Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Aboriginal Lore/Answer Key"

Revision as of 15:22, 16 October 2006

The word Bushfood refers to any Australian native food, although it sometimes is used with the specific connotation of "food found in the Outback while living on the land". It is also called bushtucker. It includes both animal and plant foods native to Australia.

More recently the food industry refers to gourmet bushfoods as Australian native foods.

Examples of Australian native animal foods (meat) include kangaroo, emu and crocodile. These meats are not uncommon in Australian restaurants. Other animals, for example the Goanna and the witchetty grub, were eaten by Aboriginal Australians and thus qualify as bushfood in every sense of the word. Fish and shellfish are culinary features of the Australian coastal communities.

Examples of Australian native plant foods include the fruits: quandong (Santalum acuminatum), Australian desert raisin (Solanum centrale), muntries (Kunzea pomifera), riberry (Syzygium luehmannii), Davidson's plum (Davidsonia spp.), and, Finger Lime (Citrus australasica). Native spices include lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora), mountain pepper (Tasmannia lanceolata), and, aniseed myrtle (Anetholea anista). A popular leafy vegetable is warrigal greens (Tetragonia tetragonoides).

Nuts include bunya nut (Araucaria bidwillii), and the most identifiable bushfood plant harvested and sold in large scale commercial quantities is the macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifolia).

Traditional Aboriginal use

Australian Aborigines have eaten native animal and plant foods for an estimated 60,000 years of human habitation on the Australian continent.

Various traditional methods of processing and cooking are used. Toxic seeds, such as Cycad (Cycas media) and Moreton Bay Chestnut (Castanospermum australe) are processed to remove the toxins and render them safe to eat. Many foods are also baked in the hot campfire coals, or baked for several hours in ground ovens. ‘Paperbark’, the bark of Melalauca species, is widely used for wrapping food placed in ground ovens. Bush bread was made by women using many types of seeds, nuts and corms to process a flour or dough to make bread.

Aboriginal traditional native food use was severely impacted by the invasion of non-indigenous people, via displacement from traditional lands, destruction of native habitat, and the introduction of non-native foods.

The recent recognition of the nutritional value of native foods by non-indigenous Australian’s is assisting in a renewal of native cuisine. However, there are intellectual property issues associated with the commercialisation of bushfood.

Colonial use

Bushfoods provided a source of nutrition to the non-indigenous colonial settlers, often supplementing meager rations. However, bushfoods were often considered to be inferior by colonists unfamiliar with the new land's food ingredients, generally preferring familiar foods from the homeland.

The only Australian native food developed and cropped on a large scale is the macadamia nut, with the first small-scale commercial plantation being planted in Australia in the 1880s. Subsequently, Hawaii was where the macadamia was commercially developed to its greatest extent from stock imported from Australia.

Modern use

In the 1970s non-indigenous Australians began to recognize the previously over-looked indigenous aspects of Australia, including native foods. Textbooks like Wildfoods In Australia by the botanist couple Cribb & Cribb were popular, and later the author Tim Low published Wild Food Plants of Australia.

TV shows also made use of the bushfood theme. Malcolm Douglas was one of the first presenters to show how to 'live off the land' in the Australian Outback. But it was probably Major Les Hiddins who popularized the idea of bush tucker. A retired Australian Army soldier, he presented a hit TV series called Bush Tucker Man on the Australian Broadcasting Commission TV network in the late 1980s. In the series, Hiddins demonstrated his training and research in combat survival by locating native foodstuffs in the northern Australian Outback.

Bushfood enthusiasts in regional Australia began to assess the culinary and cropping qualities of bushfoods in the early 1980s. This regional research laid the foundations for the development of the modern bushfood industry (see bushfood industry history).

In the mid-1980s metropolitan bushfood restaurants were using native Australian ingredients in recipes more familiar to modern tastes. This provided the first opportunity for bushfoods to be tried by non-indigenous Australian’s on a serious gourmet level, and lead to the realization that many strong flavored bushfoods have spice-like qualities. Some of these bushfood ingredients now feature in modern Australian cuisine, and Australian spices are being increasingly recognized internationally.

Value-added bushfood products were also developed for the domestic and export market. The raw ingredients are sourced from wild and cultivated sources, with an emphasis on the later to provide sustainable quantities.

In the last decade, industry groups such as the Southern Bushfood Association, the Queensland Bushfood Association, the Northern Bushfood Association, and many others have been pushing for the introduction of bushfood as genuine cuisine in Australian and international restaurants.

