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| − | The word '''Bushfood''' refers to any [[Australia]]n native food, although it sometimes is used with the specific connotation of "food found in the [[Outback]] while living on the land". It is also called '''bushtucker'''. It includes both animal and plant foods native to Australia.
| + | [[Indigenous Australian]] peoples traditionally classified food sources in a methodical way. Below are a few examples. |
| | | | |
| − | More recently the food industry refers to gourmet bushfoods as '''Australian native foods'''.
| + | ==Central Australia== |
| | | | |
| − | Examples of Australian native animal foods (meat) include [[kangaroo]], [[emu]] and [[crocodile]]. These meats are not commonly found in Australia today, but may be found in special resturaunts. (update: kangaroo is quite common, being found in many normal supermarkets, and at prices comparable to beef) Other animals, for example the [[Goanna]] and the [[witchetty grub]], were eaten by [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] Australians and thus qualify as bushfood in every sense of the word. [[Fish]] and [[shellfish]] are culinary features of the Australian coastal communities.
| + | In [[Central Australia]], people used innovative means to obtain a balanced diet. |
| | | | |
| − | Examples of Australian native plant foods include the fruits: [[quandong]] (''Santalum acuminatum''), [[Australian desert raisin]] (''Solanum centrale''), [[muntries]] (''Kunzea pomifera''), [[riberry]] (''Syzygium luehmannii''), Davidson's plum (''[[Davidsonia]]'' spp.), and, [[Finger Lime]] (''Citrus australasica''). Native spices include [[lemon myrtle]] (''Backhousia citriodora''), mountain pepper (''Tasmannia lanceolata''), and, [[aniseed myrtle]] (''Syzygium anisatum''). A popular leafy vegetable is [[warrigal greens]] (''Tetragonia tetragonoides'').
| + | The food categories, and their [[Arrernte]] names are: |
| | | | |
| − | Nuts include [[bunya nut]] (''Araucaria bidwillii''), and the most identifiable bushfood plant harvested and sold in large scale commercial quantities is the [[macadamia]] nut (''Macadamia integrifolia'').
| + | :{| class="wikitable" |
| | + | |- bgcolor=#efefef |
| | + | !Arrernte name |
| | + | !Foods |
| | + | |- |
| | + | |'''''kere''''' |
| | + | |food from animals; meat, fat, offal, blood |
| | + | |- |
| | + | |'''''merne''''' |
| | + | |food from plants; fruit, vegetables |
| | + | |- |
| | + | |'''''ntange''''' |
| | + | |edible seeds |
| | + | |- |
| | + | |'''''tyape''''' |
| | + | |edible grubs and insects; witchetties, cicadas, [[gall]]s |
| | + | |- |
| | + | |'''''ngkwarle''''' |
| | + | |honey-like foods; nectar, wild honey, [[lerp]]s, gum |
| | + | |} |
| | | | |
| | + | Some other category words from [[Arrernte]] are: |
| | | | |
| − | =='''Traditional Aboriginal use'''==
| + | ''thipe '' fleshy flyiing creatures; birds (not emus), bats |
| | + | ''kwatye'' water in any form, sources of water; water, rain, clouds |
| | + | ''arne '' trees, shrubs, bushes, woody plants, some grasses |
| | + | ''ure '' fire, things to do with fire. |
| | | | |
| − | [[Australian Aborigines]] have eaten native animal and plant foods for an estimated 60,000 years of human habitation on the Australian continent. | + | ==Top End== |
| | + | In the [[Top End]], seafood plays an important part in the diet. The food groups and their [[Yolngu]] names are: |
| | | | |
| − | Various traditional methods of processing and cooking are used. Toxic seeds, such as [[Cycad]] (''Cycas media'') and Moreton Bay Chestnut (''Castanospermum australe'') are processed to remove the toxins and render them safe to eat. Many foods are also baked in the hot campfire coals, or baked for several hours in ground ovens. ‘Paperbark’, the bark of ''Melalauca'' species, is widely used for wrapping food placed in ground ovens. [[Bush bread]] was made by women using many types of seeds, nuts and corms to process a flour or dough to make bread.
