Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Aboriginal Lore/Answer Key"

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:''For the frog of the same name see, [[Corroboree frog]].''
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[[Image:Corroborree.jpg|right|thumb|A [[ballet]] performance based on the Corroboree]]
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Many [[Australian Aboriginal]] cultures have or traditionally had a [[sign language]] counterpart to their spoken language. This appears to be connected with various [[taboo]]s on speech between certain people within the community or at particular times, such as during a mourning period for women or during initiation ceremonies for men - unlike [[Indigenous language|indigenous]] sign languages elsewhere which have been used as a [[lingua franca]] ([[Plains Indians]] sign language), or due to a high incidence of heriditary deafness in the community ([[Yucatec Maya Sign Language]], [[Adamorobe Sign Language]] and [[Kata Kolok]]).
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Sign languages appear to be most developed in areas with the most extensive speech taboos: the central desert (particularly among the [[Warlpiri]] and [[Warumungu]]), and western [[Cape York]].<ref>[[Adam Kendon|Kendon, A.]] (1988) ''Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 60</ref> Complex [[gesture|gestural]] systems have also been reported in the southern, central, and western desert regions, the [[Gulf of Carpentaria]] (including north-east [[Arnhem Land]] and the [[Tiwi Islands]]), some [[Torres Strait Islands]],  and the southern regions of the Fitzmaurice and [[Kimberley region of Western Australia|Kimberley]] areas. Evidence for sign languages elsewhere is slim, although they have been noted as far south as the south coast (Jaralde Sign Language) and there are even some accounts from the first few years of the 20th century of the use of signs by people from the south west coast. However, many of these sign languages are now extinct, and very few accounts have recorded any detail.
 +
 
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Reports on the status of deaf members of such Aboriginal communities differ, with some writers lauding the inclusion of [[deaf]] people in mainstream cultural life, while others indicate that deaf people don't learn the sign language and, like other deaf people isolated in hearing cultures, develop a simple system of [[home sign]] to communicate with their immediate family. However, an [[Australian Aborigines|Aboriginal]] and [[Torres Strait Islander]] dialect of [[Auslan]] exists in [[Far North Queensland]] (extending from [[Yarrabah, Queensland|Yarrabah]] to [[Cape York]]), which is heavily influenced by the indigenous community sign languages and gestural systems of the region.
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Australian indigenous sign languages in north Queensland were noted as early as [[1908]] (Roth). Early research into indigenous sign was done by the American linguist [[La Mont West]], and later, in more depth, by English linguist [[Adam Kendon]].
 +
 
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==Linguistics of Aboriginal sign languages==
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{{sect-stub}}
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 +
==List of Aboriginal sign languages==
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:''Note that most Aboringal langauages have multiple possible spellings, eg. Warlpiri is also known as Walpiri, Walbiri, Elpira, Ilpara, Wailbri''
 +
* Arrernte Sign Language
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* Dieri Sign Language
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* Djingili Sign Language
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* Jaralde Sign Language
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* Kaititj: Akitiri Sign Language
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* Manjiljarra Sign Language
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* Mudbura Sign Language
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* Murngin Sign Language
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* Ngada Sign Language
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* Torres Strait Islander Sign Language
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* [[Warlpiri Sign Language]]
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* Warumungu [or Warramunga] Sign Language
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* Western Desert Sign Language (Yurira Watjalku)
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* Worora Kinship Sign Language
  
