Especialidades JA/Cultura Sul Americana/Respostas
Nível de Habilidade
1
Ano
2019
Version
29.11.2024
Autoridade de Aprovação
Divisão Sul Americana
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Argentina
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Comida típica: Chouriço, lomo, parrilla, etc.
Língua: Espanhol, normalmente chamado castelhano pelos argentinos.
Costumes: Tomar mate, encurtar palavras, etc.
Bolivia
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Typical food: Rice empanada, locro, salchipapas, etc.
Language: Spanish, Quechua, Aymara, Guarani and a variety of lesser-used indigenous languages.
Customs: Deeply Catholic, rich folklore, etc.
Brazil
Typical food: Carne-de-sol, cheese buns, tacacá, etc.
Language: Portuguese
Customs: Exchange of affection in public, religious celebrations, late leaving home, etc.
Chile
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Typical food: Chocolate pastries, curanto, ceviche, etc.
Language: Spanish
Customs: Greet with a kiss on the cheek upon arrival and departure, even if you don't know the person, super punctual, etc.
Ecuador
Typical food: Chifles, scorched rice (cocolón), muchines of cassava, etc.
Language: Spanish
Customs: Hospitality, good sense of humor and special accent when speaking.
Paraguay
Typical food: Chipa, Paraguayan soup, etc.
Language: Guarani, a language spoken by the majority of the population, and Spanish are the official languages. The dialect spoken in the country is Rioplatense Spanish.
Customs: Consumption of yerba mate through tereré, proudly guarding its indigenous past, etc.
Peru
Typical food: Olluquito, rotisserie chicken, spicy Guinea pig, etc.
Language: Spanish is spoken by 70% of Peruvians. The other languages spoken in Peru that are not official languages are Aymara and Quechua; Quechua is the second most widely spoken language.
Customs: Freedom of worship is the rule in Peru, although the majority religion is Catholic, the ancient Peruvians were artisans par excellence and developed a high level of technology in this activity; music and dance have always played an important role in Peruvian society, etc.
Uruguay
Typical food: Chivito, choripán, pancho, etc.
Language: Spanish, or Castilian, is Uruguay's official language, spoken by the vast majority of inhabitants.
Customs: The longest carnival in the world, saying "buen provecho" is a very strong custom before someone is going to have a meal, drinking mate, etc.
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Colonização espanhola e portuguesa
Em 1492, a serviço/trabalho da Coroa Espanhola, Cristóvão Colombo descobriu um continente até então desconhecido dos europeus, o qual posteriormente foi denominado de América. As terras encontradas foram disputadas entre Portugal e Espanha. Para controlar a disputa entre esses países, o Papa Alexandre VI da Espanha propôs a Bula Inter Coetera, dividindo o Oceano Atlântico por um meridiano. Mas, com o meridiano, Portugal só teria direito as terras africanas.
A Coroa portuguesa pressionou para mudarem o acordo e foi assinado o Tratado de Tordesilhas, dividindo o continente entre os dois países (sendo Espanha com oeste e Portugal com leste). Mas os outros países europeus não concordaram com isso.
A Conquista da América espanhola aconteceu de forma exploratória, isto é, não vinham para a América em busca de terras para povoar, eles ocupavam o espaço, apropriando-se de suas riquezas. Os espanhóis dizimaram as populações indígenas, impondo sua cultura, língua e religião.
Independência dos países Sul Americanos
As colônias espanholas na América receberam a influência de uma série de fatores em seus processos de independência. A Espanha era detentora do maior território colonial no continente americano, suas posses iam do atual México até o extremo sul do continente. Nestas terras se fortificou uma elite local conhecida como criollos, que eram os filhos dos espanhóis nascidos no Novo Mundo. Os criollos desenvolveram suas atividades e seus interesses na América, contestando, várias vezes, atitudes metropolitanas. Internamente, o fortalecimento dos criollos e a insatisfação com as exigências da metrópole influenciaram nos movimentos de emancipação.
Os criollos manifestaram-se em favor de maior liberdade política e econômica. Já no cenário internacional, o exemplo da independência dos Estados Unidos, que povoava o imaginário dos separatistas, e a situação política na metrópole, que passava por momentos de grande instabilidade, davam suas contribuições para o processo. O resultado foi uma série de independências no território americano que antes pertencia à Espanha, fragmentando toda a imensa colônia em vários países durante o século XIX.
Já o Brasil, colônia de Portugal, não passou por uma guerra contra à metrópole, caso dos Estados Unidos, ou por uma grande fragmentação do território, como aconteceu com a América Espanhola.
No final da década de 1810 apenas que o rei Dom João VI resolveu retornar à Portugal como tentativa de controlar as manifestações dos burgueses de tal localidade que se viam prejudicados em função do distanciamento da coroa. Porém no Brasil ficou o príncipe regente Dom Pedro I, o qual foi convencido pela nova elite local a tornar o Brasil independente e ainda ser o primeiro imperador do mesmo. Dom Pedro I interessou-se pela proposta e declarou a independência brasileira em 1822. No Brasil não houve guerra contra Portugal, mas sim guerras internas para afirmar toda a extensão do território pertencente ao novo imperador.
Povos e imigrantes
Em meados do século XIX, as áreas desocupadas do sul do Brasil e o crescimento da lavoura de café atraíram a mão-de-obra estrangeira, principalmente européia, que estava à procura de melhores condições de vida e de trabalho.
Portugueses, espanhóis, italianos, alemães, austríacos, entre outros povos, são atraídos pelas propagandas divulgadas em seus países, que acenam com uma vida melhor para quem quiser se aventurar nos trópicos. É da Itália, porém, que vem a maioria dos imigrantes. Fogem da falta de empregos e da fome generalizada. A maioria dos imigrantes vem para as lavouras de café de São Paulo.
