Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Aboriginal Lore/Answer Key"

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Examples of Australian native animal foods (meat) include [[kangaroo]], [[emu]] and [[crocodile]]. These meats are not uncommon in Australian restaurants. Other animals, for example the [[Goanna]] and the [[witchetty grub]], were eaten by [[Aboriginal]] Australians and thus qualify as bushfood in every sense of the word. Fish and shellfish are traditionally very popular bushfoods in coastal areas.
 
Examples of Australian native animal foods (meat) include [[kangaroo]], [[emu]] and [[crocodile]]. These meats are not uncommon in Australian restaurants. Other animals, for example the [[Goanna]] and the [[witchetty grub]], were eaten by [[Aboriginal]] Australians and thus qualify as bushfood in every sense of the word. Fish and shellfish are traditionally very popular bushfoods in coastal areas.
  
Examples of Australian native plant foods include the fruits: [[quandong]] (''Santalum acuminatum''), [[Australian desert raisin]](''Solanum centrale''), [[muntries]] (''Kunzea pomifera''), [[Riberry]] (''Syzygium luehmannii''), and, Davidson's plum (''Davidsonia'' spp.), finger lime (''[[Citrus australasica]]''). Native spices include [[lemon myrtle]] (''Backhousia citriodora''), mountain pepper (''Tasmannia lanceolata''), and, [[aniseed myrtle]] (''Anetholea anista''). A popular leafy vegetable is [[warrigal greens]] (''Tetragonia tetragonioides'').  
+
Examples of Australian native plant foods include the fruits: [[quandong]] (''Santalum acuminatum''), [[Australian desert raisin]](''Solanum centrale''), [[muntries]] (''Kunzea pomifera''), [[riberry]] (''Syzygium luehmannii''), and, Davidson's plum (''Davidsonia'' spp.), [[finger lime]] (''Citrus australasica''). Native spices include [[lemon myrtle]] (''Backhousia citriodora''), mountain pepper (''Tasmannia lanceolata''), and, [[aniseed myrtle]] (''Anetholea anista''). A popular leafy vegetable is [[warrigal greens]] (''Tetragonia tetragonioides'').  
  
 
Nuts include [[bunya nut]] (''Araucaria bidwillii''), and the most identifiable bushfood plant harvested and sold in large scale commercial quantities is the [[macadamia]] nut (''Macadamia integrifolia'').
 
Nuts include [[bunya nut]] (''Araucaria bidwillii''), and the most identifiable bushfood plant harvested and sold in large scale commercial quantities is the [[macadamia]] nut (''Macadamia integrifolia'').
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'''Colonial use'''
 
'''Colonial use'''
  
Bushfoods provided a source of nutrition to the non-indigenous colonial invaders, often supplementing meager rations.  However, bushfoods were often considered to be inferior by the colonists, who were unfamiliar with the new lands food ingredients, and generally preferred familiar foods from the homeland.
+
Bushfoods provided a source of nutrition to the non-indigenous colonial invaders, often supplementing meager rations.  However, bushfoods were often considered to be inferior by colonists unfamiliar with the new land's food ingredients, generally preferring familiar foods from the homeland.
  
 
The only Australian native food dveloped and cropped on a large scale is the macadamia nut, with the first small-scale commercial plantation being planted in Australia in the 1880’s. However, the macadamia was mainly developed in Hawaii from stock imported from Australia.
 
The only Australian native food dveloped and cropped on a large scale is the macadamia nut, with the first small-scale commercial plantation being planted in Australia in the 1880’s. However, the macadamia was mainly developed in Hawaii from stock imported from Australia.
 +
  
 
'''Modern use'''
 
'''Modern use'''
 +
 
In the 1970s non-indigenous Australian’s began to generally recognize the previously over-looked indigenous aspects of Australia, including native foods. Textbooks like ''Wildfoods In Australia'' by the botanist couple Cribb & Cribb were popular, and later the author Tim Lowe published ''Wild Food Plants of Australia''.
 
In the 1970s non-indigenous Australian’s began to generally recognize the previously over-looked indigenous aspects of Australia, including native foods. Textbooks like ''Wildfoods In Australia'' by the botanist couple Cribb & Cribb were popular, and later the author Tim Lowe published ''Wild Food Plants of Australia''.
  
Line 32: Line 34:
 
Bushfood enthusiasts in regional Australia began to assess the culinary and cropping qualities of bushfoods. This regional research laid the foundations for the development of the modern bushfood industry.
 
