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| − | The word '''Bushfood''' refers to any [[Australia]]n native food, although it sometimes is used with the specific connotation of "food found in the [[Outback]] while living on the land". It is also called '''bushtucker'''. It includes both animal and plant foods native to Australia.
| + | A '''message stick''' is a form of [[communication]] traditionally used by [[Indigenous Australians]]. It is usually a solid piece of wood, around 20-30cm in length, etched with angular lines and dots. |
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| − | Examples of Australian native animal foods (meat) include [[kangaroo]], [[emu]] and [[crocodile]]. These meats are not uncommon in Australian restaurants. Other animals, for example the [[Goanna]] and the [[witchetty grub]], were eaten by [[Aboriginal]] Australians and thus qualify as bushfood in every sense of the word. [[Fish]] and [[shellfish]] are culinary features of the Australian coastal communities.
| + | The Australian national broadcaster, [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]], calls both its Indigenous [[online]] and [[television]] components ''Message Stick'' in recognition of this [[custom]]. |
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| − | Examples of Australian native plant foods include the fruits: [[quandong]] (''Santalum acuminatum''), [[Australian desert raisin]] (''Solanum centrale''), [[muntries]] (''Kunzea pomifera''), [[riberry]] (''Syzygium luehmannii''), Davidson's plum (''[[Davidsonia]]'' spp.), and, [[Finger Lime]] (''Citrus australasica''). Native spices include [[lemon myrtle]] (''Backhousia citriodora''), mountain pepper (''Tasmannia lanceolata''), and, [[aniseed myrtle]] (''Anetholea anista''). A popular leafy vegetable is [[warrigal greens]] (''Tetragonia tetragonioides'').
| + | Traditionally, message sticks were passed between different clans and [[List of Indigenous Australian group names|language groups]] to establish information and transmit messages. |
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| − | Nuts include [[bunya nut]] (''Araucaria bidwillii''), and the most identifiable bushfood plant harvested and sold in large scale commercial quantities is the [[macadamia]] nut (''Macadamia integrifolia'').
| + | They are often commonly called ''[[letters]]'' by [[Aborigines|Aboriginal people]]. Traditionally, they were transmitted by [[mailmen]], who would travel hundreds of kilometres to deliver them. |
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| | + | [[Donald Thomson]], recounting his journey to[[ Arnhem Land]] after the [[Caledon Bay Crisis]], writes of Wonggu sending a message stick to his sons, at that time in prison, to indicate a calling of a truce. In etched angles, it showed people sitting down together, at peace. |
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| − | =='''Traditional Aboriginal use'''== | + | ==External Links== |
| − | | + | *Peterson, Nicholas, ''[[Donald Thomson]] in Arnhem Land'', Melbourne University Press ISBN 0522850634, pp 80-81. |
| − | [[Australian Aborigines]] have eaten native animal and plant foods for an estimated 60,000 years of human habitation on the Australian continent.
| + | *[http://www.abc.net.au/message/tv/ms/ Message Stick TV ] |
| − | | + | *[http://www.abc.net.au/message/ Message Stick Internet ] |
| − | Various traditional methods of processing and cooking are used. Toxic seeds, such as [[Cycad]] (''Cycas media'') and Moreton Bay Chestnut (''Castanospermum australe'') are processed to remove the toxins and render them safe to eat. Many foods are also baked in the hot campfire coals, or baked for several hours in ground ovens. ‘Paperbark’, the bark of ''Melalauca'' species, is widely used for wrapping food placed in ground ovens.
| + | [[Category: Indigenous Australians]] |
| − | | + | [[Category:Australian Aboriginal culture]] |
| − | Aboriginal traditional native food use was severely impacted by the invasion of non-indigenous people, via displacement from traditional lands, destruction of native habitat, and the introduction of non-native foods.
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| − | The recent recognition of the nutritional value of native foods by non-indigenous Australian’s is assisting in a renewal of native cuisine. However, there are intellectual property issues associated with the commercialization of bushfood.
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| − | =='''Colonial use'''==
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| − | Bushfoods provided a source of nutrition to the non-indigenous colonial settlers, often supplementing meager rations. However, bushfoods were often considered to be inferior by colonists unfamiliar with the new land's food ingredients, generally preferring familiar foods from the homeland.
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| − | The only Australian native food developed and cropped on a large scale is the macadamia nut, with the first small-scale commercial plantation being planted in Australia in the 1880s. Subsequently, Hawaii was where the macadamia was commercially developed to its greatest extent from stock imported from Australia.