In the northwest of Australia, ''corroboree'' is a generic word to define theatrical practices as different from ceremony. Whether it be public or private, ceremony is for invited guests. There are other generic words to describe traditional public performances: ''juju'' and ''kobbakobba'' for example. In the Pilbara, corroborees are ''yanda'' or ''jalarra''. Across the Kimberley the word ''junba'' is often used to refer to a range of genres. Corroboree and ceremony are strongly connected but different. In the 1930s Adolphus Elkin wrote of a public pan-Aboriginal dancing "tradition of individual gifts, skill, and ownership" as distinct from the customary practices of appropriate elders guiding initiation and other ritual practices (Elkin 1938:299). Corroborees are open performances in which everyone may participate taking into consideration that the songs and dances are highly structured requiring a great deal of knowledge and skill to perform. ''Corroboree'' is a generic word to explain different genres of performance which in the northwest of Australia include balga, wangga, lirrga, junba, ilma and many more. Throughout Australia the word ''corroboree'' embraces songs, dances, rallies and meetings of various kinds. In the past a corroboree has been inclusive of sporting events and other forms of skill display. It is an appropriated English word that has been reappropriated to explain a practice that is different to ceremony and more widely inclusive than theatre or opera.
 
The image of the ballet "Corroboree" is a reminder of how the arts can also be a colonial enterprise. The masked ballet dancers were women pretending to be men dancing intitiation ceremonies. This sort of confusion is further contributed to by people who insist on writing that corroborees are ceremonies when they clearly are not.
 
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
*[[Australian Aboriginal mythology]]
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* [[Australian Aboriginal languages]]
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*[[Australian Aboriginal avoidance relationships]]
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*[[Australian Aboriginal kinship]]
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* [[Auxiliary Sign Languages]]
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==References==
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<references/>
 +
 
 +
==Bibliography==
 +
<small>''General''</small>
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* Kwek, Joan / Kendon, Adam (1991). ''Occasions for sign use in an Australian aboriginal community.'' (with introduction note by Adam Kendon). In: Sign Language Studies 20: 71 (1991) - pp. 143-160
 +
* [[Adam Kendon|Kendon, A.]] (1988) ''Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xviii+ 542.  ''(Presents the results of the research on Australian Aboriginal sign languages that the author began in 1978. The book was awarded the 1990 Stanner Prize, a biennial award given by the [[Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies]], Canberra, Australia. Reviews include: Times Literary Supplement, August 25-31 1989; American Anthropologist 1990, 92: 250-251; Language in Society, 1991, 20: 652-659; Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 1990, 35(1): 85-86)''
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* [[Walter Roth|Roth, W.E]] (1908), ''Miscellaneous Papers'', Australian Trustees of the Australian Museum. Sydney.
 +
* O'Reilly, S. (2005). ''Indigenous Sign Language and Culture; the interpreting and access needs of Deaf people who are of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander in Far North Queensland.'' Sponsored by ASLIA, the Australian Sign Language Interpreters Association.
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 +
<small> ''Warlpiri sign language:'' </small>
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* Mountford, C. P. (1949). ''Gesture language of the Walpari tribe, central Australia.'' Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 1949, 73: 100-101.
 +
* [[Mervyn Meggitt|Meggitt M.J.]] (1954). ''Sign language among the Warlpiri of Central Australia.'' Oceania, 25(1), p. 2-16.
 +
* Wright, C.D. (1980). ''Walpiri Hand Talk: An Illustrated Dictionary of Hand Signs used by the Walpiri People of Central Australia.'' Darwin: N.T. Department of Education.
 +
* Kendon, A. (1980). The sign language of the women of Yuendumu: A preliminary report on the structure of Warlpiri sign language. Sign Language Studies, 1980 27, 101-112.
 +
* Kendon, A. (1984). ''Knowledge of sign language in an Australian Aboriginal community.'' Journal of Anthropological Research. 1984 40, 556-576.
 +
* Kendon A. (1985). ''Iconicity in Warlpiri Sign language.'' In Bouissac P., Herzfeld M. & Posner R. (eds), Inconicity: Essay on the Nature of Culture. TÅbingen: Stauffenburger Verlag. In press, p. .
 +
* Kendon, A. (1985). ''Variation in Central Australian Aboriginal Sign language: A preliminary report.'' Language in Central Australia, 1(4): 1-11.
 +
* Kendon, A. (1987) ''Simultaneous Speaking and Signing in Warlpiri Sign language Users''. Multilingua 1987, 6: 25-68.
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* Kendon A. (1988). ''Parallels and divergences between Warlpiri sign language and spoken Warlpiri: analyses of signed and spoken discourses.'' Oceania, 58, p. 239-54.
  