Bushfood enthusiasts in regional Australia began to assess the culinary and cropping qualities of bushfoods. This regional research laid the foundations for the development of the modern bushfood industry.
  
By the mid-1980s metropolitan bushfood restaurants were using native Australian ingredients in recipes more familiar to modern tastes. This provided the first opportunity for bushfoods to be tried by non-indigenous Australian’s on a serious [[gourmet]] level. This soon lead to the realization that many strong flavored bushfoods have [[spice]]-like qualities. Some of these bushfood ingredients are now included in modern Australian restaurant cuisine.
+
By the mid-1980s metropolitan bushfood restaurants were using native Australian ingredients in recipes more familiar to modern tastes. This provided the first opportunity for bushfoods to be tried by non-indigenous Australian’s on a serious [[gourmet]] level. This soon lead to the realization that many strong flavored bushfoods have [[spice]]-like qualities. Some of these bushfood ingredients now feature in modern Australian cuisine.
  
 
Value-added bushfood products were also developed for the domestic and export market. The raw ingredients are sourced from wild and cultivated sources, with an emphasis on the later to provide sustainable quantities.
 
Value-added bushfood products were also developed for the domestic and export market. The raw ingredients are sourced from wild and cultivated sources, with an emphasis on the later to provide sustainable quantities.
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'''Bushfood plants listed by culinary province.'''
 
'''Bushfood plants listed by culinary province.'''
 +
 
Australian bushfood plants can be divided into several distinct and large regional culinary provinces. Please note, some species listed grow across several climatic boundaries.
 
Australian bushfood plants can be divided into several distinct and large regional culinary provinces. Please note, some species listed grow across several climatic boundaries.
  
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'''Fruit''':
 
'''Fruit''':
Buchanania arborescens Little Gooseberry Tree,
+
 
''Ficus racemosa'' Cluster Fig,
+
''Buchanania arborescens''     Little Gooseberry Tree
''Morinda citrifolia'' Noni,
+
 
''Terminalia latipes var. psilocarpa'' Kakadu Plum,
+
''Ficus racemosa''     Cluster Fig
 +
 
 +
''Morinda citrifolia''     Noni
 +
 
 +
''Terminalia latipes var. psilocarpa''   Kakadu Plum
 
 
''Syzygium suborbiculare'' Lady Apple.
+
''Syzygium suborbiculare''     Lady Apple.
 +
 
  
 
'''Spice''':
 
'''Spice''':
''Eucalyptus staigeriana'' Lemon Ironbark
+
 
 +
''Eucalyptus staigeriana''     Lemon Ironbark
 +
 
  
 
'''Vegetable''':
 
'''Vegetable''':
''Dioscorea transversa'' Pencil Yam
+
 
 +
''Dioscorea transversa''     Pencil Yam
 +
 
  
  
Line 68: Line 80:
  
 
'''Fruit''':
 
'''Fruit''':
''Capparis'' spp. Native Caper,
+
 
''Eremicitrus glauca'' Desert lime,
+
''Capparis'' spp.   Native Caper
''Ficus platypoda'' Desert Fig,
+
 
''Owenia acidula'' Emu Apple,
+
''Eremicitrus glauca''   Desert lime
''Enchylaena tormentosa'' Ruby Saltbush,
+
 
''Santalum acuminatum'' Quangdong,
+
''Ficus platypoda''   Desert Fig
''Santalum lanceolatum'' Sandalwood,
+
 
''Solanum centrale'' Akudjura,
+
''Owenia acidula''   Emu Apple
''Marsdenia australis'' Doubah.
+
 
 +
''Enchylaena tormentosa''   Ruby Saltbush
 +
 
 +
''Santalum acuminatum''   Quangdong
 +
 
 +
''Santalum lanceolatum''   Sandalwood
 +
 
 +
''Solanum centrale''   Akudjura
 +
 
 +
''Marsdenia australis''   Doubah
 +
 
  
 
'''Seed''':
 
'''Seed''':
''Acacia aneura'' Mulga,
+
 
''Acacia coriacea'' Dogwood,
+
''Acacia aneura''     Mulga
''Acacia holosericea'' Strap Wattle,
+
 
''Acacia kempeana'' Witchetty Bush,
+
''Acacia coriacea''     Dogwood
''Acacia victoriae'' Gundabluey,
+
 
''Brachychiton populneus'' Kurrajong.
+
''Acacia holosericea''     Strap Wattle
 +
 
 +
''Acacia kempeana''     Witchetty Bush
 +
 
 +
''Acacia victoriae''     Gundabluey
 +
 
 +
''Brachychiton populneus''     Kurrajong
 +
 
  
 
'''Vegetable''':
 
'''Vegetable''':
''Calandrinia balonensis'' Parakeelya,
+
 
''Lepidium'' spp. Peppercresses,
+
''Calandrinia balonensis''     Parakeelya
''Portulaca intraterranea'' Large Pigweed.
+
 
 +
''Lepidium'' spp.     Peppercresses
 +
 
 +
''Portulaca intraterranea''     Large Pigweed.
  
