AY Honors/Waterfalls/Answer Key

Jog Falls in India, a roaring giant

A waterfall is usually a geological formation resulting from water, often in the form of a stream, flowing over an erosion-resistant rock formation that forms a sudden break in elevation or nickpoint.

Some waterfalls form in mountain environments where the erosive water force is high and stream courses may be subject to sudden and catastrophic change. In such cases, the waterfall may not be the end product of many years of water action over a region, but rather the result of relatively sudden geological processes such as landslides, faults or volcanic action.

Waterfalls may also be artificial, and they are sometimes created as garden and landscape ornaments.

Formation

Formation of a waterfall

Typically, a river flows over a large step in the rocks which may have been formed by a fault line. Over a period of years, the edges of this shelf will gradually break away and the waterfall will steadily retreat upstream, creating a gorge of recession. Often, the rock stratum just below the more resistant shelf will be of a softer type, meaning undercutting, due to splashback, will occur here to form a shallow cave-like formation known as a rock shelter or plunge pool under and behind the waterfall. Eventually, the outcropping, more resistant cap rock will collapse under pressure to add blocks of rock to the base of the waterfall. These blocks of rock are then broken down into smaller boulders by attrition as they collide with each other, and they also erode the base of the waterfall by abrasion, creating a deep plunge pool.

Streams become wider and more shallow just above waterfalls due to flowing over the rock shelf, and there is usually a deep pool just below the waterfall because of the kinetic energy of the water hitting the bottom.

Waterfalls can occur along the edge of glacial trough, whereby a stream or river flowing into a glacier continues to flow into a valley after the glacier has receded or melted. The large waterfalls in Yosemite Valley are examples of this phenomenon. The rivers are flowing from hanging valleys.

Classifying Waterfalls

The International Waterfall Classification System is the generally accepted scientific method of classifying the world's waterfalls. Waterfalls are grouped into 10 broad classes based on the average volume of water present on the fall using a logarithmic scale. Class 10 waterfalls include Niagara Falls, Paulo Alfonso Falls and Khone Falls. Class designations of other well known waterfalls include Victoria Falls and Kaieteur Falls (Class 9); Rhine Falls, Gullfoss and Sutherland Falls (Class 8); Angel Falls and Dettifoss (Class 7); Yosemite Falls and Lower Yellowstone Falls (Class 6). Source: International Waterfall Classification System (Outskirts Press 2006)

Types of waterfalls

Havasu Falls, near Supai, Arizona, is an example of a plunge waterfall

Dark Hollow Falls, near Skyline Drive, Virginia, is an example of cascade waterfall

Powerscourt Waterfall, near Enniskerry, Wicklow County, Ireland, is an example of a horsetail waterfall

Kakadu National Park

• Block: Water descends from a relatively wide stream or river.
• Cascade: Water descends a series of rock steps.
• Cataract: A large waterfall.
• Fan: Water spreads horizontally as it descends while remaining in contact with bedrock.
• Horsetail: Descending water maintains some contact with bedrock.
• Plunge: Water descends vertically, losing contact with the bedrock surface.
• Punchbowl: Water descends in a constricted form, then spreads out in a wider pool.
• Segmented: Distinctly separate flows of water form as it descends.
• Tiered: Water drops in a series of distinct steps or falls.
• Multi-step: A series of waterfalls one after another of roughly the same size each with its own sunken plunge pool.

Examples of large waterfalls

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Significant waterfalls include these alphabetically:

• Angel Falls, the world's highest at 979 metres (3212 feet), in Venezuela
• Bridalveil Fall, California - 189 m (620 ft) high: sheer drop when flowing
• Cascata delle Marmore in Italy is the tallest man-made waterfall in the world
• Cautley Spout at 175 m (580 ft) is the tallest waterfall in the United Kingdom
• Gocta, the fifth-highest in the world at 771 m (2533 ft), located in the province Chachapoyas, Peru
• Kaieteur Falls, (Potaro River in central Guyana) located in the Kaieteur National Park, a region that is also claimed by Venezuela. It is 226 m (741 ft)
• High Force on the River Tees is one of the tallest waterfalls in England
• Iguazu Falls, a tall and extremely wide fall located in South America on the Argentina/Brazil border
• Jog Falls, India's eighth-highest (listed as 313 ranking on the World Waterfall Database), located in Karnataka state, India
• Jurong Falls in Singapore is the tallest artificial waterfall in Asia
• Multnomah Falls: Template:Convert high 30ft wide
• Niagara Falls is the most powerful falls in North America
• Ramnefjellsfossen, the world's third-highest at 808 m (2685 ft), at Stryn, Nesdalen, Norway
• Rhine Falls, Europe's largest, located in Switzerland
• Tugela Falls, the world's second-highest at 947 m (3110 ft), in KwaZulu-Natal province, Republic of South Africa
• Victoria Falls, the largest waterfall in the world, over a mile long and located on the Zambezi river on the border of Zimbabwe and Zambia.
• Yosemite Falls, arguably the tallest in North America, located in Yosemite National Park, United States
• Krimmler Falls, Europe's tallest waterfalls, height: 390 m, located in Krimml, Salzburg, Austria

Oluminrin Water Falls at Erin Ijesa, Oriade Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria: This is a seven steps waterfalls from the top of the mountain to the bottom. Although, the height of the fall is yet to be determined. It is a tourist attraction in Nigeria.

Wildlife The wildlife and foliage of a waterfall can only be determined by the location of the waterfall.

See also

• Stream pool
• Water feature
• Tributary

External links

• World Waterfall Database
• WorldWaterfalls.com - Waterfall images and info, detailed waterfall types page
• Classification of waterfalls (Polish)
• GPS locations to waterfalls (mainly in Southeastern United States)