Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Aboriginal Lore/Answer Key"

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[[Image:Aboriginal grinding stones.jpg|thumb|250px|Aboriginal [[millstone]] - vital in making flour or pastes for bread. Some Aboriginal groups call it "mother and child".]]'''Bush bread''', or '''seedcakes''', refers to the [[bread]] made by [[Australian Aborigines]] for many thousands of years. The bread was high in [[protein]] and [[carbohydrate]], and helped form part of a balanced traditional [[diet]].
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[[Indigenous Australian]] peoples traditionally classified food sources in a methodical way. Below are a few examples.
  
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With the arrival of Europeans and pre-[[mill]]ed white [[flour]], this bread-making process all but disappeared (women were still recorded to be making seedcakes in [[Central Australia]] in the 1970s). The tradition of cooking bread in hot [[coals]] continues today.
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==Central Australia==
  
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Bread-making was a woman's task. It was generally carried out by several women at once, due to its [[labour-intensive]] nature. It involved collecting seasonal [[grain]]s, [[legume]]s, [[root]]s or [[Nut (fruit)|nut]]s, and preparing these into [[flour]] and then [[dough]], or directly into a dough.
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In [[Central Australia]], people used innovative means to obtain a balanced diet.
  
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===Bread-making from seeds===
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The food categories, and their [[Arrernte]] names are:
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====Collecting the seed====
 
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[[Image:Damper (food).jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Damper (food)|Damper]] is cooked in hot coals in the way traditional Aboriginal bread has been for eons.]]Seeds varied depending on the time of year and the area in Australia that the people lived. In [[Central Australia]], [[native millet]] (''Panicum decompositum'') and [[Triodia (plant genus)|spinifex]] were commonly used. [[Wattleseed]] could also be used in the flour mix.
 
  
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Women harvested the fully ripe, dry seeds of the plant by beating the grass (or pod-laden trees with sticks in the case of wattleseed) to dislodge the seeds. Some species were eaten at the green stage and, when ground, would produce a juice at the side of the millstone, which was drunk directly.
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:{| class="wikitable"
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|- bgcolor=#efefef
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!Arrernte name
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!Foods
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!Examples
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|-
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|'''''Kere'''''
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|food from animals; [[meat]], fat, [[offal]], blood, eggs
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|''Kere arlewatyerre'' ([[goanna]]), ''Kere ulkerte'' ([[perentie]]), ''Kere arntetherrke'' ([[carpet snake]]), ''Kere aherre'' ([[kangaroo]]), ''Kere antenhe'' ([[possum]]), ''Kere inape'' (porcupine ([[echidna]])), ''Kere ankerre'' ([[emu]]).
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|-
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|'''''Merne'''''
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|food from plants; [[fruit]], [[vegetables]]
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|''Merne atwakeye'' ([[wild orange]]), ''Merne arrutnenge'' ([[wild passionfruit]]), ''Merne pmerlpe'' ([[quandong]]), ''Merne mwanyeme'' ([[bush tomato]]), ''Merne arnweketye'' ([[conkerberry]]), ''Merne alangkwe'' ([[bush banana]]), ''Merne arlatyeye'' ([[pencil yam]]).
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|-
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|'''''Ntange''''' (''Merne ntange'')
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|edible seeds
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|''Merne ntange ulyawe'' ([[Pigweed]] seed), ''Merne ntange arlepe'' ([[Prickly wattle]] seed), ''Merne ntange artetye'' ([[Mulga]] seed), ''Merne ntange arlketyerre'' ([[Dead finish]] seed). ''<br>(See also: [[seedcakes]])''
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|-
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|'''''Tyape'''''
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|edible grubs and insects; [[witchetty grub|witchetties]], [[cicada]]s,
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|''Tyape atnyematye'' ([[Witchetty grub]]), ''Tyape ahernenge'' ([[River red gum]] grub), ''Tyape ankerrutne'' ([[Coolibah]] tree grub), ''Tyape tyerraye'' ([[Cicada]]s), ''Tyape ayepe-arenye'' (Tar vine [[caterpillar]]s).
  