The term "bushfood" is one of several terms describing native Australian food, evolving from the older-style "bushtucker" which was used in the 1970s and 1980s. The word "bushfood" was chosen to reflect the sustainable nature of the industry's products, and to help exporters with product branding. The term "Australian native food" is another term recently coined to create further seperation from the more rustic bush conatations. However, the term "bushfood" is still used by many industry workers and the Australian Government and CSIRO sources and authors.

Australian native food-plants listed by culinary province.

Australian bushfood plants can be divided into several distinct and large regional culinary provinces. Please note, some species listed grow across several climatic boundaries.

Top-end Monsoonal zone of the Northern Territory, Cape York and Western Australia.

Fruit:

Buchanania arborescens, Little Gooseberry Tree

Citrus gracilis, Kakadu Lime

Ficus racemosa, Cluster Fig

Manilkara kaukii, Wongi

Melastoma affine, Blue Tongue

Mimusops elengi Tanjong

Morinda citrifolia, Noni

Physalis minima, Native Gooseberry

Terminalia ferdinandiana, Kakadu Plum

Syzygium suborbiculare, Lady Apple

Spice:

Eucalyptus staigeriana, Lemon Ironbark

Melaleuca leucadendron, Weeping Paperbark

Ocimum tenuiflorum, Native Basil

Nut:

Semecarpus australiensis, Austraian Cashew Nut

Terminalia catappa, Sea Almond

Vegetable:

Dioscorea transversa, Pencil Yam

Ipomoea aquatica, Native Kang Kong

Lotus nelumbo, Lotus

Central Australia Arid and semi-arid zones of the low rainfall interior.

Fruit:

Capparis spp., Native Caper

Citrus glauca, Desert Lime

Enchylaena tormentosa, Ruby Saltbush

Ficus platypoda, Desert Fig

Marsdenia australis, Doubah

Owenia acidula, Emu Apple

Santalum acuminatum, Quandong

Santalum lanceolatum, Sandalwood

Solanum centrale, Akudjura

Spice:

Eucalyptus polybractea, Blue-leaved Mallee

Seed:

Acacia aneura, Mulga

Acacia colei,

Acacia coriacea, Dogwood

Acacia holosericea, Strap Wattle

Acacia kempeana, Witchetty Bush

Acacia murrayana,

Acacia pycantha,

Acacia retinodes,

Acacia victoriae, Gundabluey

Brachychiton populneus, Kurrajong

Vegetable:

Calandrinia balonensis, Parakeelya

Lepidium spp., Peppercresses

Portulaca intraterranea, Large Pigweed.

Eastern Australia Subtropical rainforests of New South Wales to the wet tropics of Northern Queensland.

Fruit:

Acronychia acidula, Lemon Aspen

Acronychia oblongifolia, White Aspen

Antidesma bunius Herbet River Cherry

Archirhodomyrtus beckleri, Rose Myrtle

Austromyrtus dulcis, Midyim

Carpobrotus glaucescens, Pigface

Citrus australasica, Finger Lime

Citrus australis, Dooja

Davidsonia spp., Davidson’s Plum

Diploglottis campbellii, Small-leaf Tamarind

Eupomatia laurina, Bolwarra

Ficus coronata, Sandpaper Fig

Melodorum leichhardtii, Zig Zag Vine

Pleiogynium timorense, Burdekin Plum

Podocarpus elatus, Illawarra Plum

Planchonella australis, Black Apple

Rubus hillii, Broad-leaf Bramble

Rubus probus, Atherton Raspberry

Rubus rosifolius, Rose-leaf Bramble

Sambucus australasica, Yellow Elderberry

Syzygium fibrosum, Fibrous Satinash

Syzygium luehmannii, Riberry

Ximenia americana, Yellow Plum

Spice:

Alpinia coerulea, Native Ginger

Anetholea anisata, Aniseed Myrtle

Backhousia citriodora, Lemon Myrtle

Backhousia myrtifolia, Cinnamon Myrtle

Melaleuca quinquenervia Broad-leaf Paperbark

Prostanthera incisa, Cut-leaf Mintbush

Nut:

Araucaria bidwillii, Bunya Nut

Athertonia diversifolius, Atherton Almond

Macadamia integrifolia, Macadamia Nut

Macadamia tetraphylla, Bush Nut

Sterculia quadrifida, Peanut Tree

Vegetable:

Apium prostratum, Sea Celery

Commelina cyanea, Scurvy Weed

Geitonoplesium cymosum, Scrambling Lily

Tetragonia tetragonoides, Warrigal Greens

Trachymene incisa, Wild Parsnip.

