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| − | The word '''Bushfood''' refers to any [[Australia]]n native food, although it sometimes is used with the specific connotation of "food found in the [[Outback]] while living on the land". It is also called '''bushtucker'''. It includes both animal and plant foods native to Australia.
| + | '''Marn Grook''' (also spelt ''marngrook'') is an [[Australian Aborigine|Australian Aboriginal]] ball game, which is claimed to have had an influence on the modern game of [[Australian rules football]], most notably in the spectacular jumping and [[Mark (Australian football)|high marking]] exhibited by the players of both games. |
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| − | More recently the food industry refers to gourmet bushfoods as '''Australian native foods'''.
| + | Marn Grook, literally meaning "Game ball", was a traditional game played at gatherings and celebrations of up to 50 players by the [[Djabwurrung]] and [[Jardwadjali]] people of western [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]. |
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| − | Examples of Australian native animal foods (meat) include [[kangaroo]], [[emu]] and [[crocodile]]. These meats are not uncommon in Australian restaurants. Other animals, for example the [[Goanna]] and the [[witchetty grub]], were eaten by [[Aboriginal]] Australians and thus qualify as bushfood in every sense of the word. [[Fish]] and [[shellfish]] are culinary features of the Australian coastal communities.
| + | == Eye-witness accounts == |
| | + | In [[1878]] in his book ''The Aborigines of Victoria'' [[Robert Brough-Smyth]] refers to a man called Richard Thomas (the [[Protector of Aborigines]]) who stated that in about [[1841]] he had witnessed Aborigines playing the game: |
| | + | :''The men and boys joyfully assemble when this game is to be played. One makes a ball of possum skin, somewhat elastic, but firm and strong. The players of this game do not throw the ball as a white man might do, but drop it and at the same time kicks it with his foot. The tallest men have the best chances in this game. Some of them will leap as high as five feet from the ground to catch the ball. The person who secures the ball kicks it. This continues for hours and the natives never seem to tire of the exercise.'' |
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| − | Examples of Australian native plant foods include the fruits: [[quandong]] (''Santalum acuminatum''), [[Australian desert raisin]] (''Solanum centrale''), [[muntries]] (''Kunzea pomifera''), [[riberry]] (''Syzygium luehmannii''), Davidson's plum (''[[Davidsonia]]'' spp.), and, [[Finger Lime]] (''Citrus australasica''). Native spices include [[lemon myrtle]] (''Backhousia citriodora''), mountain pepper (''Tasmannia lanceolata''), and, [[aniseed myrtle]] (''Anetholea anista''). A popular leafy vegetable is [[warrigal greens]] (''Tetragonia tetragonoides'').
| + | [[Tom Wills]], who drew up the rules of Australian rules football, was raised in Victoria's western districts and is said to have regularly played with local Aboriginal children{{fact}}. He recalled watching a game in which they kicked a [[possum]] skin about the size of an orange stuffed with charcoal{{citation needed}}. The game was played between large groups on a [[totemic]] basis — the white [[cockatoo]]s versus the black cockatoos, for example — with the greatest honour going to those who could leap or kick the highest. |
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| − | Nuts include [[bunya nut]] (''Araucaria bidwillii''), and the most identifiable bushfood plant harvested and sold in large scale commercial quantities is the [[macadamia]] nut (''Macadamia integrifolia'').
| + | == Marn grook and the word ''mark'' == |
| | + | Some claim that the origin of the word "[[Mark (Australian football)|mark]]" is derived from the Aboriginal word "''mumarki''" used in Marn Grook meaning "to catch".{{fact}} However this is a [[false etymology]] as the term ''mark'' actually comes from the practice of a player who has just taken a mark physically ''marking'' the ground with his foot to show where he took the fair catch. The term ''to mark'' is used in English football codes, notably early [[Association Football]] and is still used in the sport of [[rugby union]], as a fair catch to a player who calls "mark" when catching a ball inside his 22. |
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| | + | == The Marngrook Trophy == |
| | + | In [[2002]], in a game at [[Stadium Australia]], the [[Sydney Swans]] and [[Essendon Football Club]] began to compete for the '''''Marngrook Trophy''''', awarded after home-and-away matches each year between the two teams in the [[Australian Football League]]. However, the games are played under normal rules of the AFL, rather than anything approaching Marn Grook. |
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| − | =='''Traditional Aboriginal use'''== | + | == External links == |
| | + | * [http://www.aboriginalfootball.com.au/marngrook.html Aboriginal Football - Marn Grook] |
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| − | [[Australian Aborigines]] have eaten native animal and plant foods for an estimated 60,000 years of human habitation on the Australian continent. | + | [[Category:Australian Aboriginal culture]] |
| | + | [[Category:Australian rules football]] |
| | + | [[Category:Sport in Australia]] |
| | + | [[Category:Traditional football]] |
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| − | Various traditional methods of processing and cooking are used. Toxic seeds, such as [[Cycad]] (''Cycas media'') and Moreton Bay Chestnut (''Castanospermum australe'') are processed to remove the toxins and render them safe to eat. Many foods are also baked in the hot campfire coals, or baked for several hours in ground ovens. ‘Paperbark’, the bark of ''Melalauca'' species, is widely used for wrapping food placed in ground ovens. [[Bush bread]] was made by women using many types of seeds, nuts and corms to process a flour or dough to make bread.
