Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Fishes/Answer Key"

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{{Taxobox
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{{honor_header|2|1945|Nature|General Conference}}
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| color = pink
 
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| name = ''Poecilia sphenops''
 
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| image = Molinezje black molly.JPG
 
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| image_caption = ''Poecilia sphenops''-type black mollies
 
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| regnum = [[Animalia]]
 
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| phylum = [[Chordata]]
 
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| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
 
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| ordo = [[Cyprinodontiformes]]
 
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| familia = [[Poeciliidae]]
 
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| genus = ''[[Poecilia]]''
 
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| species = '''''P. sphenops'''''
 
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| binomial = ''Poecilia sphenops''
 
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| binomial_authority = ([[Achille_Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], [[1846]])
 
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}}
 
  
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'''''Poecilia sphenops''''' is a species of fish, of the genus ''[[Poecilia]]'', known under the common name '''Molly'''. They inhabit the coastal brackish and marine waters of Mexico. The wild-type fish are a dull silvery color, often sprinkled black all over.
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==1. Name ten families of fishes.==
  
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This species is one of the ancestors of the '''black mollies''', a number of [[melanism|melanistic]] breeds which are black all over. It is one of the most well-known aquarium fishes and nearly as easy to keep and prolific as guppies (for optimal health and breeding success, they demand fresh vegetable food like algae). There are several other popular breeds, like the golden molly nicknamed "24 [[Carat (purity)|karat]]", or the balloon molly, which however has a deformed spine and a decreased lifespan due to the associated health problems. Also, breeds with altered caudal fin structures like lyretails exist. The wild form is in fact quite rarely kept, as it has a rather plain silvery coloration suffused with brown and green hues. If given good care with ample sunlight, high water temperatures and fresh vegetables, they will, however, prove charming fish who make up for their somewhat plain coloration with their lively behavior.
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'''1 Engraulidae'''- Anchovies (tastes great on Pizzas!)
  
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The common molly can produce fertile hybrids with many ''Poecilia'' species, most importantly the [[sailfin molly]]. In the case of black hybrids, they are called midnight molly. These are very popular due to their impressive [[dorsal fin]]s, but require a bit more attention and have a somewhat decreased lifespan - though certainly not as much as the deformed breeds.
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[[Image:Engraulis japonica.jpg|thumb|400px|left|Japanese Anchovy]]
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<br style="clear:both">
  
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==Gallery of breeds==
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'''2 Percidae''' - Perch
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<gallery>
 
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Image:SilverMolly.jpg|Female and (upper left) male silver molly
 
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Image:Black molly.jpg|Artist's image of male double swordtail black molly. Note rather small [[dorsal fin]].
 
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Image:Gold Molly 1.jpg|Male gold mollies look very similar to some [[variable platyfish]]
 
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Image:Mamor Molly 1.jpg|[[Gravid]] female marble molly
 
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</gallery>
 
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Mollies are some of the easiest species to raise once you know what you are doing. They can be raised equally in fresh water, brackish, or fully saltwater. As a matter of fact, when I cycle a new saltwater tank, I alway use mollies...black, green, any color, it doesn't matter as the mollies swim bladder can easily adjust to the salt content as long as it stays on the lower level of seawater, like 1017-1022. No higher than 1022 is recommended, but can be done for short periods. The key to keeping mollies is that the tank needs to get an adequate amount of sunlight, so that natural algae can grow in the tank, which they will quickly devour like crazy. Only the green algae, not the hard or blue-green algae. Also, they need an abundance of live plants if possible, or vegetable flakes of some kind. They are omnivorous, but are mostly on the vegetarian side. The tanks need to be large and warm, no lower than 24°C or they will start to shimmy. At lower temperatures they will develop all kinds of illness: ich, velvet (most common) and flukes. 25-26°C is ideal.
 
  
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Green mollies and short fin sphenops are extremely aggressive on females so you always need a 3 to 1 ratio otherwise the males will literally harrass them to death for sex. Lyretails are the most delicate and need to be kept away from aggressive fish that will nip their finds. Balloon mollies should never be overfed. After the first generation of mollies have bred, the young should be set up in their own tanks for full growth and maturation, otherwise they will quickly inbreed (amongst their siblings) and never grow to more than 5 cm. For proper growth, females should be keep separate from males for at least 6 months and fed on a varied diet. Store bought brine shrimp should never be feed to mollies, only home-grown. Best is frozen or freeze-dried to prevent parasites that come in off live shrimp. Keep the tank always on the hard water side and this will prevent skin infections. If you don't have live plants, crushed coral is the ideal bottom medium for mollies. Keep the tank swept or use fish that stir the bottom medium otherwise the rotting waste on the bottom of the substrate will cause the pH to turn acidic. Never overfeed your mollies, best to underfeed and let them forage for the rest of their meal thoughout the tank. I believe using this advice will give you as many wonderful years of pleasure that it has given me raising my mollies.
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[[Image:YellowPerch.jpg|thumb|400px|left|Yellow Perch]]
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<br style="clear:both">
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''3 Salmonidae''' - Salmon and Trout
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[[Image:Truite arc-en-ciel.jpg|thumb|400px|left|Rainbow Trout]]
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<br style="clear:both">
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''4 Acipenseridae''' - Sturgeons (can live up to 100 years!)
 +
 
