AY Honors/Species Account/Isurus oxyrinchus

The shortfin mako shark, Isurus oxyrinchus ("sharp nose"), is a large mackerel shark. Along with the closely related longfin mako (Isurus paucus) it is commonly referred to as "mako shark".

Etymology

In 1809, Constantine Rafinesque first described shortfin mako and coined the name Isurus oxyrinchus (Isurus means "the same tail", oxyrinchus means "pointy snout"). "Mako" comes from the Māori language, meaning either the shark or a shark tooth. It may have originated in a dialectal variation as it is similar to the common words for shark in a number of Polynesian languages—makō in the Kāi Tahu Māori dialect, mangō in other Māori dialects, ma'o in Tahitian, and mano in Hawaiian. The first written usage is in Lee & Kendall's Grammar and vocabulary of the language of New Zealand (1820), which simply states "Máko; A certain fish". Richard Taylor's A leaf from the natural history of New Zealand (1848) is more elaborate: "Mako, the shark which has the tooth so highly prized by the Maoris".

Anatomy and appearance

Although both sexes grow at about the same rate, females are thought to have a longer life span, and generally grow larger and more robust. This species grows to an average length of Template:Convert and to a weight of approximately Template:Convert. The largest reported male specimen weighed Template:Kg to lb and measured Template:M to ft, although a near record-sized female shortfin mako measuring Template:M to ft weighted Template:Kg to lb. The shortfin is sleek and spindle-shaped with a long conical snout. Mako sharks have a more hydrodynamic shape than any shark other than the salmon shark. Combined with the lamnidae's typical high aerobic muscle mass, this enables its spectacular speed and move with great agility.

It has a crescent shaped caudal (tail) fin. The caudal base has a distinct caudal keel. Its second dorsal fin is much smaller than the first. The apexes of pectoral fin and first dorsal fin are rounded in younger makos. Makos carry very abrasive placoid scales that cover the skin to reduce friction during swimming. Much like the texture of a golf ball.

Distinguishing characteristics

• Teeth are visible even when the mouth is closed
• Teeth are long and slender with smooth-edged cusps
• Distinct countershading, dorsally blue and ventrally white
• Moderately short pectoral fins

Ecology

Range and habitat

The shortfin mako inhabits offshore temperate and tropical seas worldwide. The closely related longfin mako shark, Isurus paucus, is found in the Gulf Stream or warmer offshore waters.

It is a pelagic species that can be found from the surface down to depths of Template:M to ft, normally far from land though occasionally closer to shore, around islands or inlets. One of only four known endothermic sharks, it is seldom found in waters colder than Template:C to F.

In the western Atlantic it can be found from Argentina and the Gulf of Mexico to Browns Bank off of Nova Scotia. In Canadian waters these sharks are neither abundant nor rare. Swordfish are a good indication of shortfin makos as the former is a source of food and prefers similar environmental conditions.

Shortfin makos travel long distances to seek prey or mates. In December 1998, a female tagged off California was captured in the central Pacific by a Japanese research vessel, meaning this fish traveled over Template:Mi to km. Another swam Template:Mi to km in 37 days, averages Template:Mi to km a day.

Feeding

The head of a mako shark.

The shortfin mako feeds mainly upon cephalopods, bony fishes including mackerels, tunas, bonitos, swordfish, and sailfish, but it may also eat other sharks, porpoises, sea turtles, and seabirds. They hunt by lunging vertically up and tearing off chunks of their preys' flanks and fins. Makos swim below/above than their prey, so they can see what is above and have a high probability of reaching prey before it notices. Biting the caudal peduncle can immobilize the prey. In Ganzirri and Isola Lipari, Sicily, shortfin makos have been found with amputated swordfish bills impaled into their head and gills, suggesting that swordfish seriously injure and likely kill makos. In addition, this location, and the late spring and early summer timing, corresponding to the swordfish's spawning cycle, suggests that these makos hunt while the swordfish are most vulnerable, typical of many predators.

Shortfin consume 3% of its weight each day and takes about 1.5–2 days to digest an average-sized meal. By comparison, an inactive species such as the sandbar shark consumes 0.6% of its weight a day and takes 3 to 4 days to digest it. An analysis of the stomach contents of 399 male and female mako sharks ranging from Template:Convert suggest makos from Cape Hatteras to the Grand Banks prefer bluefish, constituting 77.5% of the diet by volume. The average capacity of the stomach was 10% of the total weight. Shortfin makos consumed 4.3 to 14.5% of the available bluefish between Cape Hatteras and Georges Bank.