| + | :{| class="wikitable" |
| | + | |- bgcolor=#efefef |
| | + | ''MARANHU (foods)'' |
| | + | !Yolngu name |
| | + | !Foods |
| | + | |- |
| | + | |'''''Murnyaŋ'''''' </br> |
| | + | (plant or vegetable food)</br> |
| | + | Alternative names: '''''Dhakadatj; Nayaŋay', Buku-bira'''''' |
| | + | |'''''Gonyil'''''</br> |
| | + | (meat, shellfish, eggs)</br> |
| | + | Alternative names: '''''Matha-yal, Merrpal'</br>Matha-bira, Nanarr-yal''''' |
| | + | |- |
| | + | |'''1. ''Borum'''''— fruits |
| | + | |'''1. ''Warrakan''''''— land animals and birds |
| | + | |- |
| | + | |'''2. ''Guku'''''— bee products |
| | + | |'''2. ''Miyapunu'''''— marine mammals |
| | + | |- |
| | + | |'''3. ''Natha'''''— root foods |
| | + | |'''3. ''Naranydjalk'''''— rays and sharks |
| | + | |- |
| | + | |'''4. ''Manutji Natha'''''— seeds |
| | + | |'''4. ''Guya'''''— fish |
| | + | |- |
| | + | |'''5. ''Mudhuŋay'''''— [[cycad]] foodstuffs |
| | + | |'''5. ''Maypal'''''— shellfish, crabs |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | |
| | + | |'''6. ''Mapu'''''— eggs |
| | + | |} |
| | | | |
| − | Aboriginal traditional native food use was severely impacted by the invasion of non-indigenous people, via displacement from traditional lands, destruction of native habitat, and the introduction of non-native foods.
| + | Richard Trudgen writes that the old people would talk about the need to eat from both ''murŋyan''' and ''gonyil'' food groups and the need to supplement their diet with ''gapu'' (fresh water). While this balance was maintained, the people knew they were eating correctly. |
| − | | |
| − | The recent recognition of the nutritional value of native foods by non-indigenous Australian’s is assisting in a renewal of native cuisine. However, there are intellectual property issues associated with the commercialisation of bushfood.
| |
| − | | |
| − | =='''Colonial use'''==
| |
| − | | |
| − | Bushfoods provided a source of nutrition to the non-indigenous colonial settlers, often supplementing meager rations. However, bushfoods were often considered to be inferior by colonists unfamiliar with the new land's food ingredients, generally preferring familiar foods from the homeland.
| |
| − | | |
| − | The only Australian native food developed and cropped on a large scale is the macadamia nut, with the first small-scale commercial plantation being planted in Australia in the 1880s. Subsequently, [[Hawaii]] was where the macadamia was commercially developed to its greatest extent from stock imported from Australia.
| |
| − | | |
| − | =='''Modern use'''==
| |
| − | | |
| − | In the 1970s non-indigenous Australians began to recognise the previously over-looked indigenous aspects of Australia, including native foods. Textbooks like ''Wildfoods In Australia'' by the botanist couple Cribb & Cribb were popular, and later the author [[Tim Low]] published ''Wild Food Plants of Australia''.
| |
| − | | |
| − | TV shows also made use of the bushfood theme. [[Malcolm Douglas]] was one of the first presenters to show how to 'live off the land' in the Australian Outback. But it was probably Major [[Les Hiddins]] who popularised the idea of bush tucker. A retired [[Australian Army]] soldier, he presented a hit TV series called ''Bush Tucker Man'' on the [[Australian Broadcasting Commission|ABC]] TV network in the late 1980s. In the series, Hiddins demonstrated his training and research in combat survival by locating native foodstuffs in the northern Australian Outback.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Bushfood enthusiasts in regional Australia began to assess the culinary and cropping qualities of bushfoods in the early 1980s. This regional research laid the foundations for the development of the modern bushfood industry (see [[bushfood industry history]]).
| |
| − | | |
| − | In the mid-1980s metropolitan bushfood restaurants were using native Australian ingredients in recipes more familiar to modern tastes. This provided the first opportunity for bushfoods to be tried by non-indigenous Australians on a serious [[gourmet]] level, and led to the realisation that many strong-flavoured bushfoods have [[spice]]-like qualities. Some of these bushfood ingredients now feature in modern Australian cuisine, and [[Australian spices]] are being increasingly recognised internationally.
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| − | | |
| − | Value-added bushfood products were also developed for the domestic and export market. The raw ingredients are sourced from wild and cultivated sources, with an emphasis on the latter to provide sustainable quantities.
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| − | | |
| − | In the last decade, industry groups such as the Southern Bushfood Association, the Queensland Bushfood Association, the Northern Bushfood Association, and many others have been pushing for the introduction of bushfood as genuine cuisine in Australian and international restaurants.
