Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Hot Air Balloons/Answer Key"

Revision as of 01:39, 17 October 2008

1. State the role each of the following played in the development of flying balloons.

a. Joseph Michel Montgolfier and Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier

Joseph Michel Montgolfier
Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier

Joseph-Michel Montgolfier (26 August 1740 – 26 June 1810) and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier (6 January 1745 – 2 August 1799) were the inventors of the montgolfière, or airship. The brothers succeeded in launching the first manned ascent, carrying a young physician and an audacious army officer into the sky.

Of the two brothers, it was Joseph who first contemplated building "machines". Joseph observed laundry drying over a fire incidentally form pockets that billowed upwards. Joseph set about building a box-like chamber 1 by 1 by 1.3 meters out of very thin wood and covering the sides and top with lightweight taffeta cloth. Under the bottom of the box he crumpled and lit some paper. The contraption quickly lifted off its stand and collided with the ceiling. Joseph then recruited his brother to balloon building.

The two brothers then set about building a contraption 3 times larger in scale (27 times larger in volume). The lifting force was so great that they lost control of their craft on its very first test flight on 14 December 1782. The device floated nearly 2 kilometres (about 1.2 mi). It was destroyed after landing by the "indiscretion" of passersby.

b. Jean Francois Pilatre de Rozier and Francois Laurent Marquis d'Arlandes.

c. Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles and Nicolas Louis Robert.

d. Ben L. Abruzzo, Maxie L. Anderson, and Larry Newman

e. Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones

2. Cite the principle of Archimedes, and briefly describe how it applies to each of the following:

Archimedes' Principle states: any body fully or partially submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
a. A piece of cork floating in a bowl of water.
b. A ship floating in the ocean
c. A hot air balloon floating in the atmosphere

3. Using a textbook of Chemistry, or a reference book of scientific tables, draw up a simple table showing the composition of air by weight and by volume.

4. Draw up a simple table showing a comparison of the atomic number, atomic weight, and density of hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, and oxygen.

Hydrogen

Atomic Number: 1

Atomic Weight: 1.008

Density: 0.00008988 (g/cm³)

Helium

Atomic Number: 2

Atomic Weight: 4.003

Density: 0.0001785 (g/cm³)

Nitrogen

Atomic Number: 7

Atomic Weight: 14.01

Density: 0.0012506 (g/cm³)

Oxygen

Atomic Number: 8

Atomic Weight: 16.00

Density: 0.001429 (g/cm³)

To do:
reformat to table

5. Name two gases that are used in flying gas filled balloons.

6. Explain how heat/temperature affect the density of air, and how this applies to flying hot air balloons.

7. Explain the role of each of the following in the structure and flying of a hot air balloon.

a. Envelope
b. Support structure
c. Throat
d. Fuel source

8. Name two materials that may be used for the envelope of a hot air balloon, and compare the advantages each cords because of its properties.