Temperate Warm and cool temperate zones of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria and the highlands of New South Wales.

Fruit:

Acrotriche depressa, Native Currant

Billarderia cymosa, Sweet Apple-berry

Billarderia longiflora, Purple Apple-berry

Billarderia scandens, Common Apple-berry

Carpobrotus rossii, Karkalla

Eustrephus latifolius, Wombat berry

Exocarpus cupressiformis, Native Cherry

Gaultheria hispida, Snow Berry

Kunzea pomifera, Muntries

Rubus parvifolius, Pink-flowered Native Raspberry

Sambucus gaudichaudiana, White Elderberry

Seed:

Acacia longifolia, Golden Rods

Acacia sophorae, Coast Wattle

Spice:

Eucalyptus dives, Peppermint Gum

Eucalyptus olida, Strawberry Gum

Eucalyptus globulus, Tasmanian Blue Gum

Mentha australis, River Mint

Tasmannia lanceolata, Mountain pepper

Tasmannia stipitata, Dorrigo Pepper

Tasmannia xerophila, Alpine Pepper

Vegetable:

Apium insulare, Flinders Island Celery

Atriplex cinerea, Grey Saltbush

Burchardia umbellata, Milkmaids

Microseris scapigera, Murnong.

External links

Aboriginal women's knowledge
CSIRO plant profiles [1]
Australian Bushfood and Native Medicine Forum
Bushfoods Magazine
Eat Australia
A Bushfood/Bushtucker resource site

References

Bruneteau, Jean-Paul, Tukka, Real Australian Food, ISBN 0207189668.
Cherikoff, Vic, The Bushfood Handbook, ISBN 0731669045.
Issacs, Jennifer, Bushfood, Weldons, Sydney.
Kersh, Jennice and Raymond, Edna's Table, ISBN 0733605397.
Low, Tim, Wild Food Plants of Australia, ISBN 020769306.

Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Aboriginal Lore/Answer Key"

Revision as of 15:22, 16 October 2006

Contents

Traditional Aboriginal use

Colonial use

Modern use

Australian native food-plants listed by culinary province.