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| − | | |
| − | The term "bushfood" is one of several terms describing native Australian food, evolving from the older-style "bushtucker" which was used in the 1970s and 1980s. The word "bushfood" was chosen to reflect the sustainable nature of the industry's products, and to help exporters with product branding. The term "Australian native food" is another term recently coined to create further separation from the more rustic bush connotations. However, the term "bushfood" is still used by many industry workers and the Australian [[Government]] and [[CSIRO]] sources and authors.
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| − | | |
| − | =='''Australian native food-plants listed by culinary province'''==
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| − | | |
| − | Australian bushfood plants can be divided into several distinct and large regional culinary provinces. Please note, some species listed grow across several climatic boundaries.
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| − | ===Top-end===
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| − | Monsoonal zone of the Northern Territory, Cape York and Western Australia.
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| − | '''Fruit'''
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| − | | |
| − | ''Buchanania arborescens'', Little Gooseberry Tree
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| − | | |
| − | ''Citrus gracilis'', Kakadu Lime
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| − | | |
| − | ''Eleocharis'' sp., Mat-Rush, a traditional staple for [[Yolngu]]
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| − | | |
| − | ''Ficus racemosa'', Cluster Fig
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| − | | |
| − | ''Manilkara kaukii'', Wongi
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| − | | |
| − | ''Melastoma affine'', Blue Tongue
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| − | | |
| − | ''Mimusops elengi'' Tanjong
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| − | | |
| − | ''Morinda citrifolia'', [[Noni]]
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| − | | |
| − | ''Physalis minima'', Native Gooseberry
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| − | | |
| − | ''[[Terminalia ferdinandiana]]'', Kakadu Plum
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| − |
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| − | ''Syzygium suborbiculare'', Lady Apple
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| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | '''Spice'''
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| − | | |
| − | ''[[Eucalyptus staigeriana]]'', Lemon Ironbark
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| − | | |
| − | ''Melaleuca leucadendron'', Weeping Paperbark | |
| − | | |
| − | ''Ocimum tenuiflorum'', Native Basil
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| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | '''Nut'''
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| − | | |
| − | ''Semecarpus australiensis'', Austraian Cashew Nut
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| − | | |
| − | ''Terminalia catappa'', Sea Almond
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| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | '''Vegetable'''
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| − | | |
| − | ''Cycas media'', Cycad palm seeds (Require detoxification: see [[Bush bread]] )
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| − | | |
| − | ''Dioscorea alata'', ''Dioscorea transversa'', Pencil Yam, Long Yam
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| − | | |
| − | ''Dioscorea bulbifera'', Round Yam
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| − | | |
| − | ''Ipomoea aquatica'', Native Kang Kong
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| − | | |
| − | ''Lotus nelumbo'', [[Lotus]]
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| − | | |
| − | ''Nelumbo nucifera'', [[Nelumbo|water lily]]
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| − | | |
| − | ''Nymphaea macrosperma'' [[Nymphaea|water lily]]
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| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===Central Australia===
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| − | Arid and semi-arid zones of the low rainfall interior.
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| − | | |
| − | '''Fruit'''
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| − | | |
| − | ''Capparis'' spp., Native Caper, [[Caperbush]]
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| − | | |
| − | ''[[Capparis mitchelii]]'', Wild orange
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| − | | |
| − | ''Capparis spinosa ssp. nummularia'' [[Wild passionfruit]]
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| − | | |
| − | ''[[Carissa lanceolata]]'', Bush plum, Conkerberry
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| − | | |
| − | ''Citrus glauca'', [[Desert Lime]]
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| − | | |
| − | ''Enchylaena tormentosa'', Ruby Saltbush
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| − | | |
| − | ''Ficus platypoda'', Desert Fig
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| − | | |
| − | ''[[Ipomoea costata]]'', Bush potato
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| − | | |
| − | ''Marsdenia australis'', [[Doubah]], [[Bush Banana]]
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| − | | |
| − | ''Owenia acidula'', Emu Apple
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| − | | |
| − | ''Santalum acuminatum'', [[Quandong]]
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| − | | |
| − | ''Santalum lanceolatum'', [[Sandalwood]]
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| − | | |
| − | ''[[Solanum centrale]]'', Akudjura, Australian Desert Raisin, Bush sultana
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| − | | |
| − | ''[[Solanum cleistogarnum]]'', [[Bush tomato]]
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| − | | |
| − | ''[[Solanum ellipticum]]'', [[Bush tomato]]
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| − | '''Spice'''
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| − | ''[[Eucalyptus polybractea]]'', Blue-leaved Mallee
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| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | '''Seed'''
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| − | | |
| − | ''Acacia aneura'', [[Mulga]]