  
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'''Eastern Australia'''
 
'''Eastern Australia'''
 
Subtopical rainforests of New South Wales to the wet tropics of Northern Queensland.
 
Subtopical rainforests of New South Wales to the wet tropics of Northern Queensland.
 +
  
 
'''Fruit''':
 
'''Fruit''':
''Acronychia acidula'' Lemon Aspen,
+
 
''Citrus australasica'' Finger Lime,
+
''Acronychia acidula''     Lemon Aspen
''Citrus australis'' Dooja,
+
 
''Davidsonia'' spp. Davidson’s Plum,
+
''Citrus australasica''     Finger Lime
''Ficus coronata'' Sandpaper Fig,
+
 
''Pleiogynium timorense'' Burdekin Plum,
+
''Citrus australis''     Dooja
''Podocarpus elatus'' Illawarra Plum,
+
 
''Syzygium luehmannii'' Riberry.
+
''Davidsonia'' spp.     Davidson’s Plum
 +
 
 +
''Ficus coronata''     Sandpaper Fig
 +
 
 +
''Pleiogynium timorense''     Burdekin Plum
 +
 
 +
''Podocarpus elatus''     Illawarra Plum
 +
 
 +
''Syzygium luehmannii''     Riberry
 +
 
  
 
'''Spice''':
 
'''Spice''':
''Anetholea anisata'' Aniseed Myrtle,
+
 
''Backhousia citriodora'' Lemon Myrtle,
+
''Anetholea anisata''     Aniseed Myrtle
''Backhousia myrtifolia'' Cinnamon Myrtle,
+
 
''Prostanthera incisa'' Cut-leaf Mintbush.
+
''Backhousia citriodora''     Lemon Myrtle
 +
 
 +
''Backhousia myrtifolia''     Cinnamon Myrtle
 +
 
 +
''Prostanthera incisa''     Cut-leaf Mintbush
 +
 
  
 
'''Nut''':
 
'''Nut''':
''Araucaria bidwillii'' Bunya Nut,
+
 
''Macadamia integrifolia'' Macadamia Nut,
+
''Araucaria bidwillii''     Bunya Nut
''Macadamia tetraphylla'' Bush Nut.
+
 
 +
''Macadamia integrifolia''     Macadamia Nut
 +
 
 +
''Macadamia tetraphylla''     Bush Nut
 +
 
  
 
'''Vegetable''':
 
'''Vegetable''':
'Apium prostratum'' Sea Celery,
+
 
''Tetragonia tetragonioides'' Warrigal Greens,
+
''Apium prostratum''     Sea Celery
''Trachymene incisa'' Wild Parsnip.
+
 
 +
''Tetragonia tetragonioides''     Warrigal Greens
 +
 
 +
''Trachymene incisa''     Wild Parsnip.
 +
 
  
  
 
'''Temperate'''
 
'''Temperate'''
 
Warm and cool temperate zones of Tasmania, South Australia, and the highlands of New South Wales.  
 
Warm and cool temperate zones of Tasmania, South Australia, and the highlands of New South Wales.  
 +
  
 
'''Fruit''':
 
'''Fruit''':
''Billarderia cymosa'' Sweet Apple-berry,
+
 
''Billarderia longiflora'' Purple Apple-berry,
+
''Billarderia cymosa''     Sweet Apple-berry
''Billarderia scandens'' Common Apple-berry,
+
 
''Carpobrotus rossii'' Karkalla,
+
''Billarderia longiflora''     Purple Apple-berry
''Kunzea pomifera'' Muntrie,
+
''Rubus parvifolius'' Pink-flowered Native Raspberry.
+
''Billarderia scandens''     Common Apple-berry
 +
 
 +
''Carpobrotus rossii''     Karkalla
 +
 +
''Kunzea pomifera''     Muntrie
 +
 
 +
''Rubus parvifolius''     Pink-flowered Native Raspberry
 +
 
  
 
'''Seed''':
 