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| − | =='''Modern use'''==
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| − | In the 1970s non-indigenous Australian’s began to recognize the previously over-looked indigenous aspects of Australia, including native foods. Textbooks like ''Wildfoods In Australia'' by the botanist couple Cribb & Cribb were popular, and later the author Tim Low published ''Wild Food Plants of Australia''.
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| − | TV shows also made use of the bushfood theme. [[Malcolm Douglas]] was one of the first presenters to show how to 'live off the land' in the Australian Outback. But it was probably Major [[Les Hiddins]] who popularized the idea of bush tucker. A retired [[Australian Army]] soldier, he presented a hit TV series called ''Bush Tucker Man'' on the [[Australian Broadcasting Commission]] TV network in the late 1980s. In the series, Hiddins demonstrated his training and research in combat survival by locating native foodstuffs in the northern Australian Outback.
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| − | Bushfood enthusiasts in regional Australia began to assess the culinary and cropping qualities of bushfoods in the early 1980s. This regional research laid the foundations for the development of the modern bushfood industry.
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| − | In the mid-1980s metropolitan bushfood restaurants were using native Australian ingredients in recipes more familiar to modern tastes. This provided the first opportunity for bushfoods to be tried by non-indigenous Australian’s on a serious [[gourmet]] level, and lead to the realization that many strong flavored bushfoods have [[spice]]-like qualities. Some of these bushfood ingredients now feature in modern Australian cuisine.
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| − | Value-added bushfood products were also developed for the domestic and export market. The raw ingredients are sourced from wild and cultivated sources, with an emphasis on the later to provide sustainable quantities.
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| − | In the last decade, industry groups such as the Southern Bushfood Association, the Queensland Bushfood Association, the Northern Bushfood Association, and many others have been pushing for the introduction of bushfood as genuine cuisine in Australian and international restaurants.
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| − | The term "Bushfood" is recognized as the current term for Australian native cuisine, evolving from the older-style "bushtucker" which was used in the 1970s and 1980s. The word "bushfood" was chosen to reflect the sustainable nature of the industry's products, and to help exporters with product branding. It is the term most often used by Australian [[Government]] and [[CSIRO]] sources and authors.
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| − | =='''Bushfood plants listed by culinary province.'''==
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| − | Australian bushfood plants can be divided into several distinct and large regional culinary provinces. Please note, some species listed grow across several climatic boundaries.
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| − | '''Top-end'''
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| − | Monsoonal zone of the Northern Territory, Cape York and Western Australia.
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| − | '''Fruit''':
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| − | ''Buchanania arborescens'' Little Gooseberry Tree
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| − | ''Ficus racemosa'' Cluster Fig
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| − | ''Melastoma affine'' Blue Tongue
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| − | ''Morinda citrifolia'' [[Noni]]
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| − | ''Physalis minima'' Native Gooseberry
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| − | ''Terminalia latipes var. psilocarpa'' [[Kakadu Plum]]
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| − | ''Syzygium suborbiculare'' Lady Apple.
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| − | '''Spice''':
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| − | ''[[Eucalyptus staigeriana]]'' Lemon Ironbark
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| − | ''Occimum tenuiflorum'' Native Basil
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| − | '''Nut''':
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| − | ''Semecarpus australiensis'' Austraian Cashew Nut
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| − | '''Vegetable''':
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| − | ''Dioscorea transversa'' Pencil Yam
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| − | ''Ipomoea aquatica'' Native Kang Kong
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| − | ''Lotus nelumbo'' [[Lotus]]
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| − | '''Central Australia'''
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| − | Arid and semi-arid zones of the low rainfall interior.
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| − | '''Fruit''':
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| − | ''Capparis'' spp. Native Caper
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| − | ''Citrus glauca'' [[Desert Lime]]
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| − | ''Enchylaena tormentosa'' Ruby Saltbush
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| − | ''Ficus platypoda'' Desert Fig
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| − | ''Marsdenia australis'' Doubah
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| − | ''Owenia acidula'' Emu Apple
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| − | ''Santalum acuminatum'' [[Quandong]]
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| − | ''Santalum lanceolatum'' [[Sandalwood]]
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| − | ''[[Solanum centrale]]'' Akudjura
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| − | '''Seed''':
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| − | ''Acacia aneura'' Mulga
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| − | ''Acacia coriacea'' Dogwood
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| − | ''Acacia holosericea'' Strap Wattle
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| − | ''Acacia kempeana'' Witchetty Bush
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| − | ''Acacia victoriae'' Gundabluey
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| − | ''Brachychiton populneum'' [[Kurrajong]]
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| − | '''Vegetable''':
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| − | ''Calandrinia balonensis'' Parakeelya
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| − | ''Lepidium'' spp. Peppercresses
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| − | ''Portulaca intraterranea'' Large Pigweed.