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| − | | |
| − | ''Acacia colei'',
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| − | | |
| − | ''Acacia coriacea'', Dogwood
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| − | | |
| − | ''Acacia holosericea'', Strap Wattle
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| − | ''Acacia kempeana'', Witchetty Bush
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| − | | |
| − | ''Acacia murrayana'',
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| − | | |
| − | ''Acacia pycantha'',
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| − | ''Acacia retinodes'',
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| − | ''[[Acacia tetragonophylla]]'', Dead finish seed
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| − |
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| − | ''[[Acacia victoriae]]'', Gundabluey, Prickly wattle
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| − | | |
| − | ''Brachychiton populneus'', [[Kurrajong]]
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| − | ''Panicum decompositum'', native millet
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| − | | |
| − | ''[[Portulaca oleracea]]'', Pigweed
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| − | ''[[Triodia (plant genus)]]'', commonly known as spinifex
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| − |
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| − | '''Vegetable'''
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| − | ''Calandrinia balonensis'', Parakeelya
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| − | ''Vigna lanceolata'', [[Pencil Yam]]
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| − | ''Lepidium'' spp., Peppercresses
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| − | ''Portulaca intraterranea'', Large Pigweed
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| − | '''Insects in gall'''
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| − | [[Bush coconut]]
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| − | [[Mulga apple]]
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| − | ===Eastern Australia===
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| − | Subtropical rainforests of New South Wales to the wet tropics of Northern Queensland.
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| − | '''Fruit'''
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| − | | |
| − | ''Acronychia acidula'', [[Lemon Aspen]]
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| − | | |
| − | ''Acronychia oblongifolia'', White Aspen
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| − | ''Antidesma bunius'' Herbet River Cherry
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| − | ''Archirhodomyrtus beckleri'', Rose Myrtle
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| − | ''Austromyrtus dulcis'', [[Midyim]]
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| − | ''Carpobrotus glaucescens'', Pigface
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| − | ''Citrus australasica'', [[Finger Lime]]
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| − | ''Citrus australis'', Dooja
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| − | ''[[Davidsonia]]'' spp., Davidson’s Plum
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| − | ''Diploglottis campbellii'', Small-leaf Tamarind
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| − | ''[[Eupomatia laurina]]'', Bolwarra
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| − | ''Ficus coronata'', Sandpaper Fig
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| − | ''Melodorum leichhardtii'', Zig Zag Vine
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| − | | |
| − | ''Pleiogynium timorense'', Burdekin Plum
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| − | ''[[Podocarpus elatus]]'', Illawarra Plum
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| − | ''Planchonella australis'', Black Apple
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| − | ''Rubus hillii'', Broad-leaf Bramble
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| − | ''Rubus probus'', Atherton Raspberry
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| − | ''Rubus rosifolius'', Rose-leaf Bramble
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| − | | |
| − | ''Sambucus australasica'', Yellow Elderberry
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| − | | |
| − | ''Syzygium fibrosum'', Fibrous Satinash
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| − | | |
| − | ''Syzygium luehmannii'', [[Riberry]]
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| − | ''Ximenia americana'', Yellow Plum
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| − | '''Spice'''
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| − | ''Alpinia coerulea'', Native Ginger
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| − | | |
| − | ''Backhousia citriodora'', [[Lemon Myrtle]]
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| − | | |
| − | ''Backhousia myrtifolia'', [[Cinnamon Myrtle]]
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| − | | |
| − | ''Melaleuca quinquenervia'' Broad-leaf Paperbark
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| − | | |
| − | ''[[Prostanthera incisa]]'', Cut-leaf Mintbush
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| − | | |
| − | ''Syzygium anisatum'', [[aniseed myrtle]]
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| − | '''Nut''':
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| − | | |
| − | ''[[Araucaria bidwillii]]'', Bunya Nut
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| − | | |
| − | ''Athertonia diversifolius'', Atherton Almond
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| − | | |
| − | ''Macadamia integrifolia'', [[Macadamia]] Nut
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| − | | |
| − | ''Macadamia tetraphylla'', Bush Nut
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| − | | |
| − | ''[[Sterculia quadrifida]]'', Peanut Tree
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| − | '''Vegetable'''
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| − | | |
| − | ''Apium prostratum'', Sea Celery
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| − | | |
| − | ''Commelina cyanea'', Scurvy Weed
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| − | | |
| − | ''Geitonoplesium cymosum'', Scrambling Lily
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| − | | |
| − | ''Tetragonia tetragonoides'', Warrigal Greens
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| − | | |
| − | ''Trachymene incisa'', Wild Parsnip.