 +
[[Image:Sturgeon2.jpg|thumb|400px|left|Sturgeon]]
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<br style="clear:both">
 +
 
 +
'''5 Syngnathidae''' - Seahorses and pipefish
 +
 
 +
[[Image:hippocampus.jpg|thumb|400px|left|Seahorse]]
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<br style="clear:both">
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 +
'''6 Percichtyidae''' - Temperate Basses
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[[Image:Smallmouth bass.jpg|thumb|400px|left|Smallmouth Bass]]
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<br style="clear:both">
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'''7 Centrarchidae''' - Sunfishes
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[[Image:Enneacanthus chaetodon 01.jpg|thumb|400px|left|Sunfish (Enneacanthus chaetdon)]]
 +
<br style="clear:both">
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 +
'''8 Ciprinidae''' - Carp and Minnows
 +
 
 +
'''9 Plueronectidae''' - Right-eyed Flounders
 +
 
 +
'''10 Pocilidae''' - Livebearers (Mollies, Guppies)
 +
 
 +
==2. Identify from pictures or personal observation ten tropical fishes.==
 +
===a. Explain their breeding habits.===
 +
===b. Give the habitat or country in which they are found.===
 +
 
 +
==3. Identify from pictures or personal observation ten fishes native to your own country. Explain their feeding and breeding habits.==
 +
==4. Define the following parts of a fish:==
 +
 
 +
[[Image:Lampanyctodes hectoris (Hector's lanternfish)2.png|thumb|350px|''Lampanyctodes hectoris'' <br><small>
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(1) - operculum (gill cover), (2) - lateral line, (3) - dorsal fin, (4) - adipose fin, (5) - caudal peduncle, (6) - caudal fin, (7) - anal fin, (8) - photophores, (9) - pelvic fins (paired), (10) - pectoral fins (paired)</small>]]
 +
===a. Dorsal fin===
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A dorsal fin is a fin located on the backs of fishes, whales, dolphins and porpoises, as well as the (extinct) ichthyosaurs. Its main purpose is to stabilise the animal against rolling and assist in sudden turns. Some animals have developed dorsal fins with protective functions, such as spines or venom. Many catfish can lock the leading ray of the dorsal fin in an extended position to discourage predation or to wedge themselves into a crevice.
 +
Dorsal fins come in a variety of shapes and sizes.
 +
 
 +
===b. Pectoral fin===
 +
The paired pectoral fins are located on each side, usually just behind the operculum, and are homologous to the forelimbs of tetrapods. A peculiar function of pectoral fins, highly developed in some fish, is the creation of the dynamic lifting force that assists, e.g., sharks, in maintaining depths and enables the flight for flying fish.
 +
 
 +
===c. Pelvic fin===
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The paired pelvic or ventral fins are located ventrally below the pectoral fins. They are homologous to the hindlimbs of tetrapods.
 +
 
 +
===d. Anal fin===
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The anal fin is located on the ventral surface behind the anus. This fin is used to stabilize the fish while swimming.
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 +
===e. Caudal fin===
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The caudal fin is the tail fin, located at the end of the caudal peduncle.
 +
 
 +
=== f. Lateral line===
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The lateral line is a sense organ used to detect movement and vibration in the surrounding water. It consists of a line of receptors running along each side of the fish.
 +
 
 +
=== g. Operculum===
 +
The operculum of a bony fish is the hard bony flap covering and protecting the gills. In most fish, the rear edge of the operculum roughly marks the division between the head and the body. The operculum is composed of four bones; the opercle, preopercle, interopercle, and subopercle. The morphology of this anatomical feature varies greatly between species. For example, the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) has a posteriorly and dorsally oriented rounded extension with a small black splotch present. In some species, the operculum can push water from the buccal cavity through the gills.
 +
For some fish, the operculum is vital in obtaining oxygen. It opens as the mouth closes, causing the pressure inside the fish to drop. Water then flows towards the lower pressure across the fish's gill lamellae, allowing some oxygen to be absorbed from the water.
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Cartilaginous fishes do not have an operculum. Without an operculum, other methods of getting water to the gills are required, such as ventilation.
 +
 
 +
=== h. Barbels ===
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The head may have several fleshy structures known as barbels, which may be very long and resemble whiskers.
 +
 
