
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| − | {{Wikibookspar|Dichotomous Key|Neuroptera}}
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| − | [[Category:Insects]]
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| − | [[Category:Neuroptera| ]]
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| − | [[ca:Neuròpter]]
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| − | [[cs:Síťokřídlí]]
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| − | [[de:Netzflügler]]
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| − | [[et:Võrktiivalised]]
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| − | [[es:Neuroptera]]
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| − | [[fa:بالتوریها]]
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| − | [[fr:Neuroptera]]
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| − | [[ko:풀잠자리목]]
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| − | [[hsb:Sytkokřidłač]]
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| − | [[it:Neuroptera]]
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| − | [[he:מרושתי כנף]]
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| − | [[ka:ბადეფრთიანები]]
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| − | [[lt:Tinklasparniai]]
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| − | [[hu:Igazi recésszárnyúak]]
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| − | [[nl:Netvleugeligen]]
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| − | [[ja:アミメカゲロウ目]]
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| − | [[no:Nettvinger]]
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| − | [[pl:Sieciarki]]
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| − | [[pt:Neuroptera]]
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| − | [[sl:Pravi mrežekrilci]]
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| − | [[sv:Nätvingar]]
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| − | [[zh:脈翅目]]
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