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| − | ===Temperate===
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| − | Warm and cool temperate zones of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria and the highlands of New South Wales.
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| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | '''Fruit'''
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| − | | |
| − | ''Acrotriche depressa'', Native Currant
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| − | | |
| − | ''Billarderia cymosa'', Sweet Apple-berry
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| − | | |
| − | ''Billarderia longiflora'', Purple Apple-berry
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| − |
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| − | ''Billarderia scandens'', Common Apple-berry
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| − | | |
| − | ''Carpobrotus rossii'', Karkalla
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| − | | |
| − | ''Eustrephus latifolius'', [[Wombat berry]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | ''[[Exocarpus cupressiformis]]'', Native Cherry
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| − | | |
| − | ''Gaultheria hispida'', Snow Berry
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| − | | |
| − | ''Kunzea pomifera'', [[Muntries]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | ''Rubus parvifolius'', Pink-flowered Native Raspberry
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| − | | |
| − | ''Sambucus gaudichaudiana'', White Elderberry
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| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | '''Seed'''
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| − | | |
| − | ''Acacia longifolia'', Golden Rods
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| − | | |
| − | ''Acacia sophorae'', Coast Wattle
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| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | '''Spice''':
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| − | | |
| − | ''[[Eucalyptus dives]]'', Peppermint Gum
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| − | | |
| − | ''[[Eucalyptus olida]]'', Strawberry Gum
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| − | | |
| − | ''[[Eucalyptus globulus]]'', Tasmanian Blue Gum
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| − | | |
| − | ''Mentha australis'', River Mint
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| − | | |
| − | ''[[Tasmannia]] lanceolata'', [[Mountain pepper]]
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| − | | |
| − | ''Tasmannia stipitata'', [[Dorrigo Pepper]]
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| − | | |
| − | ''Tasmannia xerophila'', Alpine Pepper
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| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | '''Vegetable'''
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| − | | |
| − | ''Apium insulare'', Flinders Island Celery
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| − | | |
| − | ''Atriplex cinerea'', Grey Saltbush
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| − | | |
| − | ''Burchardia umbellata'', Milkmaids
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| − | | |
| − | ''Microseris scapigera'', Murnong.
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| − | | |
| − | ==See also==
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| − | *[[Bush bread]]
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| − | *[[Bushmeat]], something quite different
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| − | | |
| − | ==External links==
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| − | *[http://indigenousaustralia.frogandtoad.com.au/bushtucker.html Aboriginal Australia]
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| − | * [http://www.bushfood.net/ Australian Bushfood and Native Medicine Forum]
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| − | * [http://www.bom.gov.au/iwk/walabunnba/wantangka.shtml Aboriginal women's knowledge]
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| − | *CSIRO plant profiles [http://www.cse.csiro.au/research/nativefoods/crops/index.htm]
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| − | * [http://ausbushfoods.com/ Bushfoods Magazine]
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| − | * [http://eataustralia.info Eat Australia]
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| − | * [http://www.bushtucker.com.au/ A Bushfood/Bushtucker resource site]
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| | | | |
| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| − | * Bruneteau, Jean-Paul, ''Tukka, Real Australian Food'', ISBN 0207189668. | + | *Trudgen, Richard, ''Why Warriors Lie Down and Die'', ARDS, Darwin, 1996, ISBN 0646395874, p 140 |
| − | * Cherikoff, Vic, ''The Bushfood Handbook'', ISBN 0731669045.
| + | *Turner, Margaret-Mary, ''Arrernte Foods, Foods from Central Australia'', IAD Press, Alice Springs, 1994, ISBN 0949659762 pviii |
| − | * Issacs, Jennifer, ''Bushfood'', Weldons, Sydney. | |
| − | * Kersh, Jennice and Raymond, ''Edna's Table'', ISBN 0733605397.
| |
| − | * Low, Tim, ''Wild Food Plants of Australia'', ISBN 020769306.
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| | | | |
| − | [[Category:Bushfood|*]] | + | [[Category:Bushfood]] |
| − | [[Category:Australian cuisine]] | + | [[Category:Australian Aboriginal culture]] |
| | [[Category:Indigenous Australian culture]] | | [[Category:Indigenous Australian culture]] |
| − | [[Category:Fauna of Australia]] | + | [[Category:Australian Aboriginal terms]] |
| − | [[Category:Flora of Australia]] | + | [[Category:Nutrition]] |