See also

External links

References

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Australian Aboriginal [[kinship]]''' refers to the system of [[law]] governing social interaction, particularly [[marriage]], in traditional Aboriginal culture. It is an integral part of the culture of every [[List of Indigenous Australian group names|Aboriginal group]] across Australia.
+The   word '''Bushfood''' refers to any [[Australia]]n native food, although it sometimes is used with the specific connotation of "food found in the [[Outback]] while living on the land". It is also called '''bushtucker'''. It includes both animal and plant foods native to Australia.
-The main element is the division of [[clan]]s within the same language group into ''skin groups'', or  [[moiety|moieties]]. In its simplest form, clans are divided into two skin groups. There may be four divisions (see [[Martu (Indigenous Australian)|Martu]]), while more complex systems can be divided into eight (see [[Pintupi]] and below).
+More recently the food industry refers to gourmet bushfoods as '''Australian native foods'''.
-The system dictates who may [[marry]] whom – it is always [[taboo]] to marry into your own skin group – creating strong [[incest]] avoidance laws and strong bonds across [[clan]]s through [[exogamous]] relations. While it can be determined at birth who will marry whom, [[love marriage]]s were not uncommon, so long as they were within the skin system. This can prove invaluable during [[drought]] or lack of resources, having [[cousin]]s and skin sisters and brothers in other clans. It also creates obligations to care for those people in their time of need. Even in [[Marn Grook|traditional ball games]], teams were divided along these lines.
+Examples of Australian native animal foods (meat) include [[kangaroo]], [[emu]] and [[crocodile]]. These meats are not uncommon in Australian restaurants. Other animals, for example the [[Goanna]] and the [[witchetty grub]], were eaten by [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] Australians and thus qualify as bushfood in every sense of the word. [[Fish]] and [[shellfish]] are culinary features of the Australian coastal communities.
-Each skin group has certain [[totem]]s associated with it. Some Aboriginal groups, such as the [[Yolngu]], include plants, animals and all aspects of the environment, as part of their respective skin groups.
+Examples of Australian native plant foods include the fruits: [[quandong]] (''Santalum acuminatum''), [[Australian desert raisin]] (''Solanum centrale''), [[muntries]] (''Kunzea pomifera''), [[riberry]] (''Syzygium luehmannii''), Davidson's plum (''[[Davidsonia]]'' spp.), and, [[Finger Lime]] (''Citrus australasica''). Native spices include [[lemon myrtle]] (''Backhousia citriodora''), mountain pepper (''Tasmannia lanceolata''), and, [[aniseed myrtle]] (''Anetholea anista''). A popular leafy vegetable is [[warrigal greens]] (''Tetragonia tetragonoides'').
-A person of the same skin group, of the same generation, is called "brother" or "sister". There are names for maternal aunts and uncles and different names for paternal aunts and uncles. Additionally, there are strong [[avoidance relationships]] that need to be observed based on this system.
+Nuts include [[bunya nut]] (''Araucaria bidwillii''), and the most identifiable bushfood plant harvested and sold in large scale commercial quantities is the [[macadamia]] nut (''Macadamia integrifolia'').
-The skin group classification is [[cyclical]] in nature, changing with each [[generation]]. Non-Aboriginal people are often confounded to hear Aborigines refer to their great-[[grandmother]] as their [[daughter]], or their great-[[grandaughter]] their mother. They are actually referring to the fact that those relatives are in the same skin group, as well as acknowledging the cyclical nature of the system.
-For traditional Aborigines, this system is a major foundation of their existence and way of viewing the world. As such, if a non-Aboriginal person is around their culture for any extended period, they must be [[adoption|adopted]] so they may be assigned a skin name and interact in the "proper way" with the group, knowing whom to avoid, whom to call sister, etc.
+=='''Traditional Aboriginal use'''==