==External link==
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<small> ''Torres Strait Islander sign language </small>
*[http://indigenousaustralia.frogandtoad.com.au/cultural.html Introduction to Aboriginal culture]
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* [[Alfred Cort Haddon|Haddon, Alfred C.]] (1907). ''The gesture language of the Eastern Islanders,'' in "Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits." Cambridge, England: The University Press, v.3.
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* [[Charles Gabriel Seligman|Seligman, C. G.]], and A. Wilkin (1907). ''The gesture language of the Western Islanders,'' in "Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits." Cambridge, England: The University Press, v.3.
  
[[Category:Australian Aboriginal culture]]
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<small>''Original researchers' notes archived at the IATSIS library:''</small>
[[Category:Australian Aboriginal terms]]
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* [[Ken Hale|Hale, Ken]] (c1960s), Original handwritten lexical list, 3pp.; ''notes on ‘Kaititj: akitiri sign language’,'' 3pp. in IATSIS library, MS 4114 Miscellaneous Australian notes of Kenneth L. Hale, Series 2 Barkly Tablelands language material, item 1-2 Wampaya [Wambaya (C19)].
[[Category:Dance in Australia]]
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* West, La Mont (Monty), (1963-66), original field report and papers ''‘Sign language’ and ‘Spoken language’'', and ''vocab cards'', Items 1-2 in IATSIS library, MS 4114 Miscellaneous Australian notes of Kenneth L. Hale, Series 7: Miscellaneous material, Items 1-3 Correspondence 1963-1966
[[sv:Corroboree]]
 
  
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<small>''From "Aboriginal sign languages of the Americas and Australia. Vol. 2." 1978. New York: Plenum Press:''</small>
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* Roth, Walter E. (1897). ''The expression of ideas by manual signs: a sign-language.'' (p.273-301) Reprinted from Roth, W.E. ''Ethnological studies among the North-West-Central Queensland Aborigines''. London, Queensland Agent-Generals Information Office, 1897; 71-90; Information collected from the following tribes; Pitta-Pitta, Boinji, Ulaolinya, Wonkajera, Walookera, Undekerebina, Kalkadoon, Mitakoodi, Woonamurra, Goa.
 +
* [[Carl Strehlow|Strehlow, Carl]] (1915). ''The sign language of the Aranda.'' (p.349-370). Extracted from ''Die Aranda-und-Loritja-Stamme in Zentral-Australien'', Frankfurt: Baer; translated by C. Chewings.
 +
* Warner, W. Lloyd (1937). "Murngin Sign Language." (p.389-392) Extracted from ''A Black Civilization''. New York: Harper and Row, 1937.
 +
* Mountford, C.P. (1938). ''Gesture language of the Ngada tribe of the Warburton Ranges, Western Australia''. (p.393-396). Originally published in Oceania, 1938, 9: 152-155.
 +
* Berndt, R.M. (1940). ''Notes on the sign-language of the Jaralde tribe of the Lower River Murray, South Australia.'' (p.397-402)
 +
* Love, J.R.B. (1941). ''Worora kinship gestures.'' (p.403-405)
 +
* Meggitt, Mervyn (1954). ''Sign language among the Walbiri of Central Australia.'' (p.409-423) Originally published in Oceania (see above).
 +
* Miller, Wick R. (1978). ''A report on the sign language of the Western Desert (Australia).'' (p.435-440)
  
{{IndigenousAustralia-stub}}
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[[Category:Australian Aboriginal languages]]
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[[Category:Sign languages]]

Revision as of 02:10, 22 October 2006


Many Australian Aboriginal cultures have or traditionally had a sign language counterpart to their spoken language. This appears to be connected with various taboos on speech between certain people within the community or at particular times, such as during a mourning period for women or during initiation ceremonies for men - unlike indigenous sign languages elsewhere which have been used as a lingua franca (Plains Indians sign language), or due to a high incidence of heriditary deafness in the community (Yucatec Maya Sign Language, Adamorobe Sign Language and Kata Kolok).