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| − | Aboriginal traditional native food use was severely impacted by the invasion of non-indigenous people, via displacement from traditional lands, destruction of native habitat, and the introduction of non-native foods.
| + | {{afl-stub}} |
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| − | The recent recognition of the nutritional value of native foods by non-indigenous Australian’s is assisting in a renewal of native cuisine. However, there are intellectual property issues associated with the commercialization of bushfood.
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| − | =='''Colonial use'''==
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| − | Bushfoods provided a source of nutrition to the non-indigenous colonial settlers, often supplementing meager rations. However, bushfoods were often considered to be inferior by colonists unfamiliar with the new land's food ingredients, generally preferring familiar foods from the homeland.
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| − | The only Australian native food developed and cropped on a large scale is the macadamia nut, with the first small-scale commercial plantation being planted in Australia in the 1880s. Subsequently, Hawaii was where the macadamia was commercially developed to its greatest extent from stock imported from Australia.
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| − | =='''Modern use'''==
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| − | In the 1970s non-indigenous Australian’s began to recognize the previously over-looked indigenous aspects of Australia, including native foods. Textbooks like ''Wildfoods In Australia'' by the botanist couple Cribb & Cribb were popular, and later the author Tim Low published ''Wild Food Plants of Australia''.
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| − | TV shows also made use of the bushfood theme. [[Malcolm Douglas]] was one of the first presenters to show how to 'live off the land' in the Australian Outback. But it was probably Major [[Les Hiddins]] who popularized the idea of bush tucker. A retired [[Australian Army]] soldier, he presented a hit TV series called ''Bush Tucker Man'' on the [[Australian Broadcasting Commission]] TV network in the late 1980s. In the series, Hiddins demonstrated his training and research in combat survival by locating native foodstuffs in the northern Australian Outback.
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| − | Bushfood enthusiasts in regional Australia began to assess the culinary and cropping qualities of bushfoods in the early 1980s. This regional research laid the foundations for the development of the modern bushfood industry (see [[bushfood industry history]]).
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| − | In the mid-1980s metropolitan bushfood restaurants were using native Australian ingredients in recipes more familiar to modern tastes. This provided the first opportunity for bushfoods to be tried by non-indigenous Australian’s on a serious [[gourmet]] level, and lead to the realization that many strong flavored bushfoods have [[spice]]-like qualities. Some of these bushfood ingredients now feature in modern Australian cuisine, and [[Australian spices]] are being increasingly recognized internationally.
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| − | Value-added bushfood products were also developed for the domestic and export market. The raw ingredients are sourced from wild and cultivated sources, with an emphasis on the later to provide sustainable quantities.
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| − | In the last decade, industry groups such as the Southern Bushfood Association, the Queensland Bushfood Association, the Northern Bushfood Association, and many others have been pushing for the introduction of bushfood as genuine cuisine in Australian and international restaurants.
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| − | The term "bushfood" is one of several terms describing native Australian food, evolving from the older-style "bushtucker" which was used in the 1970s and 1980s. The word "bushfood" was chosen to reflect the sustainable nature of the industry's products, and to help exporters with product branding. The term "Australian native food" is another term recently coined to create further seperation from the more rustic bush conatations. However, the term "bushfood" is still used by many industry workers and the Australian [[Government]] and [[CSIRO]] sources and authors.
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| − | =='''Australian native food-plants listed by culinary province.'''==
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| − | Australian bushfood plants can be divided into several distinct and large regional culinary provinces. Please note, some species listed grow across several climatic boundaries.
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| − | '''Top-end'''
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| − | Monsoonal zone of the Northern Territory, Cape York and Western Australia.
