AY Honors/Engineering/Answer Key

1

What is engineering?

Engineering is the study and practical application of science, economics, math, and practical knowledge to solve the issues of society.

Put another way, engineering is the art of making what you want from the things you can get.

2

Define the following four branches of engineering.

2a

Chemical Engineering

Focuses on processes from applied sciences (chemistry, physics, biology, microbiology, and biochemistry) that convert raw materials of chemicals into more useful forms.

2b

Electrical Engineering

Focuses on the study of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism and its uses related to designing, testing, and manufacturing electrical and electronic equipment and products.

2c

Civil Engineering

Focuses on sciences that involve the design, construction, and maintenance of structures such as bridges, buildings, and tunnels. It also includes roads and underground utilities like water, sanitary sewer, storm sewer, natural gas etc.

2d

Mechanical Engineering

Focuses on the usage of heat and mechanical power as a power source for machines and mechanical systems.

3

Identify and define at least 15 additional disciplines of engineering.

• Aerospace Engineering: Aerospace Engineering is the primary field of engineering concerned with the development of aircraft and spacecraft. It is divided into two major and overlapping branches: aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering.
• Optical Engineering: Optical engineering is the field of study that focuses on applications of optics. Optical engineers design components of optical instruments such as lenses, microscopes, telescopes, and other equipment that utilizes the properties of light.
• Computer Engineering: a discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and computer science required to develop computer hardware and software.
• Material Engineering: Materials engineers create and study materials at an atomic level. They use computers to replicate the characteristics of materials and their components. They solve problems in a number of engineering fields, such as mechanical, chemical, electrical, civil, nuclear, and aerospace.
• Process Engineering: focuses on the design, operation, control, and optimization of chemical, physical, and biological processes.
• Environmental Engineering: Environmental engineering is the integration of sciences and engineering principles to improve the natural environment, to provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and to clean up pollution sites.
• Structural Engineering: Structural Engineering is a specialty within Civil Engineering. Structural Engineers create drawings and specifications, perform calculations, review the work of other engineers, write reports and evaluations, and observe construction sites.
• Power Engineering: Power engineering, also called power systems engineering, is a subfield of energy engineering that deals with the generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of electric power and the electrical devices connected to such systems including generators, motors and transformers.
• Acoustical Engineering: study and engineering of sound, to get better sound in a church for example
• Nuclear Engineering: the branch of engineering concerned with the application of the breakdown (fission) as well as the fusion of atomic nuclei and/or the application of other sub-atomic physics, based on the principles of nuclear physics. Mainly focused on medical and energy projects.
• Industrial Engineering: a branch of engineering which deals with the optimization of complex processes or systems. Many other engineering disciples re considered branches of industrial engineering.
• Biological Engineering: the application of concepts and methods of biology (and secondarily of physics, chemistry, mathematics, and computer science) to solve real-world problems related to SSBS life sciences or the application thereof, using engineering's own analytical and synthetic methodologies and also its traditional sensitivity to the cost and practicality of the solution(s) arrived at. In this context, while traditional engineering applies physical and mathematical sciences to analyze, design and manufacture inanimate tools, structures and processes, biological engineering uses primarily the rapidly developing body of knowledge known as molecular biology to study and advance applications of organisms and to create biotechnology.
• Textile Engineering: works with textiles, and not just your bedsheets. Textile engineers are involved in many fields from space exploration and developing new biocompatible materials for artificial organs, blood vessels, tendons, or ligaments.
• Energy Engineering: Energy engineering or Energy systems is a broad field of engineering dealing with energy efficiency, energy services, facility management, plant engineering, environmental compliance and alternative energy technologies. Energy engineering is one of the more recent engineering disciplines to emerge.
• Geotechnical Engineering: the study and design of soils for performance, such as under heavy buildings, bridges, roads and retaining walls
• Traffic Engineering: study and design of road systems, traffic lanes, lights and signs for improved traffic flow
• Transport Engineering: application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods (transport). It is a sub-discipline of civil engineering and of industrial engineering.

4

Explain the general responsibilities of an engineer.

An engineer is a highly regarded professional that focuses on solving problems of society on a larger scale through design and analysis. This is primarily accomplished by applying their in depth knowledge of the sciences, mathematics, as well as their gift of critical thinking into practical use for the benefit of society.

Engineers are often tasked with developing ways to accomplish similar tasks, but with more cost effective approaches, stronger and lighter materials, and streamlined and updated resources.

5

Discuss what type education is required for a career in engineering.

At minimum, an undergraduate degree is required in order to begin a successful path as an engineer in any field. Due to the number of engineering fields, each discipline focuses on specific coursework. As such, a strong science oriented and mathematical background is required. This may include substantial coursework in biology, physics, advanced math, life sciences, or chemistry, just to name a few.

6

How has the discipline of engineering contributed to society?

Engineers are responsible in some way for all of the structures that have been designed and built. Engineers are tasked with finding better ways to make everything work; whether it be electrical, biological, or civil. Buildings, automobile engine blocks, airplanes, bridges, tunnels, dams, and computers are all designed in some way by one or more engineering disciplines.

Engineers have also contributed to the productivity and quality of various industries; including but not limited to the food industry, natural resource exploration, and manufacturing.

7

On your own or with a group, develop a chart board that outlines a brief history of a famous engineer, highlighting their contributions to society. Prepare and give an oral presentation on your findings.

This requirement is designed for a candidate to research a famous engineer. Any engineer that is famous likely designed a famous building, bridge, or something else that has made an impact to society.

