Respuestas para la especialidad JA de Inteligencia artificial
Nivel de destreza
2
Año
2014
Version
09.10.2024
Autoridad de aprobación
Asociación General
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La inteligencia artificial es inteligencia hecha por el hombre utilizando máquinas y software diseñados para realizar una tarea determinada e imitar el proceso de pensamiento de un ser humano.
«La ciencia de hacer máquinas hacer cosas que requerirían inteligencia si fueran hechas por hombres» - Dr. Marvin Minskly (MIT)
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El enfoque de este diagrama es que el Conquistador comience su investigación acerca de la historia de la inteligencia artificial y su camino de aceptación como disciplina académica.
Debería incluir más que la IA moderna
- 4to siglo a.C. - Aristóteles inventa la lógica silogística y el razonamiento deductivo
- 1206 - Al-Jazari diseña lo que se considera el primer robot humanoide programable
- 1642 - Pascal crea la primera máquina calculadora mecánica
- 1662 - Sir Samuel Morland diseña máquinas aritméticas
- 1673 - Leibniz mejora las máquinas de Pascal para agregar división y multiplicación e inventa el cálculo para determinar cómo se puede decidir mecánicamente el razonamiento
- 1854 - George Boole desarrolla álgebra binaria que representa las leyes del pensamiento y crea expresiones booleanas
- 1936 - Alan Turing propone la máquina universal de Turing
- 1943 - McCullock y Pitts publican «Un cálculo lógico de ideas inherentes en actividad nerviosa» sentando las bases de las redes neuronales
- 1956 - John McCarthy acuñó el término «Inteligencia Artificial»
- 1957 - Newel y Simon (Carnegie Mellon) demuestran el Solucionador General de Problemas
- 1958 - John McCarthy inventa LISP
- 1964 - Danny Bobrow defiende su disertación en el MIT acerca de procesamiento del lenguaje natural
- 1968 - Minsky y Papert publican «Perceptrones» - demostrando los límites de las redes neuronales simples
- 1969 - Shank (Yale) definió el modelo de dependencia conceptual de la comprensión del lenguaje natural
- 1972 - Comerauer desarrolla PROLOG
- 1976 - La disertación de Lenat con el programa de matemático automatizado demuestra el aprendizaje por computadora y el descubrimiento de conjeturas interesantes
- 1980 - Primera AAAI (Asociación Americana de Inteligencia Artificial) celebrada en Stanford
- 1987 - Minsky publica «La sociedad de la mente: La inteligencia humana a la luz de la inteligencia artificial», una descripción de la mente como una colección de agentes cooperantes
- 1997 - Deep Blue derrota a Garri Kímovich Kaspárov en una partida de ajedrez
- 2011 - Watson de IBM compitió en Jeopardy! contra los ex ganadores Brad Rutter y Ken Jennings y ganó $1 millón usando procesamiento de lenguaje natural.
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El objetivo final de la inteligencia artificial es crear un dispositivo que sea capaz de tomar decisiones externas independientes utilizando una serie de instrucciones internas autónomas. En otras palabras, una parte de su objetivo es hacer que una computadora funcione más como un ser humano.
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Un androide es una máquina inteligente con apariencia humana. Los continuos avances en la tecnología robótica han allanado el camino para diseños mejorados que suplanten mejor a los seres humanos.
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5a
Una máquina que es capaz de mostrar inteligencia general similar a la humana, como la autoconciencia y la conciencia.
5b
5c
5d
5e
5f
5g
5h
5i
5j
5k
5l
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La inteligencia artificial se utiliza en una variedad de industrias y campos.
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La incapacidad de aprender de otras personas aceptando o rechazando lo que dicen como hechos.
La incapacidad de comprender cuándo usar los medios de comunicación adecuados en un instante dado; si está viendo, leyendo, escribiendo o hablando.
Desde escribir estas líneas, la velocidad general es lenta. Esto se debe a la gran cantidad de código involucrado para completar una tarea simple. Por ejemplo, un programa diseñado para jugar un juego puede ser muy grande debido a la cantidad de condiciones que pueden existir en un momento dado, es decir, hacia dónde avanzar en un juego de damas.
Las máquinas no son sensibles, no crean pensamientos espontáneos, no pueden encontrar humor o tristeza en situaciones y no pueden distinguir la importancia de la información a nivel personal.
Las máquinas carecen de autoconciencia humana. Replicar la autoconciencia significa replicar los tipos bastante sofisticados de «orientación a objetivos» que definen a los seres humanos. Los seres humanos se asignan metas, consideran y eligen pasos para alcanzar esas metas y evalúan activamente el progreso hacia la meta. Los seres humanos conscientes de sí mismos evalúan los factores que obstaculizan o facilitan el progreso hacia la meta y luego hacen ajustes. A menudo, las cosas no salen como los seres humanos esperan que deberían basarse en los datos disponibles, pero los luego recopilan más datos o simplemente intentan otra cosa.
