AY Honors/Mineralogía - Avanzado/Respuestas

Mineralogía - Avanzado
Asociación General Estudio de la naturaleza	Destreza: 2 Año de introducción: 1949

Requisitos

1

Tener la especialidad de Mineralogía.

Véase Mineralogía para consejos e instrucciones.

2

Tener una colección de por lo menos 30 rocas y minerales con el nombre correcto, 20 de las cuales se hayan recolectado personalmente. La etiqueta debe tener el nombre del colector, fecha y localidad en la que se encontró.

3

Conocer dos minerales que pertenecen a cada uno de los siguientes sistemas cristalinos:

3a

Isométrico

3b

Hexagonal

3c

Tetragonal

4

Conocer la escala de dureza Mohs y las pruebas de campo simplificadas de dureza. Mediante el uso de estas pruebas de campo, recoger un rango de escala de especímenes de su propia región para formar su propia prueba de dureza.

Mohs basó la escala en diez minerales que están todos disponibles. Como la sustancia conocida naturalmente más dura, el diamante está en la tapa de la escala. La dureza de un material se mide contra la escala encontrando el material más duro que el material dado puede rayar, y/o el material más blando que puede rayar el material dado. Por ejemplo, si algún material es rayado por la apatita pero no por la fluorita, su dureza en la escala de Mohs es 4.5.

La escala de Mohs es una escala puramente ordinal. Por ejemplo, el corindón (9) es dos veces más duro que el topacio (8), pero el diamante (10) casi cuatro veces más duro que el corindón. La tabla siguiente muestra la comparación con la dureza absoluta medida por un esclerómetro.

5

Realizar una de las siguientes actividades:

5a

Conocer y distinguir dos diferentes procesos a través de los cuales se extraen metales de los minerales.

5b

Conocer ocho minerales y mencionar cómo se utiliza cada uno.

6

Definir los siguientes:

6a

Cristalino

Having a regular three-dimensional molecular structure

6b

Criptocristalino

Cryptocrystalline is a rock texture which is so finely crystalline, that is, made up of such minute crystals that its crystalline nature is only vaguely revealed even microscopically in thin section by transmitted polarized light. Among the sedimentary rocks, chert and flint are cryptocrystalline. Also a form of diamond, known as carbonado, is cryptocrystalline. Volcanic rocks, especially of the acidic type such as felsites and rhyolites, may have a cryptocrystalline groundmass as distinguished from pure obsidian (acidic) or tachylyte (basic), which are natural rock glasses.

6c

Becha

Breccia is a rock composed of angular fragments of rocks or minerals in a matrix, that is a cementing material, that may be similar or different in composition to the fragments. A breccia may have a variety of different origins, as indicated by the named types including sedimentary breccia, tectonic breccia, igneous breccia, impact breccia and hydrothermal breccia.

6d

No cristalino

A noncrystalline material, which has no long-range order, is called an amorphous, vitreous, or glassy material.

6e

Fractura fibrosa

A fibrous fracture occurs when a mineral forms fine, hair-like strands.

6f

Brillo vítreo

A glassy luster or sheen of a mineral surface. The minerals quartz and fluorite exhibit a vitreous luster.

6g

Geoda

A geode is a geological rock formation which occurs in sedimentary and certain volcanic rocks. Geodes are essentially rock cavities with internal crystal formations. The exterior of the most common geodes is generally limestone or a related rock, while the interior contains quartz crystals and/or chalcedony deposits.

6h

Petrificación

Petrification is the process by which organic material is converted into stone or a similar substance. It is approximately synonymous with fossilization. Petrified wood is the most well known result of this process.

6i

Estalactita

A stalactite is a type of speleothem (secondary mineral) that hangs from the ceiling or wall of limestone caves.

6j

Fluorescencia

Fluorescence is a luminescence that is mostly found as an optical phenomenon in cold bodies, in which the molecular absorption of a photon triggers the emission of another photon with a longer wavelength. For instance, some minerals will glow green when illuminated with an ultra-violet light (green light has a longer wavelength than ultra-violet light).

7

¿Qué cuatro metales son frecuentemente encontrados en forma nativa o libre?

A native metal is any of twenty-one metals that can be found freely in nature. These metals include cadmium, chromium, indium, iron, nickel, tellurium, tin, titanium, and zinc, as well as two groups of metals, the gold group, and the platinum group. The gold group consists of gold, aluminum, copper, lead, mercury, and silver. The platinum group consists of platinum, iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium.

8

Discutir el contenido de tres párrafos de los escritos de Elena G. de White en relación con las rocas o minerales.

You can search the writings of Ellen White online at http://egwdatabase.whiteestate.org/nxt/gateway.dll?f=templates$fn=default.htm$vid=default The texts quoted below were found by searching for "diamond," "granite," and "marble." You can discuss these or you might try searching for "jewels," "gems," "gold," "silver," or some other rock or mineral.

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Then I was shown the people upon the earth. Some were surrounded by angels of God, others were in total darkness, surrounded by evil angels. I saw an arm reached down from heaven, holding a golden scepter. On the top of the scepter was a crown studded with diamonds. Every diamond emitted light, bright, clear, and beautiful. Inscribed upon the crown were these words: "All who win me are happy, and shall have everlasting life."

Below this crown was another scepter, and upon this also was placed a crown, in the center of which were jewels, gold, and silver, reflecting some light. The inscription upon the crown was: "Earthly treasure. Riches is power. All who win me have honor and fame." I saw a vast multitude rushing forward to obtain this crown. - Testimonies for the Church, Volume 1, pp 347,348

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The children of Israel, obedient to the onward movement of the pillar of cloud, left Rephidim, having tarried there some time, and journeyed on toward Sinai. Their line of march had been across open plains, over steep ascents, and through narrow defiles. Again and again, when they had crossed a sandy waste, and their further progress seemed impossible because of the huge piles of massive rocks which lay directly in their way, a narrow passage would appear, and when this was passed, another barren, uninteresting plain would open to their view.

It was through one of these deep, gravelly passes that they were now called to pass. What a scene was this! Millions of people walled in by abrupt cliffs of granite rocks which rise hundreds of feet on either side, following a moving cloud by day, and guarded at night by a pillar of fire, as if the eye of God were fastened directly upon them. Christ in this wilderness school is here giving his people their first lessons in faith and trust in God. - Signs of the Times, April 22, 1880 par. 1

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The time when David was to be gathered to his fathers had almost come; but before his career closed, he turned his attention to the sanctuary to be erected for the Lord. David was not the one chosen of the Lord to build the temple; but he had no jealousy in his heart on this account, and manifested none the less zeal and earnestness in its behalf. He had prepared in abundance the most costly material,--gold, silver, onyx stones, and stones of divers colors, marble, and the most precious woods. And now all this valuable treasure that he had collected must be committed to others; for other hands must build the house for the ark, the symbol of God's presence. - Review and Herald, December 11, 1888 par. 1