Sign languages appear to be most developed in areas with the most extensive speech taboos: the central desert (particularly among the Warlpiri and Warumungu), and western Cape York.& Complex gestural systems have also been reported in the southern, central, and western desert regions, the Gulf of Carpentaria (including north-east Arnhem Land and the Tiwi Islands), some Torres Strait Islands, and the southern regions of the Fitzmaurice and Kimberley areas. Evidence for sign languages elsewhere is slim, although they have been noted as far south as the south coast (Jaralde Sign Language) and there are even some accounts from the first few years of the 20th century of the use of signs by people from the south west coast. However, many of these sign languages are now extinct, and very few accounts have recorded any detail.

Reports on the status of deaf members of such Aboriginal communities differ, with some writers lauding the inclusion of deaf people in mainstream cultural life, while others indicate that deaf people don't learn the sign language and, like other deaf people isolated in hearing cultures, develop a simple system of home sign to communicate with their immediate family. However, an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander dialect of Auslan exists in Far North Queensland (extending from Yarrabah to Cape York), which is heavily influenced by the indigenous community sign languages and gestural systems of the region.

Australian indigenous sign languages in north Queensland were noted as early as 1908 (Roth). Early research into indigenous sign was done by the American linguist La Mont West, and later, in more depth, by English linguist Adam Kendon.

Linguistics of Aboriginal sign languages

Template:Sect-stub

List of Aboriginal sign languages

Note that most Aboringal langauages have multiple possible spellings, eg. Warlpiri is also known as Walpiri, Walbiri, Elpira, Ilpara, Wailbri
  • Arrernte Sign Language
  • Dieri Sign Language
  • Djingili Sign Language
  • Jaralde Sign Language
  • Kaititj: Akitiri Sign Language
  • Manjiljarra Sign Language
  • Mudbura Sign Language
  • Murngin Sign Language
  • Ngada Sign Language
  • Torres Strait Islander Sign Language
  • Warlpiri Sign Language
  • Warumungu [or Warramunga] Sign Language
  • Western Desert Sign Language (Yurira Watjalku)
  • Worora Kinship Sign Language

See also

References

  1. Kendon, A. (1988) Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 60

Bibliography

General

  • Kwek, Joan / Kendon, Adam (1991). Occasions for sign use in an Australian aboriginal community. (with introduction note by Adam Kendon). In: Sign Language Studies 20: 71 (1991) - pp. 143-160
  • Kendon, A. (1988) Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xviii+ 542. (Presents the results of the research on Australian Aboriginal sign languages that the author began in 1978. The book was awarded the 1990 Stanner Prize, a biennial award given by the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra, Australia. Reviews include: Times Literary Supplement, August 25-31 1989; American Anthropologist 1990, 92: 250-251; Language in Society, 1991, 20: 652-659; Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 1990, 35(1): 85-86)
  • Roth, W.E (1908), Miscellaneous Papers, Australian Trustees of the Australian Museum. Sydney.
  • O'Reilly, S. (2005). Indigenous Sign Language and Culture; the interpreting and access needs of Deaf people who are of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander in Far North Queensland. Sponsored by ASLIA, the Australian Sign Language Interpreters Association.