 +
=== i. Swim bladder===
 +
The gas bladder, or swim bladder, is an internal organ that contributes to the ability of a fish to control its buoyancy, and thus to stay at the current water depth, ascend, or descend without having to waste energy in swimming. It is often absent in fast swimming fishes such as the Tuna and Mackerel families.
 +
 
 +
===j. Gills===
 +
The gills, located under the operculum, are a respiratory organ for the extraction of oxygen from water and for the excretion of carbon dioxide. They are not usually visible, but can be seen in some species eg the frilled shark.
 +
 
 +
==5. State briefly the proper care and feeding of fishes of:==
 +
===a. Tropical zone===
 +
===b. Temperate zone.===
 +
==6. Fill an aquarium containing at least five gallons of water with a balance of plants and fishes, either tropical or native, and maintain the same for at least six months.==
 +
==7. Note the effect of the following on the fishes and aquarium in general:==
 +
===a. Too much light===
 +
During the time that aquarium plants are exposed to light, carbon dioxide is absorbed and oxygen is expelled. The gases enter the plant mainly through the leaves. The carbon dioxide and water are chemically combined with the chlorophyll in the plant to produce simple sugars. The sugars are converted to starch and oxygen is produced as the by-product. The light in your tank is most important with respect to the chlorophyll. The chlorophyll is what absorbs the light to create the process of photosynthesis. The aquarium plant naturally absorbs more nutrients through the roots during this time.
 +
 
 +
===b. Too little light===
 +
Respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis. When the lights are out, the photosynthesis process ceases but the respiration continues. The aquarium plant will use oxygen to break down food substances, which is released as energy in the form of heat. Carbon dioxide is produced and expelled as a result of this process.
 +
So, when the lights are on the plants absorb carbon dioxide and expel oxygen. When the lights are out the aquarium plants absorb oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.
 +
 
 +
===c. Overfeeding===
 +
Overfeeding is one of the major causes of fish loss. Overfeeding promotes fish waste (ammonia) to build up to a harmful level. It is best to feed your betta only enough food that it can eat in five minutes. If food is seen sitting on the bottom of the aquarium or bowl, the fish have been overfed.
 +
 
 +
===d. Excessive change in water temperature===
  
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==References==
 
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* {{ITIS|ID=165904|taxon=Poecilia sphenops|year=2006|date=30 January}}
 
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* {{FishBase_species|genus=Poecilia|species=sphenops|year=2005|month=10}}
 
  
 +
Rapid changes in water temperatures stress your fish. when fish are stressed they are more susceptible to disease and sickness.
  
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{{Commons|Poecilia sphenops|Black Molly}}
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===e. Too few plants and too many fishes===
  
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[[Category:Live-bearing fish]]
 
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[[Category:Ovoviviparous fish]]
 
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[[Category:Poeciliidae]]
 
  
 +
Fish need plants in the wild for shelter, food, filtration, and oxygen. In an aquarium you supply their main source of food
  
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{{Cyprinodontiformes-stub}}
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==References==
 +
When to use 'fish' or 'fishes'. Use 'fish' when talking about a school of the same species, use 'fishes' when talking about schools of different species. Any time you are talking about more than one species, use 'fishes'. http://www.amonline.net.au/fishes/what/fish.htm
  
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[[de:Spitzmaulkärpfling]]
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[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
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[[fr:Molly (poisson)]]
 
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[[it:Poecilia sphenops]]
 
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[[nl:Black molly]]
 
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[[no:Molly]]
 
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[[pl:Molinezja ostrousta]]
 
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[[fi:Mustamolli]]
 
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[[sv:Black Molly (fisk)]]
 
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[[uk:Молінезія]]
 

Revision as of 00:55, 4 October 2007

Template:Honor header

1. Name ten families of fishes.

1 Engraulidae- Anchovies (tastes great on Pizzas!)

Japanese Anchovy


2 Percidae - Perch

Yellow Perch



3 Salmonidae - Salmon and Trout

Rainbow Trout



4 Acipenseridae - Sturgeons (can live up to 100 years!)

Sturgeon


5 Syngnathidae - Seahorses and pipefish

Seahorse


6 Percichtyidae - Temperate Basses

Smallmouth Bass


7 Centrarchidae - Sunfishes

Sunfish (Enneacanthus chaetdon)


8 Ciprinidae - Carp and Minnows

9 Plueronectidae - Right-eyed Flounders

10 Pocilidae - Livebearers (Mollies, Guppies)

2. Identify from pictures or personal observation ten tropical fishes.

a. Explain their breeding habits.

b. Give the habitat or country in which they are found.

3. Identify from pictures or personal observation ten fishes native to your own country. Explain their feeding and breeding habits.