-Many Aboriginal groups, particularly in the southeast of Australia, have lost this knowledge due to their [[Stolen generation|forced removal]] to [[mission (station)|mission]]s and [[orphanage|children's homes]], where many language groups mixed with each other, and Aboriginal language and cultural practice was forbidden.
+[[Australian Aborigines]] have eaten  native animal and plant foods for an estimated 60,000 years of human habitation on the Australian continent.
-Below are a few examples of different kinship systems from across Australia:
+Various traditional methods of processing and cooking are used. Toxic seeds, such as [[Cycad]] (''Cycas media'') and Moreton Bay Chestnut (''Castanospermum australe'') are processed to remove the toxins and render them safe to eat. Many foods are also baked in the hot campfire coals, or baked for several hours in ground ovens. ‘Paperbark’, the bark of ''Melalauca'' species, is widely used for wrapping food placed in ground ovens. [[Bush bread]] was made by women using many types of seeds, nuts and corms to process a flour or dough to make bread.
-==Systems with two skin groups==
+Aboriginal traditional native food use was severely impacted by the invasion of non-indigenous people, via displacement from traditional lands, destruction of native habitat, and the introduction of non-native foods.
-===Pitjantjatjara===
+The recent recognition of the nutritional value of native foods by non-indigenous Australian’s is assisting in a renewal of native cuisine. However, there are intellectual property issues associated with the commercialisation of bushfood.
-The [[Pitjantjatjara]] of northern [[South Australia]] have two [[moiety]] groups:
-:'''''ngana nt arka''''' (lit. we-bone) 'our side'
+=='''Colonial use'''==
-:'''''tjanamilytjan''''' (lit. they flesh) 'their side'
-However, they do not use skin names.
+Bushfoods provided a source of nutrition to the non-indigenous colonial settlers, often supplementing meager rations.  However, bushfoods were often considered to be inferior by colonists  unfamiliar with the new land's food ingredients, generally preferring familiar foods from the homeland.
-===Yolŋu===
+The only Australian native food developed and cropped on a large scale is the macadamia nut, with the first small-scale commercial plantation being planted in Australia in the 1880s. Subsequently, [[Hawaii]] was where the macadamia was commercially developed to its greatest extent from stock imported from Australia.
-For the [[Yolŋu]] of north-east [[Arnhem Land]], life is divided into two skin groups: ''Dhuwa'' and ''Yirritja''. Each of these is represented by people of a number of different groups, each with their own lands, languages and philosophies:
-:::{| class="wikitable"
+=='''Modern use'''==
-|- bgcolor=#efefef
-! Skin name
-! Clan groups
-|-
-|'''''Yirritja'''''
-| Gumatj, Gupapuyngu, Wangurri, Ritharrngu, Mangalili,<br/>Munyuku, Madarrpa, Warramiri, Dhalwangu, Liyalanmirri.
-|-
-|'''''Dhuwa'''''
-|Rirratjingu, Galpu, Djambarrpuyngu, Golumala, Marrakulu,<br/>Marrangu, Djapu, Datiwuy, Ngaymil, Djarrwark.
-|}
-A ''Yirritja'' person must always marry a ''Dhuwa'' person and vice versa. If a man or woman is ''Dhuwa'', their mother will be ''Yirritja''.
+In the 1970s non-indigenous Australians began to recognize the previously over-looked indigenous aspects of Australia, including native foods. Textbooks like ''Wildfoods In Australia'' by the botanist couple Cribb & Cribb were popular, and later the author [[Tim Low]] published ''Wild Food Plants of Australia''.
-Kinship relations are also mapped onto the lands owned by the Yolngu through their [[hereditary]] [[estates]] – so everything is either ''Yirritja'' or ''Dhuwa'' – every fish, stone, river, etc, belongs to one or the other [[moiety]].
+TV shows also made use of the bushfood theme. [[Malcolm Douglas]] was one of the first presenters to show how to 'live off the land' in the Australian Outback. But it was probably Major [[Les Hiddins]] who popularized the idea of bush tucker. A retired [[Australian Army]] soldier, he presented a hit TV series called ''Bush Tucker Man'' on the [[Australian Broadcasting Commission]] TV network in the late 1980s. In the series, Hiddins demonstrated his training and research in combat survival by locating native foodstuffs in the northern Australian Outback.