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In the [[Kimberley region of Western Australia]], women observed that, after the [[dry season]], many seeds would be gathered around the opening of [[ant]]s' nests. The ants had effectively collected and [[husk]]ed the seed for them, and they were able to collect this seed, making their job a lot easier. After allowing the grain to dry, they could begin to prepare the flour.
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Beer- Preferably fosters
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|-
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|'''''Ngkwarle'''''
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|honey-like foods; nectar, [[stingless bee|wild honey]], [[lerp (biology)|lerp]]s, gum
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|''Ngkwarle athenge arlperle'' ([[Acacia estrophiolata|Ironwood]] tree gum), ''Ngkwarle alkerampwe'' ([[Mulga]] tree gum, ''Ngkwarle arlperrampwe'' ([[Whitewood]] tree gum, ''Ngkwarle atnyerampwe'' ([[Supplejack]] tree gum), ''Ngkwarle akikarre'' ([[Witchetty bush]] gum), ''Ngkwarle aperarnte'' ([[River Red gum]] honeydew, ''Ngkwarle yerrampe'', ([[Honeyant]]), ''Ngkwarle arwengalkere'' ([[Stingless bee|Native bee honey]]), Ngkwarle untyeyampe ([[Corkwood]] flower nectar).
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|}
  
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====Some other seeds====
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Some other category words from [[Arrernte]] that are used in relation to food include:
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Pigweed (''[[Portulaca oleracea]]''), Prickly wattle (''[[Acacia victoriae]]''), Mulga (''[[Acacia aneura]]''), Dead finish seed (''[[Acacia tetragonophylla]]''), Bush bean (''[[Rhyncharrhena linearis]]'').
 
  
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====Making the flour====
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*''Thipe '' fleshy flying creatures; birds (not emus), bats
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After the grain was collected, it needed to be [[winnowing|winnow]]ed, which was done using the [[coolamon (vessel)|coolamon]], the multi-purpose carrying vessel. Sometimes it needed to be winnowed several times.
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*''Kwatye'' water in any form, sources of water; water, rain, clouds
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*''Arne  '' trees, shrubs, bushes, woody plants, some grasses
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*''Ure  '' fire, things to do with fire.
  
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Once the grain was winnowed, it was ground using a [[millstone]], to create [[flour]]. Millstones have been discovered which have proven to be as old as 50,000 years. The flour was then mixed with water to make a [[dough]] and placed in hot ashes for baking. The results could be small buns, today referred to as [[johnny cake]]s, or a large loaf, known today as [[damper (food)|damper]]. Damper appears to be a mix of this traditional style of bread-making and European-style bread-making.
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==Top End==
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In the [[Top End]], seafood plays an important part in the diet. The food groups and their [[Yolngu]] names are:
  
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The dough could also be eaten raw. Cooking was a good way to prepare the bread if the group was about to travel for some time.
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:{| class="wikitable"
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|- bgcolor=#efefef
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|+'''''MARANHU'' (foods)'''
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!Yolŋu name
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!Foods
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|-
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|'''''Murnyaŋ'''''' </br>
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(plant or vegetable food)</br>
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Alternative names: '''''Dhäka<u>d</u>atj; Ŋayaŋay', Buku-bira''''''
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|'''''Gonyil'''''</br>
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(meat, shellfish, eggs)</br>
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Alternative names: '''''Matha-yal, Merrpal'Matha-bira,</br> Ŋä<u>n</u>arr-yal'''''
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|-
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|'''1. ''Borum'''''— fruits
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|'''1. ''Warrakan''''''— land animals and birds
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|-
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|'''2. ''Guku'''''— bee products
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|'''2. ''Miyapunu'''''— marine mammals
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|-
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|'''3. ''Ŋatha'''''— root foods
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|'''3. ''Maranydjalk'''''— rays and [[shark]]s
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|-
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|'''4. ''Manutji Ŋatha'''''— seeds
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|'''4. ''Guya'''''— [[fish]]
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|-
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|'''5. ''Mudhuŋay'''''— [[cycad]] foodstuffs
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|'''5. ''Maypal'''''— [[shellfish]], crabs
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|-
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|
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|'''6. ''Mapu'''''— eggs
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|}
  