Warlpiri sign language:

  • Mountford, C. P. (1949). Gesture language of the Walpari tribe, central Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 1949, 73: 100-101.
  • Meggitt M.J. (1954). Sign language among the Warlpiri of Central Australia. Oceania, 25(1), p. 2-16.
  • Wright, C.D. (1980). Walpiri Hand Talk: An Illustrated Dictionary of Hand Signs used by the Walpiri People of Central Australia. Darwin: N.T. Department of Education.
  • Kendon, A. (1980). The sign language of the women of Yuendumu: A preliminary report on the structure of Warlpiri sign language. Sign Language Studies, 1980 27, 101-112.
  • Kendon, A. (1984). Knowledge of sign language in an Australian Aboriginal community. Journal of Anthropological Research. 1984 40, 556-576.
  • Kendon A. (1985). Iconicity in Warlpiri Sign language. In Bouissac P., Herzfeld M. & Posner R. (eds), Inconicity: Essay on the Nature of Culture. TÅbingen: Stauffenburger Verlag. In press, p. .
  • Kendon, A. (1985). Variation in Central Australian Aboriginal Sign language: A preliminary report. Language in Central Australia, 1(4): 1-11.
  • Kendon, A. (1987) Simultaneous Speaking and Signing in Warlpiri Sign language Users. Multilingua 1987, 6: 25-68.
  • Kendon A. (1988). Parallels and divergences between Warlpiri sign language and spoken Warlpiri: analyses of signed and spoken discourses. Oceania, 58, p. 239-54.

Torres Strait Islander sign language

  • Haddon, Alfred C. (1907). The gesture language of the Eastern Islanders, in "Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits." Cambridge, England: The University Press, v.3.
  • Seligman, C. G., and A. Wilkin (1907). The gesture language of the Western Islanders, in "Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits." Cambridge, England: The University Press, v.3.

Original researchers' notes archived at the IATSIS library:

  • Hale, Ken (c1960s), Original handwritten lexical list, 3pp.; notes on ‘Kaititj: akitiri sign language’, 3pp. in IATSIS library, MS 4114 Miscellaneous Australian notes of Kenneth L. Hale, Series 2 Barkly Tablelands language material, item 1-2 Wampaya [Wambaya (C19)].
  • West, La Mont (Monty), (1963-66), original field report and papers ‘Sign language’ and ‘Spoken language’, and vocab cards, Items 1-2 in IATSIS library, MS 4114 Miscellaneous Australian notes of Kenneth L. Hale, Series 7: Miscellaneous material, Items 1-3 Correspondence 1963-1966

From "Aboriginal sign languages of the Americas and Australia. Vol. 2." 1978. New York: Plenum Press:

  • Roth, Walter E. (1897). The expression of ideas by manual signs: a sign-language. (p.273-301) Reprinted from Roth, W.E. Ethnological studies among the North-West-Central Queensland Aborigines. London, Queensland Agent-Generals Information Office, 1897; 71-90; Information collected from the following tribes; Pitta-Pitta, Boinji, Ulaolinya, Wonkajera, Walookera, Undekerebina, Kalkadoon, Mitakoodi, Woonamurra, Goa.
  • Strehlow, Carl (1915). The sign language of the Aranda. (p.349-370). Extracted from Die Aranda-und-Loritja-Stamme in Zentral-Australien, Frankfurt: Baer; translated by C. Chewings.
  • Warner, W. Lloyd (1937). "Murngin Sign Language." (p.389-392) Extracted from A Black Civilization. New York: Harper and Row, 1937.
  • Mountford, C.P. (1938). Gesture language of the Ngada tribe of the Warburton Ranges, Western Australia. (p.393-396). Originally published in Oceania, 1938, 9: 152-155.
  • Berndt, R.M. (1940). Notes on the sign-language of the Jaralde tribe of the Lower River Murray, South Australia. (p.397-402)
  • Love, J.R.B. (1941). Worora kinship gestures. (p.403-405)
  • Meggitt, Mervyn (1954). Sign language among the Walbiri of Central Australia. (p.409-423) Originally published in Oceania (see above).
  • Miller, Wick R. (1978). A report on the sign language of the Western Desert (Australia). (p.435-440)