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The Atacama Desert is located in northern Chile, between the Loa and Copiapó rivers. This desert is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the east by the Andes Mountains. According to climate experts, the Atacama Desert is the driest nonpolar desert in the world.
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Aconcagua is the highest mountain outside Asia, at 6,961 meters (22,838 ft.) in altitude, located in Mendoza, Argentina.
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The Amazon Rainforest.
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Hyacinth Macaw
The largest parrot by length in the world, the hyacinth macaw is 1 m (3 ft, 3 in) long from the tip of its tail to the top of its head and weighs 1.2–1.7 kg (2 lb 10 oz–3 lb 12 oz). Each wing is 38.8–42.5 cm (15+1⁄4–16+3⁄4 in) long. The tail is long and pointed. Its feathers are entirely blue, lighter above. However, the neck feathers can sometimes be slightly grey. The ring around the parrots eyes and area just underneath the beak are a strong, vibrant yellow.
Jaguar
The jaguar is a compact and well-muscled animal. It is the largest cat native to the Americas and the third largest in the world, exceeded in size only by the tiger and the lion. It stands 68 to 75 cm (26.8 to 29.5 in) tall at the shoulders. Its size and weight vary considerably: weights are normally in the range of 56–96 kg (123–212 lb). Exceptionally big males have been recorded to weigh as much as 158 kg (348 lb). The smallest females weigh about 36 kg (79 lb). It is sexually dimorphic, with females typically being 10–20% smaller than males. The length, from the nose to the base of the tail, varies from 1.12 to 1.85 m (3 ft 8 in to 6 ft 1 in). The tail is 45 to 75 cm (18 to 30 in) long and the shortest of any big cat. Its muscular legs are shorter than the legs of other Panthera species with similar body weight.
The jaguar's coat ranges from pale yellow to tan or reddish-yellow, while the ventral areas are whitish, and is covered in black spots. The spots and their shapes vary: on the sides they become rosettes which may include one or several dots. The spots on the head and neck are generally solid, as are those on the tail where they may merge to form bands near the end and create a black tip. They are elongated on the middle of the back, often connecting to create a median stripe, and blotchy on the belly. These patterns serve as camouflage in areas with dense vegetation and patchy shadows. Jaguars living in forests are often darker and considerably smaller than those living in open areas, possibly due to the smaller numbers of large, herbivorous prey in forest areas.
Melanistic jaguars are also known as black panthers. The black morph is less common than the spotted one. Black jaguars have been documented in Central and South America. Melanism in the jaguar is caused by deletions in the melanocortin 1 receptor gene and inherited through a dominant allele.
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Maned Wolf
The maned wolf bears minor similarities to the red fox, although it belongs to a different genus. The average adult weighs 23 kg (51 lb) and stands 90 cm (35 in) tall at the shoulder, and has a head-body length of 100 cm (39 in), with the tail adding another 45 cm (18 in). Its ears are large and long 18 cm (7.1 in).
The maned wolf is the tallest of the wild canids; its long legs are likely an adaptation to the tall grasslands of its native habitat.[15] Fur of the maned wolf may be reddish-brown to golden orange on the sides with long, black legs, and a distinctive black mane. The coat is marked further with a whitish tuft at the tip of the tail and a white "bib" beneath the throat. The mane is erectile and typically is used to enlarge the wolf's profile when threatened or when displaying aggression. Melanistic maned wolves do exist, but are rare. The first photograph of a black adult maned wolf was taken by a camera trap in northern Minas Gerais in Brazil in 2013.
Golden Lion Tamarin
The golden lion tamarin gets its name from its bright reddish orange pelage and the extra long hairs around the face and ears which give it a distinctive mane. Its face is dark and hairless. The bright orange fur of this species does not contain carotenoids, which commonly produce bright orange colors in nature. The golden lion tamarin is the largest of the callitrichines. It is typically around 261 mm (10.3 in) and weighs around 620 g (1.37 lb). There is almost no size difference between males and females. As with all New World monkeys, the golden lion tamarin has tegulae, which are claw-like nails, instead of ungulae or flat nails found in all other primates, including humans. Tegulae enable tamarins to cling to the sides of tree trunks. It may also move quadrupedally along the small branches, whether through walking, running, leaping or bounding. This gives it a locomotion more similar to squirrels than primates.
Ocelot
The largest member of its genus, the ocelot is a medium-sized cat with a head-and-body length of between 55 and 100 cm (21.7 and 39.4 in) and a 30 to 45 cm (11.8 to 17.7 in) long tail. It typically reaches 40–50 cm (15.7–19.7 in) at the shoulder. The weight of females ranges between 7 and 12 kg (15 and 26 lb) and of males between 7 and 15.5 kg (15.4 and 34.2 lb). Its footprint measures nearly 2 cm × 2 cm (0.8 in × 0.8 in).
The ocelot's fur is extensively marked with solid black markings on a creamy, tawny, yellowish, reddish gray or gray background color. The spots on the head and limbs are small, but markings on the back, cheeks, and flanks are open or closed bands and stripes. A few dark stripes run straight from the back of the neck up to the tip of the tail. Its neck and undersides are white, and the insides of the legs are marked with a few horizontal streaks. Its round ears are marked with a bright white spot. Its fur is short, about 0.8 cm (0.3 in) long on the belly, but with about 1 cm (0.4 in) long guard hairs on the back. The body has a notably strong odor. Each ocelot has a unique color pattern, which can be used to identify individuals.
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