-==Systems with eight skin groups==
+Bushfood enthusiasts in regional Australia began to assess the culinary and cropping qualities of bushfoods in the early 1980s. This regional research laid the foundations for the development of the modern bushfood industry (see [[bushfood industry history]]).
-===Lardiil===
+In the mid-1980s metropolitan bushfood restaurants were using native Australian ingredients in recipes more familiar to modern tastes. This provided the first opportunity for bushfoods to be tried by non-indigenous Australian’s on a serious [[gourmet]] level, and lead to the realization that many strong flavored bushfoods have [[spice]]-like qualities. Some of these bushfood ingredients now feature in modern Australian cuisine, and [[Australian spices]] are being increasingly recognized internationally.
-The [[Lardiil]] of [[Mornington Island]] in the [[Gulf of Carpentaria]] also have eight skin groups, shown here with some of their totems:
-{{sectstub}}
-::{| class="wikitable"
-|- bgcolor=#efefef
-!Male skin group
-!Totems
-!Can only mary<br/>female skin group
-!Children will be
-|-
-|Ngarrijbalangi
-|''Rainbird, shooting star,<br/>egret''
-|Burrarangi
-|Bangariny
-|-
-|Bangariny
-|''Brown hark, turtle''
-|Yakimarr
-|Ngarrijbalangi
-|-
-|Buranyi
-|''Crane, salt water, <br/>sleeping turtle''
-|Kangal
-|
-|-
-|Balyarriny
-|''Black tiger shark,<br/>sea turtle''
-|Kamarrangi
-|
-|-
-|Burrarangi
-|''Lightning, rough sea,<br/>black dingo''
-|Ngarrijbalangi
-|
-|-
-|Yakimarr
-|Seagull, barramundi,<br/>grey shark
-|Bangariny
-|
-|-
-|Kangal
-|''[[Barramundi]],<br/>grey shark''
-|Buranyi
-|
-|-
-|Kamarrangi
-|''Rock, pelican, [[brolga]],<br/>red dingo''
-|Balyarriny
-|
-|}
-Each Lardiil person belongs to one of these groups. Their paternal [[grandfather]]'s skin group determines their own; so a Balyarriny man or woman will have a Balyarriny grandfather. A Ngarrijbalangi person can only marry a Burrarangi, a Bangariny a Yakimarr, a Buranyi a Kangal and a Balyarriny a Kamarrangi, and vice versa for each.
+Value-added bushfood products were also developed for the domestic and export market. The raw ingredients are sourced from wild and cultivated sources, with an emphasis on the later to provide sustainable quantities.
-Once a person's skin group is known, their relationship to any other Lardiil can be determined. A Ngarrijbalangi is a 'father' to a Bangariny, a 'father-in-law' to a Yakimarr and a 'son' to another Bangariny, either in a social sense or purely through linearship.
+In the last decade, industry groups such as the Southern Bushfood Association, the Queensland Bushfood Association, the Northern Bushfood Association, and many others have been pushing for the introduction of bushfood as genuine cuisine in Australian and international restaurants.
-===Pintupi===
+The term "bushfood" is one of several terms describing native Australian food, evolving from the older-style "bushtucker" which was used in the 1970s and 1980s. The word "bushfood" was chosen to reflect the sustainable nature of the industry's products, and to help exporters with product branding. The term "Australian native food" is another term recently coined to create further seperation from the more rustic bush conatations. However, the term "bushfood" is still used by many industry workers and the Australian [[Government]] and [[CSIRO]] sources and authors.
-The [[Pintupi]] of the [[Western Desert (Australia)|Western Desert]] have a complex kinship system, made more so by distinct prefixes for male and female skin names; "Tj" for males, "N" for females. The [[Warlpiri]] system is almost the same:
-:::{| class="wikitable"
+=='''Australian native food-plants listed by culinary province.'''==
-|- bgcolor=#efefef
-!Gender
-!Skin name
-!Can only mary
-!Children will be
-|-
-|'''Male'''
-|Tjapaltjarri
-|Nakamarra
-|Tjungurrayi, Nungurrayi
-|-
-|'''Female'''
-|Napaltjarri
-|Tjakamarra
-|Tjupurrula, Napurrula
-|-
-|'''Male'''
-|Tjapangati
-|Nampitjinpa
-|Tjapanangka, Napanangka
-|-
-|'''Female'''
-|Napangati
-|Tjampitjinpa
-|Tjangala, Nangala
-|-
-|'''Male'''
-|Tjakamarra
-|Napaltjarri
-|Tjupurrula, Napurrula
-|-
-|'''Female'''
-|Nakamarra
-|Tjapaltjarri