9. Describe how flying balloons have served a useful function in

a. Military campaigns
b. Scientific research

10. At what time of the day do most sport balloon flights take place? Why?

11. Describe how a pilot controls the vertical movement of

a. A hot air balloon
b. A gas filled balloon

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Infobox Scientist
+{{honor_header|Unknown|2008|Arts and Crafts|North American Division}}
-|box_width         =
-|name              = Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier
-|image             = Pilatre de Rozier.jpg
-|image_size        =
-|caption           =
-|birth_date        = {{birth date|df=yes|1754|3|30}}
-|birth_place       = [[Metz]], [[France]]
-|death_date        = {{death date and age|df=yes|1785|6|15|1754|3|30}}
-|death_place       = [[Wimille]], [[France]]
-|residence         =
-|citizenship       =
-|nationality       = French
-|ethnicity         =
-|fields            = [[Chemistry]], [[Physics]]
-|workplaces        =
-|alma_mater        =
-|doctoral_advisor  =
-|academic_advisors =
-|doctoral_students =
-|notable_students  =
-|known_for         =
-|author_abbrev_bot =
-|author_abbrev_zoo =
-|influences        =
-|influenced        =
-|awards            =
-|religion          =
-|signature         =  <!--(filename only)-->
-|footnotes         =
-}}
-'''Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier''' {{bdd|March|30|1754|June|15|1785}} was a [[France|French]] [[chemistry]] and [[physics]] teacher, and one of the first pioneers of [[aviation]].  His balloon crashed near [[Wimereux]] in the [[Pas-de-Calais]] during an attempt to fly across the [[English Channel]], and he and his companion, Pierre Romain, became the first known victims of an [[air crash]].
-==Early life==
+{{AY patch unavailable|2008|August, 2008}}
-He was born in [[Metz]], the fourth son of Magdeleine Wilmard and Mathurin Pilastre, known as "du Rosier", a former soldier who became an innkeeper.  His interests in the chemistry of drugs had been awakened in the military hospital of [[Metz]], an important garrison town on the border of France. He made his way to [[Paris]] at the age of 18, then taught physics and chemistry at the Academy in [[Reims]], which brought him to the attention of [[Louis XVIII of France|Monsieur, the comte d'Artois]], brother of King [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]].
-He returned to Paris, where he was put in charge of Monsieur's ''[[cabinet of curiousities|cabinet]]'' of [[natural history]] and made a ''[[valet de chambre]]'' to Monsieur's wife, Madame, which brought him his ennobled name, Pilâtre de Rozier.  He opened his own museum in the [[Le Marais|Marais]] quarter of Paris on 11 December 1781, where he undertook experiments in physics, and provided demonstrations to nobles.  He researched the new field of [[gas]]es, and invented a [[respirator]].
+==1. State the role each of the following played in the development of flying balloons.==
+===a. Joseph Michel Montgolfier and Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier===
+<gallery>
+Image:Josephmontgolfier.jpg|Joseph Michel Montgolfier
+Image:Jacques Étienne Montgolfier.jpg|Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier
+</gallery>
-==Flight pioneer==
+Joseph-Michel Montgolfier (26 August 1740 – 26 June 1810) and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier (6 January 1745 – 2 August 1799) were the inventors of the montgolfière, or airship. The brothers succeeded in launching the first manned ascent, carrying a young physician and an audacious army officer into the sky.
-[[Image:Ballon de Rozier.jpg|thumb|left|The first tethered balloon ascent on 15 October 1783 by Rozier.]]
-In June 1783, he witnessed the first [[balloon]] flight of the [[Montgolfier brothers]].  On 19 September, he assisted with the untethered flight of a sheep, a cockerel and a duck from the front courtyard of the [[Palace of Versailles]].  After a variety of tests in October, he made the first manned free flight in history on 21 November 1783, accompanied by the ambitious [[Marquis d'Arlandes]]. During the 25-minute flight using a Montgolfier [[hot air balloon]], they traveled 12&nbsp;[[kilometre]]s from the [[Château de la Muette]] to the [[Butte-aux-Cailles]], then in the [[suburbs|outskirts]] of Paris, attaining an [[altitude]] of 3,000&nbsp;feet.
-[[Image:Early flight 02562u (4).jpg|thumb|The first untethered balloon flight, by Rozier and the [[Marquis d'Arlandes]] on 21 November 1783.]]
+Of the two brothers, it was Joseph who first contemplated building "machines". Joseph observed laundry drying over a fire incidentally form pockets that billowed upwards. Joseph set about building a box-like chamber {{units|1 by 1 by 1.3 meters|3 by 3 by 4 ft}} out of very thin wood and covering the sides and top with lightweight taffeta cloth. Under the bottom of the box he crumpled and lit some paper. The contraption quickly lifted off its stand and collided with the ceiling. Joseph then recruited his brother to balloon building.
-Along with [[Joseph Montgolfier]], he was one of six passengers on a second flight on 19 January 1784, with a huge Montgolfier balloon ''Le Flesselles'' launched from [[Lyon]].  Four French nobles paid for the trip, including a prince.  Several difficulties had to be overcome. The wallpaper became wet because of extreme weather conditions.  The top of the balloon was made of sheep- or [[buckskin]].  The air was heated by wood in an iron stove: to start, the straw was set on fire with [[brandy]].  (In other tests charcoal or potatoes were used).  The balloon had a volume of approximately 23,000&nbsp;[[m³]], over 10 times that of the first flight, but it only flew a short distance.   The spectators kneeled down when the balloon came down too quickly.  That evening the aeronauts were celebrated after listening to [[Gluck]]'s opera, [[Iphigénie en Tauride]].
-Rozier took part in a further flight on 23 June 1784, in a modified version of the Montgolfiers' first balloon christened ''La Marie-Antoinette'' after the Queen, which took off in front of the King of France and King [[Gustav III of Sweden]].  Together with [[Joseph Proust]], the balloon flew north at an altitude of approximately 3,000&nbsp;metres, above the clouds.  They travelled 52&nbsp;km in 45&nbsp;minutes before cold and turbulence forced them to descend past [[Luzarches]], between [[Coye]] et [[Orry-la-Ville]], near the [[Chantilly forest]].  They set records for speed, altitude and distance travelled.
