AY Honors/Amphibians/Answer Key
1. What are the characteristics of amphibians?
Amphibians live half of their lives in water and half on land. They are cold-blooeded vertebrates. Amphibians are able to breathe through their skin, making them very sensitive to anything they come in contact with, including human hands. When observing amphibians, one should never touch them.
2. Name the two main orders of amphibia and tell how to distinguish between them.
- Order Anura (frogs and toads)
- Adult frogs and toads are characterised by long hind legs, a short body, webbed digits, protruding eyes and the absence of a tail. Most have a semi-aquatic lifestyle, but move easily on land by jumping or climbing. They typically lay their eggs in puddles, ponds or lakes; and their larvae, called tadpoles, have gills and develop in water.
- Order Caudata (newts and salamanders)
- Cuadata have slender bodies, short legs, and long tails. The moist skin of the amphibians fits them to habitats either near water or under some protection on moist ground, usually in a forest. Some species are aquatic throughout life, some take to the water intermittently, and some are entirely terrestrial as adults. Salamanders superficially resemble lizards, but are easily distinguished by their lack of scales. They are capable of regenerating lost limbs.
3. Distinguish between toads and frogs.
The use of the common names "frog" and "toad" has no taxonomic justification. From a taxonomic perspective, all members of the order Anura are frogs, but only members of the family Bufonidae are considered "true toads". The use of the term "frog" in common names usually refers to species that are aquatic or semi-aquatic with smooth or moist skins, and the term "toad" generally refers to species that tend to be terrestrial with dry, warty skin. An exception is the Fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina): while its skin is slightly warty, it prefers a watery habitat.
4. How do amphibians protect themselves?
The first line of defense for amphibians is to not be seen by a potential predator. The small size and coloration of many species help in this regard, but sometimes, rather than blending in, frogs are very brightly colored. The coloration in this case serves as a warning, for these frogs are poisonous.
Many frogs contain mild toxins that make them distasteful to potential predators. For example, all toads have large poison glands—the parotid glands—located behind the eyes on the top of the head. Some frogs, such as some poison dart frogs, are especially toxic.
5. Make a list of amphibians that should be found in your locality. Identify five and tell where you found them. OR Collect pictures or sketch five different amphibians which you can identify and tell where they are found.
The gray tree frog, spring peepers, wood frogs, marsupial frogs, and leopard frog are all found in New York.
6. Describe the life history of some amphibian.
7. Explain the economic value of amphibians.
Amphibians are insect eaters, so they are very valuable for controlling mosquito populations. They are also the preferred dinner for several mammal, bird, fish, and reptile species.
Amphibians are valuable for medical research. They are raised and sold to research institutions.
The larvae of newts and salamanders are sold as fish bait.
Amphibians are closely monitored by ecologists, because they are among the first animals affected by environmental problems such as pollution and the destruction of the ozonelayer.
8. Where do toads spend the winter or dry season?
Toads burrow below the frost line and hibernate for the winter. Plant matter actually generates a bit of heat as it decays, so toads prefer areas with plenty of leaf litter and fallen logs.
9. Identify two species of frogs by their sound or imitate the sounds of two different species of frogs.
Smithsonian Folkways Recordings has several frog calls available on CD or for download.
10. How do frogs and toads sing? What makes the noise so loud?
11. Do one of the following:
a. Observe a toad in your yard or neighborhood to find out.
(1) Where and when it sleeps,
(2) When it leaves its home for food,
(3) How fast it can travel,
(4) How far it can jump, and as many other interesting things as you can find out about it, and write an essay covering the details requested in the first section of this question.
b. Hatch some amphibian eggs and watch them through their growth cycle and write an essay covering the details.
Frog eggs can be purchased from http://www.nilesbio.com/subcat367.html - but only in the spring. It is cheaper to collect your own amphibian eggs, and this too, should be done in the spring. The USGS has a Field Guide o Amphibian Larvae and Eggs of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa which describes 18 different species. You can download the book as a PDF from the page cited above. Even if you do not live in Minnesota, Wisconsin, or Iowa, the species covered in this book may be indigenous to your area. The book also provides instruction for hatching the eggs.