Shortfin over Template:M to ft have interior teeth considerably wider and flatter than smaller makos, which enables them to prey effectively upon dolphins, swordfish, and other sharks. An amateur videotape, taken in Pacific waters, shows a moribund spotted dolphin whose tail was almost completely severed, with a very large shortfin mako circling the dying dolphin. Makos also have the tendency to scavenge long-lined and netted fish.

Its endothermic constitution partly accounts for its relatively great speed.

Like other lamnid sharks, the shortfin mako has a heat exchange circulatory system that allows the shark to be 7-10°F (4-7°C) warmer than the surrounding water. This system enables makos to maintain level of activity very high, giving it an advantage over its cold-blooded prey.

Behavior

The shortfin mako's speed has been recorded at Template:Km/h to mph with bursts of up to Template:Km/h to mph. It can jump Template:M to ft in the air. This high-leaping fish is sought as game worldwide. There are cases when an angry mako jumped into a boat after having been hooked.

This shark is highly migratory.

Life history

Reproduction

The shortfin mako shark is a yolk-sac ovoviviparous shark, giving birth to live young. Developing embryos feed on unfertilized eggs in uterus during the 15 to 18 month gestation period. This is called (oophagy) (i.e. egg-eating). Shortfins do not engage in sibling cannibalism unlike the sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus). The 4 to 18 surviving young are born live in the late winter and early spring at a length of about Template:Convert. It is believed that females may rest for 18 months after birth before mating again. Makos are thought to grow much faster than many species. The sandbar shark needs 12 to 14 years to reach Template:Convert when mature, while a male shortfin mako needs only 4 1/2 to 5 years to reach Template:Kg to lbmdash;Template:M to ft and females reach Template:Kg to lb—Template:Convert in 7 years. However, some biologist think makos grow very slowly. The oldest ever found, "Caroline", is at the Walka aquarium.

Lifespan

There is still some uncertainty about its lifespan, but it is suspected to reach ages of between 12 to 24 years. One 1997 NOAA study revealed one mako recaptured 12.8 years after it was first identified, the longest time at liberty for any mako. Along with the shark itself a piece of the backbone was collected to confirm the age estimates. The recapture of this shark proved that shortfin makos can live at least 13 years.

Relation to humans

Sustainable consumption

In 2010, Greenpeace International added the shortfin mako shark (Surus oxyrhinchus or mackerel shark) to its seafood red list. "The Greenpeace International seafood red list is a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries."

Captivity

Of all recorded attempts to keep pelagic shark species in captivity, the short-fin mako has fared the poorest; even more so than the oceanic whitetip shark, the blue shark and the great white shark. The current record is held by a specimen that, in 2001, was kept at the New Jersey Aquarium for only five days. Like past attempts at keeping Isurus in captivity, the animal appeared strong upon arrival but had trouble negotiating the walls of the aquarium, refused to feed, quickly weakened and expired.

Attacks on humans

The shortfin mako has a formidable and foreboding appearance. ISAF statistics records eight unprovoked shortfin attacks between 1580 and 2007, on humans, two fatal, along with twenty boat attacks. Sharks can be attracted to spear fishermen carrying a stuck fish, and may slap them with cavitation bubbles from a swift tail flick.

In popular culture

• A mako shark appeared in Ernest Hemingway's novella, The Old Man and the Sea.
• Three short-fin mako sharks appear as the antagonists in the film Deep Blue Sea. Shown using animatronics and CGI, the three sharks are genetically engineered to be intelligent, and in one case, extremely large. They destroy the facility they are housed in and eat most of the scientists studying them, before they are eventually killed (each is killed as an homage to the death of a shark in the Jaws movies.) A 'tiger shark' is seen early in the film, but it is really a mako shark with fanciful stripes.

See also

• Template:Outline

References

• Template:IUCN2006 Database entry includes justification for why this species is near threatened
• Template:ITIS
• Template:FishBase species

External links

• ARKive - images and movies of the shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus)
• CANADA: Record Mako Shark Caught
• Template:Marinebio
• Shortfin mako sharks can shoot through the ocean at up to 50 miles per hour, New Scientist, 7 November 2008