4. Define the following parts of a fish:

Lampanyctodes hectoris
(1) - operculum (gill cover), (2) - lateral line, (3) - dorsal fin, (4) - adipose fin, (5) - caudal peduncle, (6) - caudal fin, (7) - anal fin, (8) - photophores, (9) - pelvic fins (paired), (10) - pectoral fins (paired)

a. Dorsal fin

A dorsal fin is a fin located on the backs of fishes, whales, dolphins and porpoises, as well as the (extinct) ichthyosaurs. Its main purpose is to stabilise the animal against rolling and assist in sudden turns. Some animals have developed dorsal fins with protective functions, such as spines or venom. Many catfish can lock the leading ray of the dorsal fin in an extended position to discourage predation or to wedge themselves into a crevice. Dorsal fins come in a variety of shapes and sizes.

b. Pectoral fin

The paired pectoral fins are located on each side, usually just behind the operculum, and are homologous to the forelimbs of tetrapods. A peculiar function of pectoral fins, highly developed in some fish, is the creation of the dynamic lifting force that assists, e.g., sharks, in maintaining depths and enables the flight for flying fish.

c. Pelvic fin

The paired pelvic or ventral fins are located ventrally below the pectoral fins. They are homologous to the hindlimbs of tetrapods.

d. Anal fin

The anal fin is located on the ventral surface behind the anus. This fin is used to stabilize the fish while swimming.

e. Caudal fin

The caudal fin is the tail fin, located at the end of the caudal peduncle.

f. Lateral line

The lateral line is a sense organ used to detect movement and vibration in the surrounding water. It consists of a line of receptors running along each side of the fish.

g. Operculum

The operculum of a bony fish is the hard bony flap covering and protecting the gills. In most fish, the rear edge of the operculum roughly marks the division between the head and the body. The operculum is composed of four bones; the opercle, preopercle, interopercle, and subopercle. The morphology of this anatomical feature varies greatly between species. For example, the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) has a posteriorly and dorsally oriented rounded extension with a small black splotch present. In some species, the operculum can push water from the buccal cavity through the gills. For some fish, the operculum is vital in obtaining oxygen. It opens as the mouth closes, causing the pressure inside the fish to drop. Water then flows towards the lower pressure across the fish's gill lamellae, allowing some oxygen to be absorbed from the water. Cartilaginous fishes do not have an operculum. Without an operculum, other methods of getting water to the gills are required, such as ventilation.

h. Barbels

The head may have several fleshy structures known as barbels, which may be very long and resemble whiskers.

i. Swim bladder

The gas bladder, or swim bladder, is an internal organ that contributes to the ability of a fish to control its buoyancy, and thus to stay at the current water depth, ascend, or descend without having to waste energy in swimming. It is often absent in fast swimming fishes such as the Tuna and Mackerel families.

j. Gills

The gills, located under the operculum, are a respiratory organ for the extraction of oxygen from water and for the excretion of carbon dioxide. They are not usually visible, but can be seen in some species eg the frilled shark.

5. State briefly the proper care and feeding of fishes of:

a. Tropical zone

b. Temperate zone.

6. Fill an aquarium containing at least five gallons of water with a balance of plants and fishes, either tropical or native, and maintain the same for at least six months.

7. Note the effect of the following on the fishes and aquarium in general:

a. Too much light

During the time that aquarium plants are exposed to light, carbon dioxide is absorbed and oxygen is expelled. The gases enter the plant mainly through the leaves. The carbon dioxide and water are chemically combined with the chlorophyll in the plant to produce simple sugars. The sugars are converted to starch and oxygen is produced as the by-product. The light in your tank is most important with respect to the chlorophyll. The chlorophyll is what absorbs the light to create the process of photosynthesis. The aquarium plant naturally absorbs more nutrients through the roots during this time.

b. Too little light

Respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis. When the lights are out, the photosynthesis process ceases but the respiration continues. The aquarium plant will use oxygen to break down food substances, which is released as energy in the form of heat. Carbon dioxide is produced and expelled as a result of this process. So, when the lights are on the plants absorb carbon dioxide and expel oxygen. When the lights are out the aquarium plants absorb oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.

c. Overfeeding

Overfeeding is one of the major causes of fish loss. Overfeeding promotes fish waste (ammonia) to build up to a harmful level. It is best to feed your betta only enough food that it can eat in five minutes. If food is seen sitting on the bottom of the aquarium or bowl, the fish have been overfed.

d. Excessive change in water temperature

Rapid changes in water temperatures stress your fish. when fish are stressed they are more susceptible to disease and sickness.

e. Too few plants and too many fishes

Fish need plants in the wild for shelter, food, filtration, and oxygen. In an aquarium you supply their main source of food

References

When to use 'fish' or 'fishes'. Use 'fish' when talking about a school of the same species, use 'fishes' when talking about schools of different species. Any time you are talking about more than one species, use 'fishes'. http://www.amonline.net.au/fishes/what/fish.htm

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