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| − | '''Fruit''':
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| − | ''Buchanania arborescens'', Little Gooseberry Tree
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| − | ''Citrus gracilis'', Kakadu Lime
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| − | ''Ficus racemosa'', Cluster Fig
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| − | ''Manilkara kaukii'', Wongi
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| − | ''Melastoma affine'', Blue Tongue
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| − | ''Mimusops elengi'' Tanjong
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| − | ''Morinda citrifolia'', [[Noni]]
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| − | ''Physalis minima'', Native Gooseberry
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| − | ''[[Terminalia ferdinandiana]]'', Kakadu Plum
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| − | ''Syzygium suborbiculare'', Lady Apple
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| − | '''Spice''':
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| − | ''[[Eucalyptus staigeriana]]'', Lemon Ironbark
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| − | ''Melaleuca leucadendron'', Weeping Paperbark
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| − | ''Ocimum tenuiflorum'', Native Basil
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| − | '''Nut''':
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| − | ''Semecarpus australiensis'', Austraian Cashew Nut
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| − | ''Terminalia catappa'', Sea Almond
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| − | '''Vegetable''':
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| − | ''Dioscorea transversa'', Pencil Yam
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| − | ''Ipomoea aquatica'', Native Kang Kong
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| − | ''Lotus nelumbo'', [[Lotus]]
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| − | '''Central Australia'''
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| − | Arid and semi-arid zones of the low rainfall interior.
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| − | '''Fruit''':
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| − | ''Capparis'' spp., Native Caper
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| − | ''Citrus glauca'', [[Desert Lime]]
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| − | ''Enchylaena tormentosa'', Ruby Saltbush
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| − | ''Ficus platypoda'', Desert Fig
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| − | ''Marsdenia australis'', Doubah
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| − | ''Owenia acidula'', Emu Apple
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| − | ''Santalum acuminatum'', [[Quandong]]
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| − | ''Santalum lanceolatum'', [[Sandalwood]]
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| − | ''[[Solanum centrale]]'', Akudjura
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| − | '''Spice''':
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| − | ''[[Eucalyptus polybractea]]'', Blue-leaved Mallee
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| − | '''Seed''':
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| − | ''Acacia aneura'', Mulga
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| − | ''Acacia colei'',
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| − | ''Acacia coriacea'', Dogwood
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| − | ''Acacia holosericea'', Strap Wattle
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| − | ''Acacia kempeana'', Witchetty Bush
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| − | ''Acacia murrayana'',
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| − | ''Acacia pycantha'',
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| − | ''Acacia retinodes'',
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| − | ''[[Acacia victoriae]]'', Gundabluey
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| − | ''Brachychiton populneus'', [[Kurrajong]]
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| − | '''Vegetable''':
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| − | ''Calandrinia balonensis'', Parakeelya
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| − | ''Lepidium'' spp., Peppercresses
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| − | ''Portulaca intraterranea'', Large Pigweed.
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| − | '''Eastern Australia'''
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| − | Subtropical rainforests of New South Wales to the wet tropics of Northern Queensland.
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| − | '''Fruit''':
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| − | ''Acronychia acidula'', [[Lemon Aspen]]
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| − | ''Acronychia oblongifolia'', White Aspen
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| − | ''Antidesma bunius'' Herbet River Cherry
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| − | ''Archirhodomyrtus beckleri'', Rose Myrtle
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| − | ''Austromyrtus dulcis'', [[Midyim]]
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| − | ''Carpobrotus glaucescens'', Pigface
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| − | ''Citrus australasica'', [[Finger Lime]]
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| − | ''Citrus australis'', Dooja
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| − | ''[[Davidsonia]]'' spp., Davidson’s Plum
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| − | ''Diploglottis campbellii'', Small-leaf Tamarind
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| − | ''[[Eupomatia laurina]]'', Bolwarra
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| − | ''Ficus coronata'', Sandpaper Fig
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| − | ''Melodorum leichhardtii'', Zig Zag Vine
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| − | ''Pleiogynium timorense'', Burdekin Plum
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| − | ''[[Podocarpus elatus]]'', Illawarra Plum
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| − | ''Planchonella australis'', Black Apple
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| − | ''Rubus hillii'', Broad-leaf Bramble
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| − | ''Rubus probus'', Atherton Raspberry
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| − | ''Rubus rosifolius'', Rose-leaf Bramble
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| − | ''Sambucus australasica'', Yellow Elderberry
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| − | ''Syzygium fibrosum'', Fibrous Satinash
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| − | ''Syzygium luehmannii'', [[Riberry]]
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| − | ''Ximenia americana'', Yellow Plum
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| − | '''Spice''':
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| − | ''Alpinia coerulea'', Native Ginger
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| − | ''Anetholea anisata'', Aniseed Myrtle
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| − | ''Backhousia citriodora'', [[Lemon Myrtle]]
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| − | ''Backhousia myrtifolia'', [[Cinnamon Myrtle]]
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| − | ''Melaleuca quinquenervia'' Broad-leaf Paperbark
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| − | ''[[Prostanthera incisa]]'', Cut-leaf Mintbush
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| − | '''Nut''':
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| − | ''[[Araucaria bidwillii]]'', Bunya Nut
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| − | ''Athertonia diversifolius'', Atherton Almond
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| − | ''Macadamia integrifolia'', [[Macadamia]] Nut
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| − | ''Macadamia tetraphylla'', Bush Nut
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| − | ''[[Sterculia quadrifida]]'', Peanut Tree
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| − | '''Vegetable''':
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| − | ''Apium prostratum'', Sea Celery
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| − | ''Commelina cyanea'', Scurvy Weed
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| − | ''Geitonoplesium cymosum'', Scrambling Lily
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| − | ''Tetragonia tetragonoides'', Warrigal Greens
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| − | ''Trachymene incisa'', Wild Parsnip.