Don't confuse an engineer with a scientist, though there are definite similarities and overlaps. Here is how the Edson Tech Center differentiates the two fields:

"The emphasis in this Hall of Fame is on engineers and experimental scientists who invented patentable devices or who made key discoveries that led to their development. Our Hall of Fame does not cover "scientists" but those who built and tinkered invention. Our list includes Mechanical, Chemical, and Electrical Engineers. Many of them worked for Westinghouse, General Electric, Western Electric and AT&T." http://www.edisontechcenter.org/HallofFame.html

A list of great achievements by field. http://www.greatachievements.org/

20 of the greatest engineers of all time: http://onlineengineeringprograms.org/2011/the-20-most-notable-engineers-of-all-time/

8

Read Genesis 6. Discuss the biblical context of this chapter drawing comparisons to the field of engineering.

The first biblical account of an engineering project is outlined in Genesis 6. Due to the sinful nature of man, the Lord declared that He will bring a flood to cleanse the earth. As a result, Noah was given specific instructions to construct an ark. Similar to any engineering project, the Lord outlined the details of the raw materials, dimensions, and layout to construct the ark.

9

Identify 4 specific biblical engineering marvels that illustrate the art and importance of engineering.

• Building of the Pyramids and the treasure cities of Egypt (Exodus 1)
• Building the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11)
• Construction of Noah's ark (Genesis 6)
• Building of the Sanctuary, (Exodus 25 and on)
• Building Solomon's Temple (1 Kings 6)
• Rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem with Nehemiah. (the theme of the book of Nehemiah)
• Hezekiah's tunnel (2 Kings 20:20 and check for photos and info online since this engineering marvel has been rediscovered) See W:Siloam_tunnel as a start

A drawing of the tunnel and its features, and a photo of inside the tunnel.

10

Define the following terms as it relates to the engineering discipline:

10a

CAD (Computer Aided Design)

Computer Aided Design (CAD) is a technique whereby the design of a system is primarily done using computers. Many CAD systems are complex drawing programs that allow the engineer to create items in 2D or in 3D. Other CAD systems allow for the design of electronic components by enabling the engineer to draw schematic diagrams of the circuitry.

All CAD systems allow the captured design to be exported directly to another software-based system that can manufacture part or all of the design.

10b

Simulation

Simulation allows the engineer to create a model of a system and have the computer evaluate how it will behave under various conditions. These computations are based on the mathematics behind the model. Simulation allows the engineer to easily tweak various parameters of the system and see how it responds to different situations without having to actually construct a physical implementation of the design.

10c

Rendering

The ability to "paint" 2D or 3D scenes from CAD designs. A type of software with rendering ability allows engineers and designers to quickly develop 3D scenes using this method.

10d

Steady State

When a system enters a "steady state" it basically means its behavior is not changing in relation to time, and that it will not change due solely to the passage of time. For it to change, something besides time has to change. A marble resting in a the bottom of a bowl is a system that has achieved a steady state. The marble will remain unmoved unless it is disturbed. Time itself will not move the marble.

10e

Constraint

Electrical engineering is the discipline by which electrically-powered systems are designed. This can include the design of power generation systems, transmission systems, motors, and appliances.

10f

Mechanical engineering is the discipline of designing physical objects. This can include car engines, machinery, hydraulic systems, tools, enclosures for electronic devices, robotic systems, product packaging, appliances, etc. Almost anything you can buy at store (besides food and pets) has had significant mechanical design work done on it to bring it from an idea to a product.

10g

A term used to describe preset limitations. They can be based on any combination of the following: cost, safety concerns, reliability, environmental impact, or any concern that can impact the completion of a project according to predetermined standards. An engineering constraint might be that a bridge has to support a fully loaded truck, or the building must withstand a 7.0 earthquake to be approved by the city.

11

What is reverse engineering?

Reverse engineering is the process of learning software or how a machine functions without prior documentation. Documentation can then be developed based on what has been learned as resources continue to focus on figuring out its functionality.

12

Give a real world example where reverse engineering is useful.

Reverse engineering has its origins in the analysis of hardware for commercial or military advantage. However, the reverse engineering process in itself is not concerned with creating a copy or changing the artifact in some way; it is only an analysis in order to deduce design features from products with little or no additional knowledge about the procedures involved in their original production. In some cases, the goal of the reverse engineering process can simply be a redocumentation of legacy systems. Even when the product reverse engineered is that of a competitor, the goal may not be to copy them, but to perform competitor analysis. Reverse engineering may also be used to create interoperable products.

1. In selected industries that use computers extensively, an employee may have a distinct knowledge base of how an application functions. No documentation has ever been written, because that individual was always consistent with the answers.

If that person for some reason is no longer with the company, another person will be placed in a position to learn the application. This will required reverse engineering tactics in order to uncover the most appropriate functionality of the application. The individual must also document their progress going forward to prevent such an event from happening again.

2. Technology Companies acquire competitor's products and reverse engineer them to gain knowledge they can use to better their own products or copy the technology. Chinese companies across many industries are especially famous for reverse engineering.

3. Military reverse engineering has been practiced since the dawn of warfare. Captured weapons and defence systems are analyzed both to try and copy the weapon or defence system and find ways to defeat it.

13

On your own or with a group, complete one of the following engineering projects, OR a project at your skill level.

13a

Build a paper plane, trimming and making adjustments for better flight

13b

Build a compass using a box, a nail, and a magnet

13c

Build a miniature dam using craft sticks and rocks