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===Bread-making from other plant products===
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The old people would talk about the need to eat from both ''murŋyan''' and ''gonyil'' food groups and the need to supplement their diet with ''gapu'' (fresh water). While this balance was maintained, the people knew they were eating correctly.<ref> Richard Trudgen, below</ref>
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Bread could also be made from [[root]]s and [[corm]]s of plants. In the [[Top End]] of Australia, people such as the [[Yolngu]] used the [[lotus root]] and wild [[taro]]. These were ground, then mixed to a paste to make bread.
 
  
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[[Water lily]] seed bread was also popular in the [[Top End]]. The two species of water lily used were ''Nelumbo nucifera'' and ''Nymphaea macrosperma''. During the early part of the [[dry season]], water lilies were an important part of the diet, with seed pods eaten raw or ground into paste.
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When the men would come back from the [[magpie goose]] hunt, they would be craving ''murnyaŋ'' foods after having eaten so much meat and eggs. While the women, children and old people back in the camps would be looking forward to ''gonyil'', Magpie goose meat and eggs, after eating so much ''murnyaŋ'''.<ref>Thomson, Donald and Peterson, Nicolas, ''Donald Thomson in Arnhem Land'', [[Miegunyah Press]], 2003, ISBN 052285205, p 158.</ref>
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Women had expert knowledge of how to "de-toxify" certain plant foods. The [[seed]]s of the [[cycad]] palm, ''Cycas media'', are highly carcenogenic when raw and require elaborate treatment includuing shelling, crushing, leaching in running water for up to five days, then cooking. After this they are made into small loaves, which can keep for a number of weeks.
 
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In [[Queensland]], the people of the [[Tamborine National Park|Mount Tamborine]] area used the [[Bunya Pine]] cone ([[bunya nut]]), endemic to the area, to make bread in this way.
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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*[http://katherineartgallery.com.au/index.php?page=Rachel_Rennie Bush Bread artwork]
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<references/>
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*[http://www.japingka.com.au/exhibitionView.cfm?exhibitionID=2 Grass seed artwork]
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*Trudgen, Richard, ''Why Warriors Lie Down and Die'', ARDS, Darwin, 1996, ISBN 0646395874, p 140
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*[http://k6.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/linkages/IntegratedUnits/aboriginal/tech_learn02.html Aboriginal Technology]
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*Turner, Margaret-Mary, ''Arrernte Foods, Foods from Central Australia'', IAD Press, Alice Springs, 1994, ISBN 0949659762 pviii
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*[http://www.sydney-australia.biz/history/ Australian History]
 
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*[http://www.outbushproductions.com/astories.html Making bread from bush bean]
 
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* Peterson, Nicholas, ''[[Donald Thomson]] in Arnhem Land'', Melbourne University Press ISBN 0522850634, pp168-9.
 
  
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[[Category:Bushfood]]
 
[[Category:Australian Aboriginal culture]]
 
[[Category:Australian Aboriginal culture]]
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[[Category:Indigenous Australian culture]]
 
[[Category:Australian Aboriginal terms]]
 
[[Category:Australian Aboriginal terms]]
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[[Category:Bushfood]]
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[[Category:Nutrition]]
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[[Category:Australian cuisine]]
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[[Category:Diets]]
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[[Category:Breads]]
 
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[[zh:澳洲土著麵包]]
 

Revision as of 15:08, 29 November 2006

Indigenous Australian peoples traditionally classified food sources in a methodical way. Below are a few examples.

Central Australia

In Central Australia, people used innovative means to obtain a balanced diet.