-|Tjungurrayi, Nungurrayi
-|-
-|'''Male'''
-|Tjampitjinpa
-|Napangati
-|Tjangala, Nangala
-|-
-|'''Female'''
-|Nampitjinpa
-|Tjapangati
-|Tjapanangka, Napangangka
-|-
-|'''Male'''
-|Tjapanangka
-|Napurrula
-|Tjapangati, Napangati
-|-
-|'''Female'''
-|Napanangka
-|Tjupurrula
-|Tjakamarra, Nakamarra
-|-
-|'''Male'''
-|Tjungurrayi
-|Nangala
-|Tjapaltjarri, Napaltjarri
-|-
-|'''Female'''
-|Nungurrayi
-|Tjangala
-|Tampitjinpa, Nampitjinpa
-|-
-|'''Male'''
-|Tjupurrula
-|Napanangka
-|Tjakamarra, Nakamarra
-|-
-|'''Female'''
-|Napurrula
-|Tjapanangka
-|Tjapangati, Napangati
-|-
-|'''Male'''
-|Tjangala
-|Nungurrayi
-|Tjampitjinpa, Nampitjinpa
-|-
-|'''Female'''
-|Nangala
-|Tjungarayyi
-|Tjapaltjarri, Napaltjarri
-|}
-Each person therefore has a [[patriline|patrimoiety]] and a [[matriline|matrimoiety]], a father's and a mother's skin group.
+Australian bushfood plants can be divided into several distinct and large regional culinary provinces. Please note, some species listed grow across several climatic boundaries.
+'''Top-end'''
+Monsoonal zone of the Northern Territory, Cape York and Western Australia.
+'''Fruit''':
+''Buchanania arborescens'',	    Little Gooseberry Tree
+''Citrus gracilis'',                Kakadu Lime
+''Ficus racemosa'',		    Cluster Fig
+''Manilkara kaukii'',                Wongi
+''Melastoma affine'',                Blue Tongue
+''Mimusops elengi''                 Tanjong
+''Morinda citrifolia'',		    [[Noni]]
+''Physalis minima'',                  Native Gooseberry
+''[[Terminalia ferdinandiana]]'',    Kakadu Plum
+''Syzygium suborbiculare'',	    Lady Apple
+'''Spice''':
+''[[Eucalyptus staigeriana]]'',     Lemon Ironbark
+''Melaleuca leucadendron'',     Weeping Paperbark
+''Ocimum tenuiflorum'',         Native Basil
+'''Nut''':
+''Semecarpus australiensis'',         Austraian Cashew Nut
+''Terminalia catappa'',               Sea Almond
+'''Vegetable''':
+''Dioscorea transversa'',	     Pencil Yam
+''Ipomoea aquatica'',                 Native Kang Kong
+''Lotus nelumbo'',                    [[Lotus]]
+'''Central Australia'''
+Arid and semi-arid zones of the low rainfall interior.
+'''Fruit''':
+''Capparis'' spp.,		   Native Caper
+''Citrus glauca'',		   [[Desert Lime]]
+''Enchylaena tormentosa'',	   Ruby Saltbush
+''Ficus platypoda'',		   Desert Fig
+''Marsdenia australis'',           Doubah
+''Owenia acidula'',		   Emu Apple
+''Santalum acuminatum'', 	   [[Quandong]]
+''Santalum lanceolatum'',	   [[Sandalwood]]
+''[[Solanum centrale]]'',           Akudjura
+'''Spice''':
+''[[Eucalyptus polybractea]]'',     Blue-leaved Mallee
+'''Seed''':
+''Acacia aneura'',		    [[Mulga]]
+''Acacia colei'',
+''Acacia coriacea'',		    Dogwood
+''Acacia holosericea'',		    Strap Wattle
+''Acacia kempeana'',		    Witchetty Bush
+''Acacia murrayana'',
+''Acacia pycantha'',
+''Acacia retinodes'',
+''[[Acacia victoriae]]'',	    Gundabluey
+''Brachychiton populneus'',	    [[Kurrajong]]
+'''Vegetable''':
+''Calandrinia balonensis'',	    Parakeelya
+''Lepidium'' spp.,		    Peppercresses
+''Portulaca intraterranea'',	    Large Pigweed.
+'''Eastern Australia'''
+Subtropical rainforests of New South Wales to the wet tropics of Northern Queensland.
+'''Fruit''':
+''Acronychia acidula'',		    [[Lemon Aspen]]
+''Acronychia oblongifolia'',         White Aspen
+''Antidesma bunius''                 Herbet River Cherry
+''Archirhodomyrtus beckleri'',       Rose Myrtle
+''Austromyrtus dulcis'',             [[Midyim]]
+''Carpobrotus glaucescens'',         Pigface
+''Citrus australasica'',	    [[Finger Lime]]
+''Citrus australis'',	            Dooja
+''[[Davidsonia]]'' spp.,	    Davidson’s Plum
+''Diploglottis campbellii'',         Small-leaf Tamarind
+''[[Eupomatia laurina]]'',            Bolwarra
+''Ficus coronata'',		    Sandpaper Fig
+''Melodorum leichhardtii'',          Zig Zag Vine
+''Pleiogynium timorense'',	    Burdekin Plum
+''[[Podocarpus elatus]]'',           Illawarra Plum
+''Planchonella australis'',          Black Apple
+''Rubus hillii'',                    Broad-leaf Bramble
+''Rubus probus'',                    Atherton Raspberry
+''Rubus rosifolius'',                Rose-leaf Bramble
+''Sambucus australasica'',           Yellow Elderberry
+''Syzygium fibrosum'',               Fibrous Satinash