'''Seed''':
''Acacia longifolia'' Golden Rods,
+
 
''Acacia sophorae'' Coast Wattle.
+
''Acacia longifolia''     Golden Rods
 +
 
 +
''Acacia sophorae''     Coast Wattle
 +
 
  
 
'''Spice''':
 
'''Spice''':
''Eucalyptus olida'' Strawberry Gum,
+
 
''Tasmannia lanceolata'' Mountain pepper,
+
''Eucalyptus olida''     Strawberry Gum
''Tasmannia stipitata'' Dorrigo Pepper.
+
 
 +
''Tasmannia lanceolata''     Mountain pepper
 +
 
 +
''Tasmannia stipitata''     Dorrigo Pepper
 +
 
  
 
'''Vegetable''':
 
'''Vegetable''':
''Apium insulare'' Flinders Island Celery,
+
 
''Atriplex cinerea'' Grey Saltbush,
+
''Apium insulare''     Flinders Island Celery
''Burchardia umbellata'' Milkmaids,
+
 
''Microseris scapigera'' Murnong.
+
''Atriplex cinerea''     Grey Saltbush
 +
 
 +
''Burchardia umbellata''     Milkmaids
 +
 
 +
''Microseris scapigera''     Murnong.
 +
 
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==

Revision as of 10:38, 31 July 2006

The word Bushfood refers to any Australian native food, although it sometimes is used with the specific connotation of "food found in the Outback while living on the land". It is also called bushtucker. It includes both animal and plant foods native to Australia.

Examples of Australian native animal foods (meat) include kangaroo, emu and crocodile. These meats are not uncommon in Australian restaurants. Other animals, for example the Goanna and the witchetty grub, were eaten by Aboriginal Australians and thus qualify as bushfood in every sense of the word. Fish and shellfish are traditionally very popular bushfoods in coastal areas.

Examples of Australian native plant foods include the fruits: quandong (Santalum acuminatum), Australian desert raisin(Solanum centrale), muntries (Kunzea pomifera), riberry (Syzygium luehmannii), and, Davidson's plum (Davidsonia spp.), finger lime (Citrus australasica). Native spices include lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora), mountain pepper (Tasmannia lanceolata), and, aniseed myrtle (Anetholea anista). A popular leafy vegetable is warrigal greens (Tetragonia tetragonioides).

Nuts include bunya nut (Araucaria bidwillii), and the most identifiable bushfood plant harvested and sold in large scale commercial quantities is the macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifolia).


Traditional Aboriginal use

Australian Aborigines have eaten native animal and plant foods for an estimated 60,000 years of human habitation on the Australian continent.

Various traditional methods of processing and cooking are used. Toxic seeds, such as Cycad (Cycas media) and Moreton Bay Chestnut (Castanospermum australe) are processed to remove the toxins and render them safe to eat. Many foods are also baked in the hot campfire coals, or baked for several hours in ground ovens. ‘Paperbark’, the bark of Melalauca species, is widely used for wrapping food placed in ground ovens.

Aboriginal traditional native food use was severely impacted by the invasion of non-indigenous people, via displacement from traditional lands, destruction of native habitat, and the introduction of non-native foods.

The recent recognition of the nutritional value of native foods by non-indigenous Australian’s is assisting in a renewal of native cuisine. However, there are intellectual property issues associated with the commercialization of bushfood.


Colonial use

Bushfoods provided a source of nutrition to the non-indigenous colonial invaders, often supplementing meager rations. However, bushfoods were often considered to be inferior by colonists unfamiliar with the new land's food ingredients, generally preferring familiar foods from the homeland.

The only Australian native food dveloped and cropped on a large scale is the macadamia nut, with the first small-scale commercial plantation being planted in Australia in the 1880’s. However, the macadamia was mainly developed in Hawaii from stock imported from Australia.


Modern use

In the 1970s non-indigenous Australian’s began to generally recognize the previously over-looked indigenous aspects of Australia, including native foods. Textbooks like Wildfoods In Australia by the botanist couple Cribb & Cribb were popular, and later the author Tim Lowe published Wild Food Plants of Australia.

TV shows also made use of the bushfood theme. Malcolm Douglas was one of the first presenters to show how to 'live off the land' in the Australian Outback. But it was probably Major Les Hiddins who popularized the idea of bush tucker. A retired Australian Army soldier, he presented a hit TV series called Bush Tucker Man on the Australian Broadcasting Commission TV network in the late 1980s. In the series, Hiddins demonstrated his training and research in combat survival by locating native foodstuffs in the northern Australian Outback.