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| − | '''Eastern Australia'''
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| − | Subtropical rainforests of New South Wales to the wet tropics of Northern Queensland.
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| − | '''Fruit''':
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| − | ''Acronychia acidula'' [[Lemon Aspen]]
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| − | ''Acronychia oblongifolia'' White Aspen
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| − | ''Archirhodomyrtus beckleri'' Rose Myrtle
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| − | ''Austromyrtus dulcis'' Midyim
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| − | ''Carpobrotus glaucescens'' Pigface
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| − | ''Citrus australasica'' [[Finger Lime]]
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| − | ''Citrus australis'' Dooja
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| − | ''[[Davidsonia]]'' spp. Davidson’s Plum
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| − | ''Diploglottis campbellii'' Small-leaf Tamarind
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| − | ''Eupomatia laurina'' Bolwarra
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| − | ''Ficus coronata'' Sandpaper Fig
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| − | ''Pleiogynium timorense'' Burdekin Plum
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| − | ''[[Podocarpus elatus]]'' Illawarra Plum
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| − | ''Planchonella australis'' Black Apple
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| − | ''Rubus hillii'' Broad-leaf Bramble
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| − | ''Rubus probus'' Atherton Raspberry
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| − | ''Rubus rosifolius'' Rose-leaf Bramble
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| − | ''Sambucus australasica'' Yellow Elderberry
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| − | ''Syzygium luehmannii'' [[Riberry]]
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| − | '''Spice''':
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| − | ''Alpinia coerulea'' Native Ginger
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| − | ''Anetholea anisata'' [[Aniseed Myrtle]]
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| − | ''Backhousia citriodora'' [[Lemon Myrtle]]
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| − | ''Backhousia myrtifolia'' Cinnamon Myrtle
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| − | ''Prostanthera incisa'' Cut-leaf Mintbush
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| − | '''Nut''':
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| − | ''Araucaria bidwillii'' [[Bunya Nut]]
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| − | ''Macadamia integrifolia'' [[Macadamia]] Nut
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| − | ''Macadamia tetraphylla'' Bush Nut
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| − | ''Sterculia quadrifida'' Peanut Tree
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| − | '''Vegetable''':
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| − | ''Apium prostratum'' Sea Celery
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| − | ''Commelina cyanea'' Scurvy Weed
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| − | ''Geitonoplesium cymosum'' Scrambling Lily
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| − | ''[[Tetragonia tetragoniodes]]'' [[Warrigal Greens]]
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| − | ''Trachymene incisa'' Wild Parsnip.
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| − | '''Temperate''' | |
| − | Warm and cool temperate zones of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria and the highlands of New South Wales.
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| − | '''Fruit''':
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| − | ''Billarderia cymosa'' Sweet Apple-berry
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| − | ''Billarderia longiflora'' Purple Apple-berry
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| − | ''Billarderia scandens'' Common Apple-berry
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| − | ''Carpobrotus rossii'' Karkalla
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| − | ''Eustrephus latifolius'' [[Wombat berry]]
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| − | ''[[Exocarpus cupressiformis]]'' Native Cherry
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| − | ''Gaultheria hispida'' Snow Berry
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| − | ''Kunzea pomifera'' [[Muntries]]
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| − | ''Rubus parvifolius'' Pink-flowered Native Raspberry
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| − | ''Sambucus gaudichaudiana'' White Elderberry
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| − | '''Seed''':
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| − | ''Acacia longifolia'' Golden Rods
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| − | ''Acacia sophorae'' Coast Wattle
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| − | '''Spice''':
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| − | ''[[Eucalyptus olida]]'' Strawberry Gum
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| − | ''[[Tasmannia]] lanceolata'' [[Mountain pepper]]
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| − | ''Tasmannia stipitata'' [[Dorrigo Pepper]]
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| − | '''Vegetable''':
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| − | ''Apium insulare'' Flinders Island Celery
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| − | ''Atriplex cinerea'' Grey Saltbush
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| − | ''Burchardia umbellata'' Milkmaids
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| − | ''Microseris scapigera'' Murnong.
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | *[[Bushmeat]], something quite different
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | * [http://www.bushfood.net/forum Australian Bushfood and Native Medicine Forum] | |
| − | * [http://ausbushfoods.com/ Bushfoods Magazine]
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| − | * [http://eataustralia.info Eat Australia]
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| − | * [http://www.bushtucker.com.au/ A Bushfood/Bushtucker resource site] | |
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| − | [[Category:Bushfood|*]] | |
| − | [[Category:Australian cuisine]] | |
| − | [[Category:Indigenous Australian culture]]
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| − | [[Category:Fauna of Australia]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Australia]]
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