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| − | '''Temperate'''
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| − | Warm and cool temperate zones of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria and the highlands of New South Wales.
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| − | '''Fruit''':
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| − | ''Acrotriche depressa'', Native Currant
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| − | ''Billarderia cymosa'', Sweet Apple-berry
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| − | ''Billarderia longiflora'', Purple Apple-berry
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| − | ''Billarderia scandens'', Common Apple-berry
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| − | ''Carpobrotus rossii'', Karkalla
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| − | ''Eustrephus latifolius'', [[Wombat berry]]
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| − | ''[[Exocarpus cupressiformis]]'', Native Cherry
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| − | ''Gaultheria hispida'', Snow Berry
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| − | ''Kunzea pomifera'', [[Muntries]]
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| − | ''Rubus parvifolius'', Pink-flowered Native Raspberry
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| − | ''Sambucus gaudichaudiana'', White Elderberry
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| − | '''Seed''':
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| − | ''Acacia longifolia'', Golden Rods
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| − | ''Acacia sophorae'', Coast Wattle
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| − | '''Spice''':
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| − | ''[[Eucalyptus dives]]'', Peppermint Gum
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| − | ''[[Eucalyptus olida]]'', Strawberry Gum
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| − | ''[[Eucalyptus globulus]]'', Tasmanian Blue Gum
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| − | ''Mentha australis'', River Mint
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| − | ''[[Tasmannia]] lanceolata'', [[Mountain pepper]]
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| − | ''Tasmannia stipitata'', [[Dorrigo Pepper]]
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| − | ''Tasmannia xerophila'', Alpine Pepper
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| − | '''Vegetable''':
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| − | ''Apium insulare'', Flinders Island Celery
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| − | ''Atriplex cinerea'', Grey Saltbush
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| − | ''Burchardia umbellata'', Milkmaids
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| − | ''Microseris scapigera'', Murnong.
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | *[[Bush bread]]
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| − | *[[Bushmeat]], something quite different
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | * [http://www.bom.gov.au/iwk/walabunnba/wantangka.shtml Aboriginal women's knowledge]
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| − | *CSIRO plant profiles [http://www.cse.csiro.au/research/nativefoods/crops/index.htm]
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| − | * [http://www.bushfood.net/forum Australian Bushfood and Native Medicine Forum]
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| − | * [http://ausbushfoods.com/ Bushfoods Magazine]
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| − | * [http://eataustralia.info Eat Australia]
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| − | * [http://www.bushtucker.com.au/ A Bushfood/Bushtucker resource site]
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| − | ==References==
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| − | * Bruneteau, Jean-Paul, ''Tukka, Real Australian Food'', ISBN 0207189668.
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| − | * Cherikoff, Vic, ''The Bushfood Handbook'', ISBN 0731669045.
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| − | * Issacs, Jennifer, ''Bushfood'', Weldons, Sydney.
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| − | * Kersh, Jennice and Raymond, ''Edna's Table'', ISBN 0733605397.
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| − | * Low, Tim, ''Wild Food Plants of Australia'', ISBN 020769306.
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| − | [[Category:Bushfood|*]]
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| − | [[Category:Australian cuisine]]
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| − | [[Category:Indigenous Australian culture]]
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| − | [[Category:Fauna of Australia]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Australia]]
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