Bushfood enthusiasts in regional Australia began to assess the culinary and cropping qualities of bushfoods. This regional research laid the foundations for the development of the modern bushfood industry.

By the mid-1980s metropolitan bushfood restaurants were using native Australian ingredients in recipes more familiar to modern tastes. This provided the first opportunity for bushfoods to be tried by non-indigenous Australian’s on a serious gourmet level. This soon lead to the realization that many strong flavored bushfoods have spice-like qualities. Some of these bushfood ingredients now feature in modern Australian cuisine.

Value-added bushfood products were also developed for the domestic and export market. The raw ingredients are sourced from wild and cultivated sources, with an emphasis on the later to provide sustainable quantities.

In the last decade, industry groups such as the Southern Bushfood Association, the Queensland Bushfood Association, the Northern Bushfood Association, and many others have been pushing for the introduction of bushfood as genuine cuisine in Australian and international restaurants.

The term "Bushfood" is recognized as the current term for Australian native cuisine, evolving from the older-style "bushtucker" which was used in the 1970s and 1980s. The word "bushfood" was chosen to reflect the sustainable nature of the industry's products, and to help exporters with product branding. It is the term most often used by Australian Government and CSIRO sources and authors.


Bushfood plants listed by culinary province.

Australian bushfood plants can be divided into several distinct and large regional culinary provinces. Please note, some species listed grow across several climatic boundaries.


Top-end Monsoonal zone of the Northern Territory, Cape York and Western Australia.

Fruit:

Buchanania arborescens Little Gooseberry Tree

Ficus racemosa Cluster Fig

Morinda citrifolia Noni

Terminalia latipes var. psilocarpa Kakadu Plum

Syzygium suborbiculare Lady Apple.


Spice:

Eucalyptus staigeriana Lemon Ironbark


Vegetable:

Dioscorea transversa Pencil Yam


Central Australia Arid and semi-arid zones of the low rainfall interior.

Fruit:

Capparis spp. Native Caper

Eremicitrus glauca Desert lime

Ficus platypoda Desert Fig

Owenia acidula Emu Apple

Enchylaena tormentosa Ruby Saltbush

Santalum acuminatum Quangdong

Santalum lanceolatum Sandalwood

Solanum centrale Akudjura

Marsdenia australis Doubah


Seed:

Acacia aneura Mulga

Acacia coriacea Dogwood

Acacia holosericea Strap Wattle

Acacia kempeana Witchetty Bush

Acacia victoriae Gundabluey

Brachychiton populneus Kurrajong


Vegetable:

Calandrinia balonensis Parakeelya

Lepidium spp. Peppercresses

Portulaca intraterranea Large Pigweed.


Eastern Australia Subtopical rainforests of New South Wales to the wet tropics of Northern Queensland.


Fruit:

Acronychia acidula Lemon Aspen

Citrus australasica Finger Lime

Citrus australis Dooja

Davidsonia spp. Davidson’s Plum

Ficus coronata Sandpaper Fig

Pleiogynium timorense Burdekin Plum

Podocarpus elatus Illawarra Plum

Syzygium luehmannii Riberry


Spice:

Anetholea anisata Aniseed Myrtle

Backhousia citriodora Lemon Myrtle

Backhousia myrtifolia Cinnamon Myrtle

Prostanthera incisa Cut-leaf Mintbush


Nut:

Araucaria bidwillii Bunya Nut

Macadamia integrifolia Macadamia Nut

Macadamia tetraphylla Bush Nut


Vegetable:

Apium prostratum Sea Celery

Tetragonia tetragonioides Warrigal Greens

Trachymene incisa Wild Parsnip.


Temperate Warm and cool temperate zones of Tasmania, South Australia, and the highlands of New South Wales.


Fruit:

Billarderia cymosa Sweet Apple-berry

Billarderia longiflora Purple Apple-berry

Billarderia scandens Common Apple-berry

Carpobrotus rossii Karkalla

Kunzea pomifera Muntrie

Rubus parvifolius Pink-flowered Native Raspberry


Seed:

Acacia longifolia Golden Rods

Acacia sophorae Coast Wattle


Spice:

Eucalyptus olida Strawberry Gum

Tasmannia lanceolata Mountain pepper

Tasmannia stipitata Dorrigo Pepper


Vegetable:

Apium insulare Flinders Island Celery

Atriplex cinerea Grey Saltbush

Burchardia umbellata Milkmaids

Microseris scapigera Murnong.


See also

External links