The food categories, and their Arrernte names are:

Arrernte name Foods Examples
Kere food from animals; meat, fat, offal, blood, eggs Kere arlewatyerre (goanna), Kere ulkerte (perentie), Kere arntetherrke (carpet snake), Kere aherre (kangaroo), Kere antenhe (possum), Kere inape (porcupine (echidna)), Kere ankerre (emu).
Merne food from plants; fruit, vegetables Merne atwakeye (wild orange), Merne arrutnenge (wild passionfruit), Merne pmerlpe (quandong), Merne mwanyeme (bush tomato), Merne arnweketye (conkerberry), Merne alangkwe (bush banana), Merne arlatyeye (pencil yam).
Ntange (Merne ntange) edible seeds Merne ntange ulyawe (Pigweed seed), Merne ntange arlepe (Prickly wattle seed), Merne ntange artetye (Mulga seed), Merne ntange arlketyerre (Dead finish seed).
(See also: seedcakes)
Tyape edible grubs and insects; witchetties, cicadas, Tyape atnyematye (Witchetty grub), Tyape ahernenge (River red gum grub), Tyape ankerrutne (Coolibah tree grub), Tyape tyerraye (Cicadas), Tyape ayepe-arenye (Tar vine caterpillars).

Beer- Preferably fosters

Ngkwarle honey-like foods; nectar, wild honey, lerps, gum Ngkwarle athenge arlperle (Ironwood tree gum), Ngkwarle alkerampwe (Mulga tree gum, Ngkwarle arlperrampwe (Whitewood tree gum, Ngkwarle atnyerampwe (Supplejack tree gum), Ngkwarle akikarre (Witchetty bush gum), Ngkwarle aperarnte (River Red gum honeydew, Ngkwarle yerrampe, (Honeyant), Ngkwarle arwengalkere (Native bee honey), Ngkwarle untyeyampe (Corkwood flower nectar).

Some other category words from Arrernte that are used in relation to food include:

  • Thipe fleshy flying creatures; birds (not emus), bats
  • Kwatye water in any form, sources of water; water, rain, clouds
  • Arne trees, shrubs, bushes, woody plants, some grasses
  • Ure fire, things to do with fire.

Top End

In the Top End, seafood plays an important part in the diet. The food groups and their Yolngu names are:

MARANHU (foods)
Yolŋu name Foods
Murnyaŋ'

(plant or vegetable food)
Alternative names: Dhäkadatj; Ŋayaŋay', Buku-bira'

Gonyil

(meat, shellfish, eggs)
Alternative names: Matha-yal, Merrpal'Matha-bira,
Ŋänarr-yal

1. Borum— fruits 1. Warrakan'— land animals and birds
2. Guku— bee products 2. Miyapunu— marine mammals
3. Ŋatha— root foods 3. Maranydjalk— rays and sharks
4. Manutji Ŋatha— seeds 4. Guya— fish
5. Mudhuŋay— cycad foodstuffs 5. Maypal— shellfish, crabs
6. Mapu— eggs

The old people would talk about the need to eat from both murŋyan' and gonyil food groups and the need to supplement their diet with gapu (fresh water). While this balance was maintained, the people knew they were eating correctly.&

When the men would come back from the magpie goose hunt, they would be craving murnyaŋ foods after having eaten so much meat and eggs. While the women, children and old people back in the camps would be looking forward to gonyil, Magpie goose meat and eggs, after eating so much murnyaŋ'.&

References

  1. ↑ Richard Trudgen, below
  2. ↑ Thomson, Donald and Peterson, Nicolas, Donald Thomson in Arnhem Land, Miegunyah Press, 2003, ISBN 052285205, p 158.
  • Trudgen, Richard, Why Warriors Lie Down and Die, ARDS, Darwin, 1996, ISBN 0646395874, p 140
  • Turner, Margaret-Mary, Arrernte Foods, Foods from Central Australia, IAD Press, Alice Springs, 1994, ISBN 0949659762 pviii
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