+''Syzygium luehmannii'',	     [[Riberry]]
+''Ximenia americana'',               Yellow Plum
+'''Spice''':
+''Alpinia coerulea'',                Native Ginger
+''Anetholea anisata'',	            Aniseed Myrtle
+''Backhousia citriodora'',	    [[Lemon Myrtle]]
+''Backhousia myrtifolia'',	    [[Cinnamon Myrtle]]
+''Melaleuca quinquenervia''         Broad-leaf Paperbark
+''[[Prostanthera incisa]]'',	    Cut-leaf Mintbush
+'''Nut''':
+''[[Araucaria bidwillii]]'',	   Bunya Nut
+''Athertonia diversifolius'',       Atherton Almond
+''Macadamia integrifolia'',	    [[Macadamia]] Nut
+''Macadamia tetraphylla'',	    Bush Nut
+''[[Sterculia quadrifida]]'',        Peanut Tree
+'''Vegetable''':
+''Apium prostratum'',	           Sea Celery
+''Commelina cyanea'',                Scurvy Weed
+''Geitonoplesium cymosum'',          Scrambling Lily
+''Tetragonia tetragonoides'',        Warrigal Greens
+''Trachymene incisa'',		    Wild Parsnip.
+'''Temperate'''
+Warm and cool temperate zones of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria and the highlands of New South Wales.
+'''Fruit''':
+''Acrotriche depressa'',             Native Currant
+''Billarderia cymosa'',		    Sweet Apple-berry
+''Billarderia longiflora'',	    Purple Apple-berry
+''Billarderia scandens'',	    Common Apple-berry
+''Carpobrotus rossii'',		    Karkalla
+''Eustrephus latifolius'', 	    [[Wombat berry]]
+''[[Exocarpus cupressiformis]]'',    Native Cherry
+''Gaultheria hispida'',              Snow Berry
+''Kunzea pomifera'',		    [[Muntries]]
+''Rubus parvifolius'',		    Pink-flowered Native Raspberry
+''Sambucus gaudichaudiana'',         White Elderberry
+'''Seed''':
+''Acacia longifolia'',		    Golden Rods
+''Acacia sophorae'',		    Coast Wattle
+'''Spice''':
+''[[Eucalyptus dives]]'',             Peppermint Gum
+''[[Eucalyptus olida]]'',	     Strawberry Gum
+''[[Eucalyptus globulus]]'',         Tasmanian Blue Gum
+''Mentha australis'',                 River Mint
+''[[Tasmannia]] lanceolata'',	    [[Mountain pepper]]
+''Tasmannia stipitata'',	     [[Dorrigo Pepper]]
+''Tasmannia xerophila'',            Alpine Pepper
+'''Vegetable''':
+''Apium insulare'',		    Flinders Island Celery
+''Atriplex cinerea'',		    Grey Saltbush
+''Burchardia umbellata'',	    Milkmaids
+''Microseris scapigera'',	    Murnong.
 ==See also==
-*[[Australian Aboriginal avoidance relationships]]
+*[[Bush bread]]
-*[[List of Indigenous Australian group names]]
+*[[Bushmeat]], something quite different
-*[[Noongar classification]]
-*[[Indigenous Australians]]
+==External links==
-*[[Warlpiri#kinship|Warlpiri kinship]]
+* [http://www.bom.gov.au/iwk/walabunnba/wantangka.shtml Aboriginal women's knowledge]
+*CSIRO plant profiles [http://www.cse.csiro.au/research/nativefoods/crops/index.htm]
+* [http://www.bushfood.net/forum Australian Bushfood and Native Medicine Forum]
+* [http://ausbushfoods.com/ Bushfoods Magazine]
+* [http://eataustralia.info Eat Australia]
+* [http://www.bushtucker.com.au/ A Bushfood/Bushtucker resource site]
 ==References==
-*Binnion, Joan (1979) ''The Lardil People of Mornington Island (Student Handbook)'', Aboriginal Community College, Port Adelaide.
+* Bruneteau, Jean-Paul, ''Tukka, Real Australian Food'', ISBN 0207189668.
-*Hansen, Kenneth C. and Lesley E. Hansen, 1979, ''Pintupi/Luritja kinship'', Alice Springs, NT, Institute for Aboriginal Development.
+* Cherikoff, Vic, ''The Bushfood Handbook'', ISBN 0731669045.
-*[http://ausanthrop.net/research/kinship/ Ausanthrop kinship tutorial]
+* Issacs, Jennifer, ''Bushfood'', Weldons, Sydney.
-*[http://www.ausanthrop.net/research/kinship/kinship2.php Ausanthrop]
+* Kersh, Jennice and Raymond, ''Edna's Table'', ISBN 0733605397.
-*[http://www.clc.org.au/ourculture/kinship.asp Central Land Council]
+* Low, Tim, ''Wild Food Plants of Australia'', ISBN 020769306.
-[[Category:Australian Aboriginal culture|Kinship]]
+[[Category:Bushfood|*]]
-[[Category:Anthropology|Australian Aboriginal kinship]]
+[[Category:Australian cuisine]]
-[[Category:Sociology|Australian Aboriginal Kinship]]
+[[Category:Indigenous Australian culture]]
-[[Category:Indigenous Australians|Kinship]]
+[[Category:Fauna of Australia]]
-[[Category:Marriage|Australian Aboriginal Kinship]]
+[[Category:Flora of Australia]]
-[[Category:Australian Aboriginal terms|Kinship]]