+The two brothers then set about building a contraption 3 times larger in scale (27 times larger in volume). The lifting force was so great that they lost control of their craft on its very first test flight on 14 December 1782. The device floated nearly 2 kilometres (about 1.2 mi). It was destroyed after landing by the "indiscretion" of passersby.
-[[Image:Aviation fatality - Pilatre de Rozier and Romain.jpg|thumb|left|Fatal accident at [[Wimereux]], 15 June 1785.]]
-==Final flight==
+===b. [[w:Jean-François_Pilâtre_de_Rozier|Jean Francois Pilatre de Rozier]] and [[w:François_Laurent_d'Arlandes|Francois Laurent Marquis d'Arlandes.]]===
-De Rozier's next plan was an attempt to cross the [[English Channel]] from France to England.  A Montgolfier balloon would not be up to the task, requiring large stocks of fuel for the hot air, so his balloon the [[Rozière balloon]] was a combination [[hydrogen]] and [[hot air balloon]].  It was prepared in the autumn of 1784, but the attempt was not launched until after another Frenchman, [[Jean-Pierre Blanchard]], and American companion, Dr [[John Jeffries]], flew across the [[English Channel]] in a hydrogen gas balloon on 7 January 1785, from England to France.
+===c. [[w:Jacques_Alexandre_Cesar_Charles|Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles]] and Nicolas Louis Robert.===
+===d. [[w:Ben_Abruzzo|Ben L. Abruzzo]], [[w:Maxie_Anderson|Maxie L. Anderson]], and Larry Newman===
+===e. [[w:Bertrand_Piccard|Bertrand Piccard]] and [[w:Brian_Jones_(aeronaut)|Brian Jones]]===
-[[Image:Early flight 02562u (8).jpg|thumb|Deaths of Rozier and Romain.]]
+==2. Cite the principle of Archimedes, and briefly describe how it applies to each of the following: ==
+::Archimedes' Principle states: ''any body fully or partially submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.''
+:;a. A piece of cork floating in a bowl of water.
+:;b. A ship floating in the ocean
+:;c. A hot air balloon floating in the atmosphere
-Despite several attempts, De Rozier and his companion, Pierre Romain, were not able to set off from [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]] until 15 June 1785.  After making some progress, a change of wind direction pushed them back to land some 5&nbsp;km from their starting point.  The balloon suddenly deflated (without the envelope catching fire) and crashed near [[Wimereux]] in the [[Pas-de-Calais]], from an estimated height of 1,500 feet.  Both occupants were killed. Eight days later his fiancée died, possibly having committed suicide.  A commemorative obelisk was later erected at the site of the crash.  The King had a medal struck, and gave his family a pension.
+==3. Using a textbook of Chemistry, or a reference book of scientific tables, draw up a simple table showing the composition of air by weight and by volume.==
-The modern hybrid gas and hot air balloon is named the [[Rozière balloon]] after his pioneering design.
+==4. Draw up a simple table showing a comparison of the [[w:Atomic_number|atomic number]], [[w:Atomic_weight|atomic weight]], and [[w:Density|density]] of [[w:Hydrogen|hydrogen]], [[w:Helium|helium]], [[w:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], and [[w:Oxygen|oxygen]].==
-==See also==
+''Hydrogen''
-*[[Timeline of hydrogen technologies]]
-==References==
+Atomic Number: 1
-* [[Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond]] (1783, 1784) Description des expériences de la machine aérostatique de MM. Montgolfier, &c.
-* [[Simon Schama]] (1987) Citizens, p. 123-31.
-==External links==
+Atomic Weight: 1.008
-* http://bellestar.org/BalloonHistory.aspx
-* http://clg-pilatre-de-rozier.scola.ac-paris.fr/PDRBio.htm
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Pilatre de Rozier, Jean-Francois}}
+Density: 0.00008988 (g/cm³)
-[[Category:1757 births]]
-[[Category:1785 deaths]]
-[[Category:French balloonists]]
-[[Category:People from Metz]]
-[[Category:Aviators killed in aircraft crashes in France]]
-[[af:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]]
+''Helium''
-[[ca:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]]
-[[cs:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]]
+Atomic Number: 2
-[[da:Pilâtre de Rozier]]
-[[de:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]]
+Atomic Weight: 4.003
-[[es:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]]
-[[fr:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]]
+Density: 0.0001785 (g/cm³)
-[[hr:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]]
-[[id:Pilâtre de Rozier]]
+''Nitrogen''
-[[it:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]]
-[[nl:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]]
+Atomic Number: 7
-[[pl:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]]
-[[pt:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]]
+Atomic Weight: 14.01
-[[ru:Розье, Пилатр де]]
-[[sv:François Pilâtre de Rozier]]
+Density: 0.0012506 (g/cm³)
-[[tr:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]]
+''Oxygen''
+Atomic Number: 8
+Atomic Weight: 16.00
+Density: 0.001429 (g/cm³)
+{{TODO|reformat to table }}
+==5. Name two gases that are used in flying gas filled balloons.==
+==6. Explain how heat/temperature affect the density of air, and how this applies to flying hot air balloons.==
+==7. Explain the role of each of the following in the structure and flying of a hot air balloon.==
+:; a. Envelope
+:; b. Support structure
+:; c. Throat
+:; d. Fuel source
+==8. Name two materials that may be used for the envelope of a hot air balloon, and compare the advantages each cords because of its properties.==
+==9. Describe how flying balloons have served a useful function in==
+:; a. Military campaigns
+:; b. Scientific research
+==10. At what time of the day do most sport balloon flights take place? Why?==
+==11. Describe how a pilot controls the vertical movement of==
+:; a. A hot air balloon
+:; b. A gas filled balloon
+==12. Describe how a pilot controls the lateral or horizontal movement of a flying balloon.==
+==13. Build to completion one model hot air balloon ( or two if working in pairs ).==
+==14. Successfully launch, fly, and recover the model hot air balloon(s) which you have built.==