Consider the invention of the light bulb. Edison and others tried many materials and scenarios some of which defied all known facts. Or consider the European explorers who sailed west to go east, defying the known fact the world was flat. It is human self awareness and goal-oriented behavior that usually makes great discoveries. Machines are usually limited to discovering new things by brute force, accessing known information and perhaps testing options over and over again until a solution is arrived at.
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Artificial Intelligence is its various forms is unlikely to ever exhibit human specific behaviors like:
- Dream, let alone understand or explain what it dreamed
- Acknowledge the presence of the almighty God
- Express emotion based on its surroundings
- Develop spontaneous thought devoid of conditional data
- Understand sarcasm, irony or humor
- Find the bridges for unrelated data without human intervention
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An expert system is a branch of artificial intelligence. It is used to solve very complex problems by emulating the decision making process of a human being. It utilizes knowledge engineering to encapsulate the rules of operations from human experts, than captures those rules into heuristics and rapidly processes mass amounts of data through the rule set. Forward chaining takes the data through the rule sets marking what conclusions can be drawn, Backward chaining takes the data through the rule set and if conclusions are drawn looks at the marked rules that were not fired to determine if the new conclusions will draw any further conclusions. Hence it is non-linear processing of data in the same manner that human processes information sets.
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An expert system:
- renders an unemotional response at all times
- reduces danger for humans
- can be designed to have expertise in many areas
- can explain in detail how a conclusion was derived
- can draw conclusions many times faster than a human
- allows the programmed knowledge of a subject matter expert to be applied to problems without the expert needing to be involved each time a problem is presented.
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Expert systems are used in the gaming industry; particularly for games that offer human vs. computer options. When playing against a computer, the expert system (the actual decision making engine of the game) is called to determine the next move given the current circumstance. In a game of chess, the professional moves of a grand master chess champion would be programmed, thus forming the expert system.
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Pathfinders are encouraged to seek a better understanding of artificial intelligence by discovering how it is being applied in real world scenarios and its impact in society. We suggest that after a brief discussion the Pathfinders go do individual research, keeping in mind that they are looking for places to visit that use AI (see next requirement). Each Pathfinder can then give an oral report of what they found, leading to a discussion.
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See previous guidance.
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And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.
To the chief Musician, A Psalm of David.
1 O Lord, thou hast searched me, and known me. 2 Thou knowest my downsitting and mine uprising, thou understandest my thought afar off. 3 Thou compassest my path and my lying down, and art acquainted with all my ways. 4 For there is not a word in my tongue, but, lo, O Lord, thou knowest it altogether. 5 Thou hast beset me behind and before, and laid thine hand upon me. 6 Such knowledge is too wonderful for me; it is high, I cannot attain unto it. 7 Whither shall I go from thy spirit? or whither shall I flee from thy presence? 8 If I ascend up into heaven, thou art there: if I make my bed in hell, behold, thou art there. 9 If I take the wings of the morning, and dwell in the uttermost parts of the sea; 10 even there shall thy hand lead me, and thy right hand shall hold me. 11 If I say, Surely the darkness shall cover me; even the night shall be light about me. 12 Yea, the darkness hideth not from thee; but the night shineth as the day: the darkness and the light are both alike to thee. 13 For thou hast possessed my reins: thou hast covered me in my mother’s womb. 14 I will praise thee; for I am fearfully and wonderfully made: marvellous are thy works; and that my soul knoweth right well. 15 My substance was not hid from thee, when I was made in secret, and curiously wrought in the lowest parts of the earth. 16 Thine eyes did see my substance, yet being unperfect; and in thy book all my members were written, which in continuance were fashioned, when as yet there was none of them. 17 How precious also are thy thoughts unto me, O God! how great is the sum of them! 18 If I should count them, they are more in number than the sand: when I awake, I am still with thee. 19 Surely thou wilt slay the wicked, O God: depart from me therefore, ye bloody men. 20 For they speak against thee wickedly, and thine enemies take thy name in vain. 21 Do not I hate them, O Lord, that hate thee? and am not I grieved with those that rise up against thee? 22 I hate them with perfect hatred: I count them mine enemies. 23 Search me, O God, and know my heart: try me, and know my thoughts: 24 and see if there be any wicked way in me,
and lead me in the way everlasting.
3 When I consider thy heavens, the work of thy fingers,
the moon and the stars, which thou hast ordained; 4 what is man, that thou art mindful of him? and the son of man, that thou visitest him? 5 For thou hast made him a little lower than the angels, and hast crowned him with glory and honour. 6 Thou madest him to have dominion over the works of thy hands;
thou hast put all things under his feet:
References
- http://www.aaai.org/home.html publishes quarterly newsletters, hosts conferences and is generally a good place to learn about the latest in this rapidly changing field.
- This documentary covers much of this honor, focused on Watson. Read the requirement, watch it taking notes, then review the questions again. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDBZnaoJVlk
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_DeepMind
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Ix34_VE_eg&index=14&list=PLQrKRYaOk0npF8Xcs5pubAD4USmhV4_JV self driving race car getting as good as a driver